Appendix B
Late Ming through Early Ch’ing Reign Periods
Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
Chia-ching reign, 1522–66
Emperor Shih-tsung (1507–67)
Lung-ch’ing reign, 1567–72
Emperor Mu-tsung (1537–72)
Wan-li reign, 1573–1620
Emperor Shen-tsung (1563–1620)
T’ai-ch’ang reign, 1620
Emperor Kuang-tsung (1582–1620)
T’ien-ch’i reign, 1621–27
Emperor Hsi-tsung (1605–27)
Ch’ung-chen reign, 1628–44
Emperor Ssu-tsung (1611–44)
Southern Ming (local governments), 1644–62
Hung-kuang reign (Nanking), 1644–45
Chu Yu-sung, Prince of Fu (Emperor An-tsung, 1607–46)
Lung-wu reign (Foochow), 1645–46
Chu Yü-chien, Prince of T’ang (Emperor Shao-tsung, 1602–46)
Lu regency (Chekiang, Fukien), 1645–53
Chu I-hai, Prince of Lu (1618–62)
Shao-wu reign (Canton), 1646–47
Chu Yü-yüeh, Prince of T’ang (d. 1647)
Yung-li reign (Kwangtung, Kwangsi, Yunnan), 1646–62
Chu Yu-lang, Prince of Kuei (1623–62)
Ch’ing Dynasty (Manchu), 1644–1911
Shun-chih reign, 1644–61
Emperor Shih-tsu (1638–61)
K’ang-hsi reign, 1662–1722
Emperor Sheng-tsu (1654–1722)