INDEX
Anagnost, Ann, 6, 43, 87, 106, 151
Anderson, Benedict, 6, 43, 131
“Asiatic mode of production,” 150–51n46
associations of fellow locals (tongxianghui), 68–69
asymmetric power relations, 47, 62, 107
“barbarians” (also “barbarian other”), 26–27, 30–32, 105, 145n6, 148n20. See also “savages”
Beifang. See North
Beijing, 12, 68, 70, 73, 75, 93, 101, 110–11, 117; as a fieldwork location, 9, 15–18, 45, 56–58, 62, 110, 134
Beijing Person/People (Beijingren), 4, 10, 14, 71–74, 77, 80–81, 83, 92, 96–98table, 98, 99table, 100–102, 114, 129, 135
Bendiren, 77, 94, 96table, 109. See also Local; Native
biaozhi (symbols), 45. See also markers of Han-ness
“bilingual education” (shuangyu jiaoyu), 153–4n20
biopolitics, 6, 8, 90, 138, 146n7
Boat People (Danmin), 30, 32, 113, 127, 130, 149n30, 32
boundaries (also boundary-making), 37, 92, 94; ethnic, 131–32, 149n34; of ethnicity, 14, 132; minzu, 4–5, 7, 24, 42, 55, 65, 81, 133–37; intra-Han, 5, 9, 14, 16, 25, 42, 64–65, 71, 81, 89, 91, 101, 105, 109–11, 113, 115, 120–23, 131, 135–36, 142; of contemporary Han-ness, 4, 5, 20, 22–23, 32, 45–47, 55, 63, 87, 131; of premodern Han-ness, 6, 20, 22–23, 25–29, 32–33, 128
Bourdieu, Pierre, 53, 58, 62, 92
Cantonese (Guangdongren), 14, 30, 98–100, 102, 124–25, 127, 130, 135, 154n8, 155n17
Chinese language/script (Zhongwen), 31, 53, 152n8. See also Han language; Putonghua
Chinese national identity, 9, 22, 35, 65, 81–82, 87, 158n15. See also Chinese-ness
Chinese-ness: as a national identity, 9, 65, 80–83, 86, 137, 158n15; in overseas communities, 146n14. See also Han-ness/Chinese-ness intertwinement; Han-ness/Chinese-ness in premodern China
coerciveness of identities, 11, 83–84, 87–88
collective identity label (also identifier), 24, 26–27, 33, 55–56, 76, 90–91, 94, 98, 101, 105, 109, 127, 130, 145n4, 155n15. See also Han identifier; socionym
common/collective place (gongsuo), 68
culture. See wenhua
culture-wildness/barbarism paradigm, 7, 25–29, 31, 37, 40, 51, 128, 145n6
Danmin. See Boat People
danwei (working unit), 107
decent people. See liangmin
degree of ethnicity, 13, 14, 133, 137–39
demeaned people. See jianmin
“density” (of identities), 14, 20, 24, 116, 136–37
difang tedian (local characteristics), 125
diqu wenhua. See regional cultures
discrimination: intra-Han, 11–12, 32, 73–74, 76, 80, 86, 112, 114–16, 126, 149n32
diyu wenhua. See regional cultures
duo yuan yi ti (“plurality in unity”), 140
Duomin. See Fallen People
education (as transmitter of Han-ness and Chinese-ness), 56–61, 64–65, 72, 87, 90, 120, 153n20, 155n12
“essence” (zhi): construction of, 121–6; Han, 79, 86, 115, 118, 121–23, 126; and “regional cultures,” 124
ethnicity, 13–14, 26, 55, 69, 92, 112, 116, 127–28, 131–33, 137–39; and Han minzu, 55, 137–39
evolutionary model of social development: Morgan’s, 39–40, 58, 151nn47,48; Stalin’s, 39–40, 58
exclusivity/nonexclusivity (of identities), 130–34, 136, 138
Fallen People (Duomin), 130, 149n32
Fan, 27
Fanyi, 27
Fei Xiaotong, 20, 29, 33, 58, 67, 123, 125, 140, 147n17, 154n6
fellow locals. See laoxiang
flexibility (of identities), 55, 134–35, 138
fragmentation (of “the Han”), 4, 12, 19, 44, 89, 113, 115, 118, 121–22, 125–27, 131, 135, 140–41
Fujian (province), 32, 99, 101–3, 149n31
Gladney, Dru C., 12, 20, 21, 42, 55, 72, 124, 127, 131
gongsuo. See common/collective place
Guangdong (province), 16, 30, 32, 77, 101, 103, 117, 125, 130, 145n6, 149n31, 158n11
Guangdongren. See Cantonese
Guanhua. See Officials’ Speech
guild/guild hall (huiguan), 68–69
guxiang (home place), 10–12, 66–67, 69–71, 77, 79. See also home place; jiaxiang
Hakka (Kejia), 13, 32, 75–76, 91, 98table, 99, 113, 124–5, 127, 130, 149n31, 155nn17,18
Han (ethno)nationalism, 34–36, 52, 54, 144
“Han, the”: as a minzu, 119–21, 128; as a narration, 5–8, 20, 43, 45, 54, 64–65; as a nation, 7, 14, 22, 34–36, 38, 41, 49; as the “core” of the nation, 3, 7, 36–38, 119–20, 122, 129–30, 150n44; as the “unifier of nationalities,” 8, 39, 79, 129; as an “invented tradition,” 8, 20; teleological/organic representations of, 7, 19, 37, 43, 101, 123–26, 140; as a racial community, 22, 33–37, 53–54, 101, 128, 152–3n12; Communist-era narration of, 38–42; Republican-era narration of, 34–8; as an unmarked category, 50, 63. See also Han-ness; “snowball”; “unifier of nationalities”
Han becoming “minorities,” 25, 56, 147n17, 158n12
Han identifier, 21, 23–24, 112
Han in ethnic minority areas, 56–59, 143
Han language (Hanyu), 49, 53–54, 59, 61–65, 146n15, 152n8,10; as a language of instruction in ethnic minority areas, 59, 62, 65, 153n20. See also Chinese language; Putonghua
Han/Chinese culturalism, 22, 35, 54
Hanguo (“country of the Han”), 9
Hanhua (Hanification), 27
Han-ness/Chinese-ness intertwinement, 8–9, 14, 24–25, 33–38, 41–42, 145n6, 152n8, 158n15
Han-ness/Han identity: and ethnicity, 13–15, 26, 43, 51, 55, 127–29, 131–39; and whiteness, 50–51, 152n4; and Confucianism, 26, 30, 49, 51–52, 118; contemporary, 45–55, 78–80, 119–22; distribution of, 56–65; historical contingency of, 6, 19–24, 113, 140–41; in the Republican period, 34–37; invisibility of, 47, 48table, 50, 63–64, 115–16; limits of Han-ness, 141–43; premodern/imperial, 6, 24–33, 145n6; state interventions in, 55, 119–22, 126, 133–38; under the Communists, 39–42, 54–55, 128; vis-à-vis other collective identities, 9, 63–65, 71–72, 78–81, 84–89, 115–18, 121–23, 133–39, 141–43
Hanren shequ (“communities of Han People”), 127
Hansen, Mette Halskov, 55, 58, 60, 147n17, 152n9, 156n18, 158n12
Harrell, Stevan, 8, 19, 24, 30, 50, 56, 58, 120, 128, 131–32, 151nn54,57, 152n7, 155n17
Henan (province), 12, 73–75, 92, 97table, 103, 107, 111, 155n14
Henan Person/People. See Henanese
Henanese (Henanren), 74, 81, 93, 98–100, 103, 110–12, 155n15, 157n211; stigmatization of, 111
hierarchization/verticalization of identities, 12, 15, 21, 53, 79, 86, 111, 142, 158n16. See also intra-Han hierarchies of power; social positioning strategies
home place, 10–12; definitions of, 67–71, 76–78, 84–86; and discrimination, 12, 73–75, 110–12; flexibility of, 11, 70, 74, 76–78, 85–86; hierarchies of, 12, 157n19; identity, 10–12, 22, 71–76, 79, 84–88; multiple, 11–12, 76–78, 85–86, 98; politics of, 11, 28, 73–74, 78, 86; and social organization, 33, 67–69, 88, 112, 154n8, 157n19. See also associations of fellow locals; guild; guxiang; jiaxiang; laoxiang; laoxiang guanxi
“home-place-determined mind-set” (jiaxiang guannian), 91, 94, 141
Hongkongese (Xianggangren), 91, 97table, 98–101, 103
household registration (hukou), 12, 69, 78, 107–8, 113, 141, 154n10; as an identity, 11, 78, 83–84, 87
huiguan. See guild
hukou. See household registration
identifier. See collective identity label; socionym
identity networks, 10, 90, 116, 138
“imagined community,” 6–7, 131–32; Han as a, 14, 22–23, 26, 43, 115, 118, 129, 133, 135, 140
imperial examinations, 31–32, 51, 107, 147n15
“inappropriate other,” 106–7. See also Rural Han; rural strangeness
Inner Mongolian/Mongol (identity label, minzu), 53, 56, 73–75, 86, 93, 134, 152n3
intra-Han hierarchies of power, 12, 90–92, 101–2, 109, 112, 114. See also hierarchization/verticalization of identities; social positioning
jia (identity), 13, 15, 128–30, 133–39, 144, 154n3, 157n5, 158n9,15
Jiangbei (North of the River), 75, 111
Jiangnan (South of the River), 75, 111, 155n14, 157n19
Jiangsu (province), 75, 110, 117, 157n19
jianmin (demeaned people), 32, 130
jiaxiang (home-place), 10–12, 67–71. See also guxiang; home place
jiaxiang guannian. See “home-place-determined mind-set”
jiguan (ancestral home-place), 67, 78, 148n24
keji (registered as guests), 76
Kejia. See Hakka
kemin (migrating farmers), 68
labeling, 91–94, 101, 109–10. See also naming
laihua (transformation by proximity), 27
laojia (old home), 154n3
laoxiang (fellow locals), 68–69, 85, 142
laoxiang guanxi (networks of fellow locals, home-place networks), 68–69, 112, 142
Leach, Edmund, 122
liangmin (decent people), 32
Local (identity label), 4, 10, 14, 91, 96–97table, 100–1, 109–13, 138, 142. See also Bendiren; Native
locality: social construction of, 70, 75–6, 94, 101, 109–14; –outside-ness differentiation, 91, 104, 109–14, 133, 141. See also Local; Native; nativity
Lower Yangzi basin, 68
Lugu Lake (region), 40, 158n13
Mainlanders-Taiwanese/Hongkongese differentiation, 91, 97table, 100–101, 136
majority-minority differentiation, 20, 42, 45, 47, 48table, 59, 61, 63–64, 141, 143
Manchu: as “the other” of the Han, 7, 22, 34–36, 105, 149n34
markers of Han-ness, 6, 19, 45–46; popular, 48–54; in premodern period, 25–33; in Republican period, 39–42; since the 1950s, 39–42; channels of transmission of, 57–62; in Zuosuo, 56–57. See also biaozhi; Han-ness; tedian
Migrant (identity label), 14, 109–10. See also Outsider; Stranger, Waidiren
migrant ruralness/strangeness, 110, 112
migrant workers, 69, 86, 100, 105, 111, 154n10
min (identity), 13, 15, 128–31, 133–36, 138, 144, 158n15
“minor minzu.” See “minorities”
“minorities”: as the “other” of the Han, 47, 52, 58–63, 141, 143, 152n3
minxi (branches; “branches within the minzu”), 125, 127
Minzu Classification Project (Minzu Shibie), 5, 8, 15, 23, 38, 40, 42, 55, 90, 105, 114, 120, 128, 158n13
Minzu Shibie. See Minzu Classification Project
minzu switches, 55, 134, 138, 147n17
“mixed blood” (hunxue), 151n54
Morgan, Lewis Henry, 39–40, 58, 151n47
Mosuo. See Na
Na (Mosuo, Mosuoren), 40, 56–57, 59, 62, 134, 158n12
naming, 90–92, 94, 112; politics of, 101. See also labeling
Nanfang. See South
nation: Stalin on, 39; Marx and Engels on, 150n44
“national unifier.” See “unifier of nationalities”
nationality: Stalin on, 39, 150n45; Marx and Engels on, 150n44
Native (identity label), 9, 91, 96table, 109, 112, 114. See also Bendiren; Local
native place, 10, 66–70. See home place
native-place networks. See guanxi; laoxiang
nativity, social construction of, 91, 109–13, 133, 149n31, 156n18. See also locality: social construction of
nativity-outside-ness differentiation. See locality: –outside-ness differentiation
“nesting” of identities: politics of, 130, 138, 142, 158n15,16
Nongmin. See Peasant
non-minzu identities. See ren; jia; min
North (Beifang), 28, 104, 112–13, 116–17, 124–25, 135, 158n11
Northeasterner (Dongbeiren), 75, 79, 95table, 98, 99table, 136
Northerner (Beifangren), 10, 77, 95table, 98, 100table, 103–5, 112, 114, 124, 136, 158n11
North-South differentiation, 102–5, 113, 116
Nuosu (Yizu), 56, 59–62, 153n18,19
Officials’ Speech (Guanhua), 148n29
Outsider (identity label), 9, 10, 91, 96–97table, 100–101, 109–14, 142. See also Migrant; Stranger; Waidiren
outside-ness (also as outsider identity), 104, 111, 116, 133–34, 137, 141
“participants’ primordialism,” 87, 119–20
peasant: construction of the category, 106–8, 156n10,14
Peasant (Nongmin): as an identity label, 98, 99table, 195, 129
Peking Man, 35
“plurality in unity.” See duo yuan yi ti
primordial “givens,” 84, 119–20
Putonghua (common speech), 38, 53, 57, 61, 99table, 146n15, 152nn8,10. See also Chinese language; Han language
qunti (group), 127
quyu wenhua. See regional cultures
regional cultures (diqu wenhua, diyu wenhua, quyu wenhua), 117–18, 121, 123–26
regional differentiation, 91, 102–5, 112, 117–18, 157n1
relationality of identities, 5, 10, 66, 115, 123, 137
ren (identity), 13, 15, 128–31, 133–36, 144, 150n43, 157n5, 158n13,15
renqun (human groups), 127
reversed Orientalism, 88
“roots” (also “origins”), 28, 72, 74, 76, 78, 85, 91, 101, 117, 123, 132–33, 152n5, 155n20
Rural Han (Ruralite, identity label), 4, 9–10, 14, 98, 99table, 101, 105–6, 112–13, 129, 135, 138
rural strangeness, 110, 157n22. See also migrant ruralness
rural-urban differentiation (also rurality/urbanity differentiation), 91, 100–101, 104–10, 112, 133–34, 137, 141
“savages,” 26–27, 52. See also “barbarians”
scales of interaction, 4, 10, 15–16, 20, 80, 82, 84, 87, 112, 114, 118, 120, 123, 132, 135–38, 157n1, 158n15
school curriculum: narratives of Han-ness and nation in, 58–60, 65, 153n20
“secondary cultural differentiation” (also “secondary” identities), 14, 119, 120, 122, 123–26, 133. See also “essence”
Shanghai, 12, 75, 93–94, 100, 110–11, 114, 117, 154n8, 157n19; as a fieldwork location, 9, 15–18, 56–57, 73, 101
Shanghai Person/People. See Shanghainese
Shanghainese (Shanghairen), 4, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 92, 94, 96–97table, 98, 99–100table, 102, 103, 105, 109–11, 127, 130, 135–36
shaoshu minzu. See “minorities”
Sichuan (province), 12, 17, 40, 56, 58, 68, 86, 92, 117, 117
Sichuan Person/People. See Sichuanese
Sichuanese (Sichuanren), 95, 98, 99–100table, 102–3, 112, 124, 127, 129, 135
situationality (of identities), 10–12, 63, 65, 88, 115, 132, 135–36, 141
“snowball” (xueqiu), 20, 123, 125, 140. See also duo yuan yi ti
social positioning strategies, 8–9, 11–12, 25, 61, 64, 78, 90, 101, 136. See also hierarchization/verticalization of identities; intra-Han hierarchies of power
socionym, 90–94, 98, 100–101, 103, 105, 110–13, 128, 145n4; examples of, 95–98table. See also collective identity labels
soil: discourse of, 73, 77, 85, 87, 94, 101. See also “roots”
South (Nanfang), 28, 77, 104, 112–13, 116–17, 124–5, 135
Southerner (Nanfangren, Nanren), 10, 68, 77, 98, 100table, 101–5, 112, 124, 136
spatiality of Han-ness/Chinese-ness, 26, 37, 40, 47, 54, 76, 95–97table, 147n10
Stalin, Josef, 3, 39, 40, 58, 129, 150nn44,45
stereotyping (also stereotypical characteristics), 91–94, 98, 99–100table, 100–12. See also markers of Han-ness; tedian
Stranger (identity label), 91, 96–97table, 101, 109–11, 138. See also Migrant; Outsider; Waidiren
Subei, 12, 73–75, 86, 110–11, 157n19
Subei Person/People (Subeiren), 73–74, 79, 86, 93, 98, 99–100table, 100, 110–12, 114, 155n15, 157n20
subethnic groups/distinctions, 127
“subgroups of Hanzu” (Hanzu cisheng jituan, Hanzu yaqunti), 127
Sun Yat-sen, 22, 34–36, 52, 137
Sunan (Southern Jiangsu), 157n19
Taiwanese, 91, 97table, 99–100table, 100–103, 136
tedian (stereotypical characteristics), 45, 57, 91, 125, 156n1. See also markers of Han-ness; stereotyping
Tibetans, 33, 36, 38, 47, 56, 58, 60, 134, 136, 143, 152n3, 158n15
tongxianghui. See associations of fellow locals
transitory ethnicity, 14, 18, 138–39, 143
“unifier of nationalities” (obedinitel natsionalnosteĭ), 39, 129. See also “Han, the”: as the “unifier of nationalities”
Urbanite/Urban Han (identity label), 4, 9–10, 13–14, 93, 105–9, 112, 114, 116, 135, 138, 142
urbanity (also as urban identity), 12, 91, 101, 104, 109, 112–13, 115, 129, 133–34, 137, 141
urbanity-rurality differentiation. See rural-urban differentiation
urban-rural divide. See rural-urban differentiation
Uyghur, 9, 18, 47, 61–62, 153nn17,20, 158n15; -Han interactions, 87, 135–37, 143, 152n7; as an “other” of the Han, 47, 136–37, 152n3
verticalization of identities. See hierarchization of identities
waidi (outside, outer place), 111
Waidiren, 97table, 109. See Outsider; Stranger
wenhua: usage of, 30, 48–49table, 53, 56, 99table, 103, 116–17, 125
wildness-culture paradigm. See culture-wildness/barbarism paradigm
Wuzu Gonghe (the Republic of Five Races), 36
Xinjiang, 4, 9, 17–18, 58, 61–62, 65, 87, 134–35, 143, 153n20, 156n18
xueqiu. See “snowball”
Yangzi River, 67, 75, 111, 117, 124
Yellow Emperor, 7, 22, 35, 150nn38,39
Yi (Yizu, Nuosu), 30, 151n54, 153n18. See also Nuosu
yong Xia bian Yi (“transformation of Yi savages by the ways of the Xia”), 27
Yuanmou Man, 35
yudie (imperial genealogies), 149n34
Zhejiang Person/People (Zhejiangren), 68, 73, 77, 98, 99table, 101–2, 114, 136
Zhongguoren, 19, 21, 24, 26–27, 33
Zhonghua, 6; minzu (Chinese nation), 5, 24, 33, 36, 49table
Zhongyuan (Central Plains), 75, 125
Zuosuo village (Sichuan-Yunnan border), 17–18, 56–57, 59–61, 64, 134, 153n18
zuqun (ethnic group, lineage group), 127