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The Han: China’s Diverse Majority: Index

The Han: China’s Diverse Majority

Index

INDEX

Anagnost, Ann, 6, 43, 87, 106, 151

Anderson, Benedict, 6, 43, 131

Aqsu, 17, 61

“Asiatic mode of production,” 150–51n46

associations of fellow locals (tongxianghui), 68–69

asymmetric power relations, 47, 62, 107

“barbarians” (also “barbarian other”), 26–27, 30–32, 105, 145n6, 148n20. See also “savages”

Barth, Fredrik, 92, 131–32

Beifang. See North

Beijing, 12, 68, 70, 73, 75, 93, 101, 110–11, 117; as a fieldwork location, 9, 15–18, 45, 56–58, 62, 110, 134

Beijing Person/People (Beijingren), 4, 10, 14, 71–74, 77, 80–81, 83, 92, 96–98table, 98, 99table, 100–102, 114, 129, 135

Bendiren, 77, 94, 96table, 109. See also Local; Native

biaozhi (symbols), 45. See also markers of Han-ness

“bilingual education” (shuangyu jiaoyu), 153–4n20

biopolitics, 6, 8, 90, 138, 146n7

Boat People (Danmin), 30, 32, 113, 127, 130, 149n30, 32

boundaries (also boundary-making), 37, 92, 94; ethnic, 131–32, 149n34; of ethnicity, 14, 132; minzu, 4–5, 7, 24, 42, 55, 65, 81, 133–37; intra-Han, 5, 9, 14, 16, 25, 42, 64–65, 71, 81, 89, 91, 101, 105, 109–11, 113, 115, 120–23, 131, 135–36, 142; of contemporary Han-ness, 4, 5, 20, 22–23, 32, 45–47, 55, 63, 87, 131; of premodern Han-ness, 6, 20, 22–23, 25–29, 32–33, 128

Bourdieu, Pierre, 53, 58, 62, 92

Cantonese (Guangdongren), 14, 30, 98–100, 102, 124–25, 127, 130, 135, 154n8, 155n17

Chinese language/script (Zhongwen), 31, 53, 152n8. See also Han language; Putonghua

Chinese national identity, 9, 22, 35, 65, 81–82, 87, 158n15. See also Chinese-ness

Chinese-ness: as a national identity, 9, 65, 80–83, 86, 137, 158n15; in overseas communities, 146n14. See also Han-ness/Chinese-ness intertwinement; Han-ness/Chinese-ness in premodern China

coerciveness of identities, 11, 83–84, 87–88

collective identity label (also identifier), 24, 26–27, 33, 55–56, 76, 90–91, 94, 98, 101, 105, 109, 127, 130, 145n4, 155n15. See also Han identifier; socionym

common/collective place (gongsuo), 68

critical Han studies, 18, 140

culture. See wenhua

culture-wildness/barbarism paradigm, 7, 25–29, 31, 37, 40, 51, 128, 145n6

Danmin. See Boat People

danwei (working unit), 107

decent people. See liangmin

degree of ethnicity, 13, 14, 133, 137–39

demeaned people. See jianmin

“density” (of identities), 14, 20, 24, 116, 136–37

difang tedian (local characteristics), 125

diqu wenhua. See regional cultures

discrimination: intra-Han, 11–12, 32, 73–74, 76, 80, 86, 112, 114–16, 126, 149n32

diyu wenhua. See regional cultures

duo yuan yi ti (“plurality in unity”), 140

Duomin. See Fallen People

education (as transmitter of Han-ness and Chinese-ness), 56–61, 64–65, 72, 87, 90, 120, 153n20, 155n12

“essence” (zhi): construction of, 121–6; Han, 79, 86, 115, 118, 121–23, 126; and “regional cultures,” 124

ethnic group, 43, 127–28

ethnicity, 13–14, 26, 55, 69, 92, 112, 116, 127–28, 131–33, 137–39; and Han minzu, 55, 137–39

evolutionary model of social development: Morgan’s, 39–40, 58, 151nn47,48; Stalin’s, 39–40, 58

exclusivity/nonexclusivity (of identities), 130–34, 136, 138

Fallen People (Duomin), 130, 149n32

Fan, 27

Fanyi, 27

Fei Xiaotong, 20, 29, 33, 58, 67, 123, 125, 140, 147n17, 154n6

fellow locals. See laoxiang

flexibility (of identities), 55, 134–35, 138

Foucault, Michel, 57, 60, 64

fragmentation (of “the Han”), 4, 12, 19, 44, 89, 113, 115, 118, 121–22, 125–27, 131, 135, 140–41

Fujian (province), 32, 99, 101–3, 149n31

Gladney, Dru C., 12, 20, 21, 42, 55, 72, 124, 127, 131

gongsuo. See common/collective place

Guangdong (province), 16, 30, 32, 77, 101, 103, 117, 125, 130, 145n6, 149n31, 158n11

Guangdongren. See Cantonese

Guanhua. See Officials’ Speech

guild/guild hall (huiguan), 68–69

guxiang (home place), 10–12, 66–67, 69–71, 77, 79. See also home place; jiaxiang

Hakka (Kejia), 13, 32, 75–76, 91, 98table, 99, 113, 124–5, 127, 130, 149n31, 155nn17,18

Han (ethno)nationalism, 34–36, 52, 54, 144

“Han, the”: as a minzu, 119–21, 128; as a narration, 5–8, 20, 43, 45, 54, 64–65; as a nation, 7, 14, 22, 34–36, 38, 41, 49; as the “core” of the nation, 3, 7, 36–38, 119–20, 122, 129–30, 150n44; as the “unifier of nationalities,” 8, 39, 79, 129; as an “invented tradition,” 8, 20; teleological/organic representations of, 7, 19, 37, 43, 101, 123–26, 140; as a racial community, 22, 33–37, 53–54, 101, 128, 152–3n12; Communist-era narration of, 38–42; Republican-era narration of, 34–8; as an unmarked category, 50, 63. See also Han-ness; “snowball”; “unifier of nationalities”

Han becoming “minorities,” 25, 56, 147n17, 158n12

Han identifier, 21, 23–24, 112

Han in ethnic minority areas, 56–59, 143

Han language (Hanyu), 49, 53–54, 59, 61–65, 146n15, 152n8,10; as a language of instruction in ethnic minority areas, 59, 62, 65, 153n20. See also Chinese language; Putonghua

Han/Chinese culturalism, 22, 35, 54

Hanguo (“country of the Han”), 9

Hanhua (Hanification), 27

Han-ness/Chinese-ness intertwinement, 8–9, 14, 24–25, 33–38, 41–42, 145n6, 152n8, 158n15

Han-ness/Han identity: and ethnicity, 13–15, 26, 43, 51, 55, 127–29, 131–39; and whiteness, 50–51, 152n4; and Confucianism, 26, 30, 49, 51–52, 118; contemporary, 45–55, 78–80, 119–22; distribution of, 56–65; historical contingency of, 6, 19–24, 113, 140–41; in the Republican period, 34–37; invisibility of, 47, 48table, 50, 63–64, 115–16; limits of Han-ness, 141–43; premodern/imperial, 6, 24–33, 145n6; state interventions in, 55, 119–22, 126, 133–38; under the Communists, 39–42, 54–55, 128; vis-à-vis other collective identities, 9, 63–65, 71–72, 78–81, 84–89, 115–18, 121–23, 133–39, 141–43

Hanren shequ (“communities of Han People”), 127

Hansen, Mette Halskov, 55, 58, 60, 147n17, 152n9, 156n18, 158n12

Harrell, Stevan, 8, 19, 24, 30, 50, 56, 58, 120, 128, 131–32, 151nn54,57, 152n7, 155n17

Henan (province), 12, 73–75, 92, 97table, 103, 107, 111, 155n14

Henan Person/People. See Henanese

Henanese (Henanren), 74, 81, 93, 98–100, 103, 110–12, 155n15, 157n211; stigmatization of, 111

hierarchization/verticalization of identities, 12, 15, 21, 53, 79, 86, 111, 142, 158n16. See also intra-Han hierarchies of power; social positioning strategies

Hokkien, 32, 113, 127, 149n31

home place, 10–12; definitions of, 67–71, 76–78, 84–86; and discrimination, 12, 73–75, 110–12; flexibility of, 11, 70, 74, 76–78, 85–86; hierarchies of, 12, 157n19; identity, 10–12, 22, 71–76, 79, 84–88; multiple, 11–12, 76–78, 85–86, 98; politics of, 11, 28, 73–74, 78, 86; and social organization, 33, 67–69, 88, 112, 154n8, 157n19. See also associations of fellow locals; guild; guxiang; jiaxiang; laoxiang; laoxiang guanxi

“home-place-determined mind-set” (jiaxiang guannian), 91, 94, 141

Hongkongese (Xianggangren), 91, 97table, 98–101, 103

household registration (hukou), 12, 69, 78, 107–8, 113, 141, 154n10; as an identity, 11, 78, 83–84, 87

Hua, 6, 19, 21, 24, 26–27, 37

Huaxia, 6, 19, 24, 26–27

huiguan. See guild

hukou. See household registration

identifier. See collective identity label; socionym

identity networks, 10, 90, 116, 138

“imagined community,” 6–7, 131–32; Han as a, 14, 22–23, 26, 43, 115, 118, 129, 133, 135, 140

imperial examinations, 31–32, 51, 107, 147n15

“inappropriate other,” 106–7. See also Rural Han; rural strangeness

Inner Mongolia, 4, 12

Inner Mongolian/Mongol (identity label, minzu), 53, 56, 73–75, 86, 93, 134, 152n3

intra-Han hierarchies of power, 12, 90–92, 101–2, 109, 112, 114. See also hierarchization/verticalization of identities; social positioning

jia (identity), 13, 15, 128–30, 133–39, 144, 154n3, 157n5, 158n9,15

Jiangbei (North of the River), 75, 111

Jiangnan (South of the River), 75, 111, 155n14, 157n19

Jiangsu (province), 75, 110, 117, 157n19

jianmin (demeaned people), 32, 130

jiaxiang (home-place), 10–12, 67–71. See also guxiang; home place

jiaxiang guannian. See “home-place-determined mind-set”

jiguan (ancestral home-place), 67, 78, 148n24

Jiuzhou, 26–27

keji (registered as guests), 76

Kejia. See Hakka

kemin (migrating farmers), 68

labeling, 91–94, 101, 109–10. See also naming

laihua (transformation by proximity), 27

laojia (old home), 154n3

laoxiang (fellow locals), 68–69, 85, 142

laoxiang guanxi (networks of fellow locals, home-place networks), 68–69, 112, 142

Leach, Edmund, 122

liangmin (decent people), 32

Lin Yutang, 67, 152–3n12

“living fossil,” 40, 151n49

Local (identity label), 4, 10, 14, 91, 96–97table, 100–1, 109–13, 138, 142. See also Bendiren; Native

locality: social construction of, 70, 75–6, 94, 101, 109–14; –outside-ness differentiation, 91, 104, 109–14, 133, 141. See also Local; Native; nativity

Lower Yangzi basin, 68

Lugu Lake (region), 40, 158n13

Mainlanders-Taiwanese/Hongkongese differentiation, 91, 97table, 100–101, 136

majority-minority differentiation, 20, 42, 45, 47, 48table, 59, 61, 63–64, 141, 143

Manchu: as “the other” of the Han, 7, 22, 34–36, 105, 149n34

markers of Han-ness, 6, 19, 45–46; popular, 48–54; in premodern period, 25–33; in Republican period, 39–42; since the 1950s, 39–42; channels of transmission of, 57–62; in Zuosuo, 56–57. See also biaozhi; Han-ness; tedian

Migrant (identity label), 14, 109–10. See also Outsider; Stranger, Waidiren

migrant ruralness/strangeness, 110, 112

migrant workers, 69, 86, 100, 105, 111, 154n10

min (identity), 13, 15, 128–31, 133–36, 138, 144, 158n15

“minor minzu.” See “minorities”

“minorities”: as the “other” of the Han, 47, 52, 58–63, 141, 143, 152n3

“minority cultures,” 61, 126

minxi (branches; “branches within the minzu”), 125, 127

Minzu Classification Project (Minzu Shibie), 5, 8, 15, 23, 38, 40, 42, 55, 90, 105, 114, 120, 128, 158n13

Minzu Shibie. See Minzu Classification Project

minzu switches, 55, 134, 138, 147n17

“mixed blood” (hunxue), 151n54

Morgan, Lewis Henry, 39–40, 58, 151n47

Mosuo. See Na

Na (Mosuo, Mosuoren), 40, 56–57, 59, 62, 134, 158n12

naming, 90–92, 94, 112; politics of, 101. See also labeling

Nanfang. See South

nation: Stalin on, 39; Marx and Engels on, 150n44

“national unifier.” See “unifier of nationalities”

nationality: Stalin on, 39, 150n45; Marx and Engels on, 150n44

Native (identity label), 9, 91, 96table, 109, 112, 114. See also Bendiren; Local

native place, 10, 66–70. See home place

native-place networks. See guanxi; laoxiang

nativity, social construction of, 91, 109–13, 133, 149n31, 156n18. See also locality: social construction of

nativity-outside-ness differentiation. See locality: –outside-ness differentiation

“nesting” of identities: politics of, 130, 138, 142, 158n15,16

Nongmin. See Peasant

non-minzu identities. See ren; jia; min

North (Beifang), 28, 104, 112–13, 116–17, 124–25, 135, 158n11

Northeasterner (Dongbeiren), 75, 79, 95table, 98, 99table, 136

Northerner (Beifangren), 10, 77, 95table, 98, 100table, 103–5, 112, 114, 124, 136, 158n11

North-South differentiation, 102–5, 113, 116

Nuosu (Yizu), 56, 59–62, 153n18,19

Officials’ Speech (Guanhua), 148n29

Outsider (identity label), 9, 10, 91, 96–97table, 100–101, 109–14, 142. See also Migrant; Stranger; Waidiren

outside-ness (also as outsider identity), 104, 111, 116, 133–34, 137, 141

“participants’ primordialism,” 87, 119–20

patriotic education, 87, 120

peasant: construction of the category, 106–8, 156n10,14

Peasant (Nongmin): as an identity label, 98, 99table, 195, 129

Peking Man, 35

“plurality in unity.” See duo yuan yi ti

primordial “givens,” 84, 119–20

Prmi, 56, 134

Punti, 32, 113, 149n31

Putonghua (common speech), 38, 53, 57, 61, 99table, 146n15, 152nn8,10. See also Chinese language; Han language

qunti (group), 127

quyu wenhua. See regional cultures

regional cultures (diqu wenhua, diyu wenhua, quyu wenhua), 117–18, 121, 123–26

regional differentiation, 91, 102–5, 112, 117–18, 157n1

relationality of identities, 5, 10, 66, 115, 123, 137

ren (identity), 13, 15, 128–31, 133–36, 144, 150n43, 157n5, 158n13,15

renqun (human groups), 127

reversed Orientalism, 88

“roots” (also “origins”), 28, 72, 74, 76, 78, 85, 91, 101, 117, 123, 132–33, 152n5, 155n20

Rural Han (Ruralite, identity label), 4, 9–10, 14, 98, 99table, 101, 105–6, 112–13, 129, 135, 138

rural strangeness, 110, 157n22. See also migrant ruralness

rural-urban differentiation (also rurality/urbanity differentiation), 91, 100–101, 104–10, 112, 133–34, 137, 141

“savages,” 26–27, 52. See also “barbarians”

scales of interaction, 4, 10, 15–16, 20, 80, 82, 84, 87, 112, 114, 118, 120, 123, 132, 135–38, 157n1, 158n15

school curriculum: narratives of Han-ness and nation in, 58–60, 65, 153n20

“secondary cultural differentiation” (also “secondary” identities), 14, 119, 120, 122, 123–26, 133. See also “essence”

Shanghai, 12, 75, 93–94, 100, 110–11, 114, 117, 154n8, 157n19; as a fieldwork location, 9, 15–18, 56–57, 73, 101

Shanghai Person/People. See Shanghainese

Shanghainese (Shanghairen), 4, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 92, 94, 96–97table, 98, 99–100table, 102, 103, 105, 109–11, 127, 130, 135–36

shaoshu minzu. See “minorities”

Sichuan (province), 12, 17, 40, 56, 58, 68, 86, 92, 117, 117

Sichuan Person/People. See Sichuanese

Sichuanese (Sichuanren), 95, 98, 99–100table, 102–3, 112, 124, 127, 129, 135

sinicization, 27, 147n13

situationality (of identities), 10–12, 63, 65, 88, 115, 132, 135–36, 141

“snowball” (xueqiu), 20, 123, 125, 140. See also duo yuan yi ti

social positioning strategies, 8–9, 11–12, 25, 61, 64, 78, 90, 101, 136. See also hierarchization/verticalization of identities; intra-Han hierarchies of power

socionym, 90–94, 98, 100–101, 103, 105, 110–13, 128, 145n4; examples of, 95–98table. See also collective identity labels

soil: discourse of, 73, 77, 85, 87, 94, 101. See also “roots”

South (Nanfang), 28, 77, 104, 112–13, 116–17, 124–5, 135

Southerner (Nanfangren, Nanren), 10, 68, 77, 98, 100table, 101–5, 112, 124, 136

spatial kinship, 67–68, 71

spatiality of Han-ness/Chinese-ness, 26, 37, 40, 47, 54, 76, 95–97table, 147n10

Stalin, Josef, 3, 39, 40, 58, 129, 150nn44,45

stereotyping (also stereotypical characteristics), 91–94, 98, 99–100table, 100–12. See also markers of Han-ness; tedian

Stranger (identity label), 91, 96–97table, 101, 109–11, 138. See also Migrant; Outsider; Waidiren

Subei, 12, 73–75, 86, 110–11, 157n19

Subei Person/People (Subeiren), 73–74, 79, 86, 93, 98, 99–100table, 100, 110–12, 114, 155n15, 157n20

subethnic groups/distinctions, 127

“subgroups of Hanzu” (Hanzu cisheng jituan, Hanzu yaqunti), 127

Sun Yat-sen, 22, 34–36, 52, 137

Sunan (Southern Jiangsu), 157n19

Taiwanese, 91, 97table, 99–100table, 100–103, 136

Tajfel, Henri, 92–93

tedian (stereotypical characteristics), 45, 57, 91, 125, 156n1. See also markers of Han-ness; stereotyping

Tibetans, 33, 36, 38, 47, 56, 58, 60, 134, 136, 143, 152n3, 158n15

tongxianghui. See associations of fellow locals

transitory ethnicity, 14, 18, 138–39, 143

“unifier of nationalities” (obedinitel natsionalnosteĭ), 39, 129. See also “Han, the”: as the “unifier of nationalities”

Urbanite/Urban Han (identity label), 4, 9–10, 13–14, 93, 105–9, 112, 114, 116, 135, 138, 142

urbanity (also as urban identity), 12, 91, 101, 104, 109, 112–13, 115, 129, 133–34, 137, 141

urbanity-rurality differentiation. See rural-urban differentiation

urban-rural divide. See rural-urban differentiation

Uyghur, 9, 18, 47, 61–62, 153nn17,20, 158n15; -Han interactions, 87, 135–37, 143, 152n7; as an “other” of the Han, 47, 136–37, 152n3

verticalization of identities. See hierarchization of identities

waidi (outside, outer place), 111

Waidiren, 97table, 109. See Outsider; Stranger

Wallman, Sandra, 122, 131

wenhua: usage of, 30, 48–49table, 53, 56, 99table, 103, 116–17, 125

wildness-culture paradigm. See culture-wildness/barbarism paradigm

Wuzu Gonghe (the Republic of Five Races), 36

Xia, 6, 21, 24, 27, 123

Xinjiang, 4, 9, 17–18, 58, 61–62, 65, 87, 134–35, 143, 153n20, 156n18

Xu Jieshun, 20, 23, 125

xueqiu. See “snowball”

Yangzi River, 67, 75, 111, 117, 124

Yellow Emperor, 7, 22, 35, 150nn38,39

Yellow River, 117, 124

Yi (“savages”), 26–27

Yi (Yizu, Nuosu), 30, 151n54, 153n18. See also Nuosu

yong Xia bian Yi (“transformation of Yi savages by the ways of the Xia”), 27

Yuanmou Man, 35

yudie (imperial genealogies), 149n34

Yunnan, 22, 40, 55, 156n18

Zhejiang Person/People (Zhejiangren), 68, 73, 77, 98, 99table, 101–2, 114, 136

Zhongguoren, 19, 21, 24, 26–27, 33

Zhonghua, 6; minzu (Chinese nation), 5, 24, 33, 36, 49table

Zhongyuan (Central Plains), 75, 125

Zuosuo village (Sichuan-Yunnan border), 17–18, 56–57, 59–61, 64, 134, 153n18

zuqun (ethnic group, lineage group), 127

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