GLOSSARY

a (P) I, me

agu (P) mother’s brother

ama (P) mother

ane (P) father’s sister

anfushi (C) pacification commissioner

anji (P) Premi ritual expert

apoⁿ (P) father, father’s brother, father’s sister’s husband, mother’s sister’s husband, wife’s father

arè (P) we

arje (P) home-distilled spirits

Ba’er (C) or name of the ruling clan of Muli

baise (T) ’bad-sras (?) local administrator under the Muli tusi or head lama

baixing (C) the common people (lit., “the hundred family names”)

Bajia (C) name of a village in Labai Township, Ninglang Yi AC

Banawa (C) name of a village in Labai Township, Ninglang Yi AC

baoban maimai hunyin (C) arranged mercenary marriage

bap’u (P) ancestors

Bari (T) ’ba ’ri name of the Premi ruling clan in Muli, Tibetan form of “Bar”

barzung rabyampa (T) ’barbzung rab-’byams-pa local administrator under the Muli tusi or head lama

Batang (C) name of town and county in Kham/Sichuan

bazong (C) hereditary rank held by administrators of border regions under the Muli tusi

bekha (T) bas-kha central pillar of a house in Gyelthang

bianzhi (C) authorized personnel, the establishment of posts

Biqi (C) name of a village in Yongning Township, Ninglang Yi AC

boⁿ (P) dpon-po head lama (in Muli)

Bön (T) bon Tibetan religion

Bönpo (T) bon-po adherent of Bön

brö demon (P) type of disease-causing demon

bu-dzu (P) place for cremation of a corpse

ch’akoⁿ (P) room, in a house, reserved for monks and for reading scriptures; also called hlijeⁿ

ch’am (T) ’cham Tibetan Buddhist festival

Chamdo (T) chab-mdo town in Kham, Tibet Autonomous Region

chantsö (T) phyag-mdzod manager (administrator under the Muli tusi or head lama)

che (P) food

che-drö (P) offerings of food or wine (lit., “food for the souls”)

Chen Xialing (C) name of a frontier commissioner/warlord

chö (T) chos dharma; Buddhism

choⁿ (P) north

chongcao (C) caterpillar fungus (cordyceps sinensis), a medicinal fungus; short for dong-chong xia-cao

Ch’ruame (P) local self-appellation for Premi-speaking populations in some areas of Muli; also called Chra-me (Rock) (official minzu name: Zangzu)

ch’ü (P) wind direction

chuzhong (C) junior middle school

ch’wi-p’ö (P) doing good things; monastic Buddhism

Cuiyu (C) name of a township in Ninglang Yi AC

cunmin xiaozu (C) villagers’ small group, corresponding to “natural village” in Muli

cunminzu (C) village group

cunweihui (C) administrative village

cunxiao (C) village school

cunzhang (C) village leader

Dajianlu (C) Chinese rendering of “Dartsendo,” name of a town in Kham/Sichuan

Daocheng (C) name of a town and county in Kham/Sichuan

dap’u (P) master, leader

Dartsendo (T) dar-rtze-mdo name of a town in Kham/Sichuan; called Kangding in Chinese

Daxingzhen (C) name of the capital of Ninglang Yi AC

dazeze (P) of the same descent

dazhongyi (C) Tibetan-language secretary (in the administration of the Muli tusi)

dedrwè-p’ö (P) doing bad/evil things

depa (T) sde-pa local hereditary ruler (in pre-PRC Tibet)

desi (T) sde-srid regent (in pre-PRC Tibet)

dianban (C) administrative post under the tusi or head lama in Muli

dianke (C) administrative post under the tusi or head lama in Muli

Diantou (C) village in Ludian Township, Yulong Naxi AC

difangzhi (C) local gazetteer, local history

dizhu (C) landlord (PRC social-class designation)

dongba (C) Naxi ritualist; Chinese transliteration of dtô-mbà or dobbaq

dong-chong xia-cao (C) winter insect, summer plant (see chongcao)

Dongfeng (C) name of a village in Ninglang Yi AC

drèⁿ (P) platform (in the main room of a Premi house); bed (in North Village)

Drenpa Namkha (T) dran-pa nam-mkha name of a sage in Bön religion

Drepung (T) ’bras-spungs name of a famous monastery outside Lhasa

drwama (P) offering stone (in a Premi house)

dzasa (T) dza-sag highest-level administrator under the tusi or head lama in Muli; called mengong in Chinese

dzè-k’o (P) state, country; called guojia in Chinese

dzèⁿ (P) house (in North Village)

dzèⁿ-hsi (P) new house

dzèⁿ-mè (P) house name

dzèⁿ-p’o (P) “splitting the house,” when a son moves out to establish his own neolocal residence

Eya (C) name of a township in Muli Tibetan AC

fangzhi (C) gazetteer

fengjian da lama (C) feudal high monk (PRC social-class designation)

fengsu xiguan (C) customs and habits

Fojiao Xiehui (C) Buddhist Association

fu (C) prefecture (during the Qing)

fu (P) north

funong (C) rich peasant (PRC social-class designation)

fupin (C) poverty alleviation

ga (P) household group (in Uphill and Downhill)

Gaige Kaifang (C) Reform and Opening Up policies

gaitu guiliu (C) replacement of native chieftains with Chinese administrators

Gala (C) name of a village in Yongning Township, Ninglang Yi AC

Gami (P/C) local name for Kham Tibetans in Muli (official minzu name: Zangzu)

ganbu (C) cadre

Ganden Ngamcho (T) dga’-ldan nga-mchod Tibetan Buddhist festival

Ganden Shedrub Namgyel Ling (T) dga’-ldan bshad-grub rnam-rgyal gling full name of Muli Monastery

Gaⁿ-nyè (P) name for the Nuosu people

gaozhong (C) senior middle school

Ge Zu Ge Jie Renmin Daibiao Huiyi (C) Conference of Representatives of People of All Ethnic and Other Groups (CRPEOG)

Gelugpa (T) dge-lugs-pa name of a school of Tibetan Buddhism

geming zuzhe (C) revolutionary organization

geshe (T) dge-bshes the highest Buddhist scholarly degree

gompa (T) dgon-pa monastery

Gongaling (C) name of a mountain in Kham/Sichuan

Guabie (C) name of a village in Yanyuan County, Sichuan

guan shijia (C) aristocratic family of officials (Chinese title)

guca (C) attendant (administrative post under the tusi or head lama of Muli); called kuchar in Tibetan

gujhi-jhataⁿ (P) central pillar (in a Premi house)

Guludian (C) name of a village in Labai Township, Ninglang Yi AC

guojia (C) country, nation, state

Guojia Minwei Minzu Wenti Wu Zhong Congshu (C) National Committee of Nationalities’ Five Series on (Minority) Nationality Questions

Guojia Zongjiao Shiwuju (C) State Administration of Religious Affairs

guoying linchang (C) state-run logging company

guoying muchang (C) state-run livestock farm

guzyo (P) honored one (honorific designating incarnate lama); called tulku in Tibetan

gwèⁿ-gwèⁿ (P) cousins and siblings older than ego

gyelpo (T) rgyal-po king

Gyelthang (T) rgyal-thang name of a county in Yunnan; called Zhongdian or Xianggelila in Chinese

haijiao (C) chili pepper

Han (C) name for the “default” ethnic majority in China; called Hsyè in Premi

Han Jiayang (C) name of the gatekeeper, or dzasa, for the seventeenth and eighteenth head lamas (1888–1960)

hangui (P) Premi ritual specialist

Hanzu (C) the Han minzu (see also Han)

haozhi (C) official charter (certificate of native ruler)

He Guoguang (C) name of a Nationalist general, governor of Xikang (1885–1969)

He’erdian (C) name of a village in Labai Township, Ninglang Yi AC

hla (P) deity; also used to designate living persons considered to be deities, called “living deities” in this book

hli-dzèⁿ (P) prayer hall

Hongqiao (C) name of a township in Ninglang Yi AC

hongzhao (C) red permit (certificate of concession for land use rights in pre-PRC Muli)

hsin-drwè (P) iron tripod (in the fireplace, used for cooking)

Hsyè (P) name for the Han

hu (C) household

Hu Ruoyu (C) name of a commander in Long Yun’s army

Hu Zongnan (C) name of a deputy commander in the Nationalist Southwest military and administrative headquarters

hualip’e (P) fireplace (in a Premi house)

huofo (C) an incarnate lama (lit., “living Buddha”); called tulku in Tibetan

huofo zhengshu (C) “living Buddha” certificate

jabyè (P) designation for a monk who has returned from the monastery to live in the village and who keeps his vows; possibly from the Tibetan term trapa

Jamyang Sangpo (T) ’jam-dbyangs bzang-po name of the first head lama and second tulku of Muli (b. 1585, r. 1648–56)

jhü (P) clan

jhü-me (P) clan name

Jianchang Wei (C) Ming period name for present-day Xichang, Sichuan

Jiang Jieshi (C) Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975)

Jianli lüse jingji qiang sheng, minzu wenhua sheng (C) , “Establish a strong province with a green economy and a province with ethnic culture”

jiating lianchan chengbao zerenzhi (C) household contract responsibility system

Jiayang Zhigu (C) name of the ninth tulku of Muli (1905–1973)

jima (P) main room (in a Premi house)

Jinmian (C) name of a township in Ninglang Yi AC

jiu (P) village

Jiuhe (C) name of a township in Ninglang Yi AC

Jiulong (C) name of a county in Sichuan

Jueluo (C) name of a village in Yanyuan County, Sichuan

k’a (P) household group (in Walnut Grove)

kadraⁿ (P) iron trident on top of a Premi house

k’ame (P) house name

Kangwu (C) name of a township in Muli Tibetan AC

Kangxi (C) Qing reign period, 1662–1723

Karma Kagyupa (T) kar-ma bka’-brgyud-pa name of a school of Tibetan Buddhism

kempo (T) mkhan-po abbot

Kham (T) khams name for the region of eastern Tibet, now mainly in western Sichuan

Khamba (T) khams-pa person from Kham

kuchar (T) sku-bcar attendant (administrative post under the tusi or head lama of Muli)

Kulu Gompa (T) khe’ong dgon-pa name of a monastery in Muli

kwasèⁿ (P) name of a tree that grows at high altitude

la (T) bla soul; life; spiritual essence

Labai (C) name of a township in Ninglang Yi AC

labrang (T) bla-brang monastic household; residence of high monks in a monastery

Lakua (C) name of a village in Labai Township, Ninglang Yi AC

lama (T) bla-ma spiritual teacher; a respectful term for a monk

Lamuzi (C) local name for the Namuyi

Lhakhangteng Ganden Dargye Ling (T) lha-khang-steng dga’-ldan dar-rgyas-gling name of a monastery in Muli

Liangshan Yizu Zizhizhou (C) Liangshan Yi AP

Liewa (C) name of a township in Muli Tibetan AC

Lihèⁿ (P) Premi name for the Na in the Yongning area

Lijiang (C) name of a municipality in Yunnan

Lin Jiayong (C) name of a lord of Bar (1914–1960)

lingdao ganbu (C) leading cadres

Liⁿwu (P) Yongning (lit., “the place of the Lihèⁿ”)

Liru (C) name of an ethnic group in Sichuan; also called Niru (official minzu name: Zangzu)

Litang (C) name of a town and county in Kham/Sichuan

Liu Wenhui (C) name of a western Sichuan warlord (1895–1976)

Lobsang Gedün (T) blob-bzang dge-’dun name of the translator of The History of the Dharma in Muli (Muli chöchung)

Lobsang Thutob (T) blo-bzang mthu-stobs name of the sixth head lama of Muli (r. 1726–59)

Long Yun (C) name of a Yunnan warlord, governor (1928–45)

Ludian (C) name of a township in Yulong Naxi AC

lunhuan (C) rotate (between posts within the government or the Party)

Luobo (C) name of a township in Muli Tibetan AC

Luoshui (C) name of a village in Yongning Township, Ninglang Yi AC

lwéjabu (P) water deities

maise (C) administrative post under the tusi or head lama in Muli

mao (C) currency, equal to ¥0.1

me (P) person

me-drö (P) a person’s soul, which is believed to continue its existence after the person’s death

Meng Kun (C) name of a vice-commander in Long Yun’s army

Mengguzu (C) the Mongol minzu

mengong (C) gatekeeper (the highest post under the tusi or head lama in Muli)

miè (P) what? which?

Miji Si (C) name of a monastery

minban (C) operated or paid for by the local people

Ming (C) Chinese imperial dynasty, 1368–1644

mingong (C) a usually temporary laborer working on public project

Mingyin (C) name of a township in Yulong Naxi AC

Minzhu Gaige (C) Democratic Reforms

minzu (C) ethnic group or “nationality”; minority ethnic group (short for shaoshu minzu)

Minzhu Guanli Weiyuanhui (C) Democratic Management Committee

minzu xiang (C) minority minzu township

minzu zizhixian (C) minority minzu autonomous county

minzu zizhizhou (C) minority minzu autonomous prefecture

mixin (C) superstition

modyè (P) butter tea

Mosuo (C) Han name for the Na; Han name, in pre-PRC writings, for the Naxi and the Na

Moxie (C) Han name, in pre-PRC writings, for the Naxi and the Na

mu (C) unit of measure comprising .0667 hectare or about one-sixth of an acre

mu (P) name for a kind of wild fowl

Mu Ding (C) thirteenth generation of the Mu kings of Lijiang (1477–1526)

Mu Qin (C) twelfth generation of the Mu kings of Lijiang (1429–1485)

Mu shi huan pu (C) Official Chronicles of the Mu Clan

Mu Tian Wang (C) Heavenly Mu King

Mu Wenfu (C) name of a Tibetan Communist cadre

Mu Zeng (C) nineteenth generation of the Mu kings of Lijiang (1587–1646)

muchang (C) state-run livestock farm (short for guoying muchang)

Mudiqing (C) name of a township in Ninglang Yi AC

Muge Samten (T) dmu-dge-bsam-gtan name of a famous Tibetan scholar

mugong (C) carpentry; woodworker

muguan (C) administrative post under the tusi or head lama in Muli

Muli (C) name of an autonomous county in Sichuan

Muli chöchung (T) mu-li chos-‘byung The History [or, The] Emergence of the Dharma in Muli (compiled by Ngawang Khenrab in 1735)

Muli Zangzu zizhixian (C) Muli Tibetan AC

Muli Zangzu Zizhixian Weisheng Xuexiao (C) School of Hygiene of Muli Tibetan AC

Muli Zangzu Zizhixian Zongjiao Shiwuju Zhuren (C) Director of the Religious Affairs Bureau of Muli Tibetan AC

Muli Zangyi Yuan (C) Muli Hospital for Tibetan Medicine

muxi shehui de canyu (C) remnants of matrilineal society

na (P) substance of the female line (lit., “flesh”)

Na self-appellation of ethnic group concentrated in the area around Yongning and Lugu Lake in Ninglang County, Yunnan, and in adjacent areas in Sichuan (Muli and Zuosuo Counties); also called Hli-khin (Rock), Mosuo, Naze, Nyè-me (in Premi) (official minzu names: Naxizu [in Yunnan] and Mengguzu [in Sichuan])

nadzawèⁿwu (P) caterpillar fungus (cordyceps sinensis), a medicinal fungus, parasitic on the ghost moth caterpillar; called yartsa gunbu in Tibetan and dong-chong xia-cao or chongcao in Chinese

Nahiⁿ local self-appellation for Naxi living in Bustling Township and possibly other areas in Sichuan and Yunnan (official minzu name: Naxizu)

Namuyi (C) self-appellation for ethnic group living in Liangshan Prefecture and Aba Prefecture (Jiulong County), Sichuan; also called Namuze (official minzu name: Zangzu)

Naxi name of ethnic group living mainly in northwestern Yunnan, with some small populations in Sichuan and the Tibetan Autonomous Region; also called Na-khi (Rock), Nyè-me in Premi (official minzu name: Naxizu)

Naxizu (C) the Naxi minzu

neri (T) gnas-ri Tibetan mountain cult (lit., “mountain abodes”)

Neten Tsultrim Sangpo (T) gnas-brtan tshul-khrims bzang-po name of the Mongol who became kempo of Wachin Monastery in 1584 and later also of Kulu Monastery

Ngawang Khenrab (T) ngagd-bang mkhyen-rab name of the compiler of The History and Emergence of the Dharma in Muli (Muli chöchung)

ngoⁿ (P) west

niè (P) you

Ninglang Yizu Zizhixian (C) Ninglang Yi AC

Ningyuan fu (C) name of a Qing period prefecture

Nongye Xuexiao (C) Agricultural School

norbu rimpoche (T) nor-bu rin-po-che precious jewel, a motif from Tibetan Buddhist iconography

Nomihan (Manchu) Dharma King (official title); called nuomihan in Chinese

nungk’e (P) thread cross, a ritual object

Nuosu self-appellation for ethnic group in Sichuan, mainly in Liangshan Prefecture, including Muli County and adjacent Ninglang and Lijiang Counties, Yunnan; also called Lolo, Gaⁿ-nyè in Premi (official minzu name: Yizu)

Nyè-me (P) Black People, name for the Na, the Naxi, and the Rek’ua

onmatsang (T) dbon-ma-tshang local hereditary title of Muli rulers during the Ming; called guan shijia in Chinese

peitong (C) official assistant who accompanies a foreign researcher

Pema Rinchin (T) pad-ma rinchen name of present tulku of Muli

pep’ei (P) term for cousins and siblings younger than ego

pönpo (T) dpon-po head lama or tusi (lit., “master,” “lord”)

Pöpa (T) bod-pa self-appellation for the Tibetan people

Premi (T) most common self-appellation for people speaking Premi language; also called Ch’ruame, Ba (Na and Naxi), P’rumi, Prmi, Xi-fan, Ozzu (Nuosu) (official minzu names: Pumizu [in Yunnan], Zangzu [in Sichuan])

Premi-hli (T) the Premi language

pri (T) barley beer

Pumizu (C) the Pumi minzu

putonghua (C) standard Chinese

putong xiang (C) “normal” (i.e., not a minority minzu) township

Qianlong (C) Qing reign period, 1736–96

Qing (C) Chinese dynasty, 1644–1912

qu (C) district; in some areas of China, the administrative level between county and township

raka (P) substance of the male line (lit., “bone”)

rèdzeng rèda (P) mountain deities

Rek’ua self-appellation for a people living in Muli who are closely related culturally and linguistically to the Naxi and the Na; also called Rerkua, Zher-khin (Rock) (official minzu name: Naxizu)

Ren Da zhuxi (C) chairman of the National People’s Conference (short for Renmin Dabiao Dahui zhuxi )

Renmin Dabiao Dahui (C) National People’s Conference

ro (P) rooster

rongban (C) administrative post under the tusi or head lama in Muli; called rongpo rabjampa in Tibetan

rongpo rabjampa (T) rong-po rab-‘byams-pa monk sent by a monastery to administer a village in pre-PRC Muli

Sakyapa (T) sa-skya-pa name of a school of Tibetan Buddhism

Samten Sangpo (T) bsam-gtan bzang-po second head lama of Muli (r. 1656–79)

San Fan Zhi Luan (C) Rebellion of the Three Feudatories (1673–81)

san-shi-san zhong fudan (C) the thirty-three burdens

Sangye Gyatso (T) snags-rgyas rgya-mtsho name of the envoy sent to Muli by the third Dalai Lama in 1580

Sanjiacun (C) name of a village in Mudiqing Township, Ninglang Yi AC

saⁿroa (P) local ritualist who has knowledge of Buddhism but does not keep Buddhist vows

sarra (P) small bench (part of the ritual setup for making offerings in a Premi house)

set’u (P) small table (part of the ritual setup for making offerings in a Premi house)

shang bao, xia bi (C) report to the higher authorities, grant permission to the lower authorities (short for “Wang shang baogao, wang xia pizhun” )

shangceng (C) upper strata

shaoshu minzu (C) minority minzu

shaoshu minzu diqu (C) minority minzu area

shaoshu minzu zhongdianban (C) special class reserved for members of minority minzu

she (P) substance of the female line (lit., “flesh”)

shep’a (P) evil spirits

Sherab Nyipo (T) shes-rab snyings-po The Heart Sutra

shifan xuexiao (C) normal school (teacher training school)

shiye (C) Chinese-language secretary (administrative post under the tusi or head lama in Muli)

Shu Yuanyuan (C) name of the last bazong of Baiwu (1916–1963)

Shuhiⁿ self-appellation for ethnic group of two thousand to three thousand people in Shuiluo Township in Muli County; also called Shimi, Shu-khin (Rock), Shumu, Xumi, Shiheng (official minzu name: Zangzu)

Shuiluo (C) name of a township in Muli Tibetan AC

si fan (C) Four Antis (a political campaign)

si jiu (C) Four Olds (from the Cultural Revolution slogan “Smash the Four Olds”)

soma (P) spirit medium; called sungma in Tibetan

Sonam Gyatso (T) bsod-nams rgya-mtsho name of the third Dalai Lama (1543–1588)

songrong (C) pine mushroom

Songziyuan (C) name of a village in Jiuhe Township, Yulong Naxi AC

sungdü (P/T) srung-mdud knotted thread worn around the neck or arm for protection

sungma (T) srung-ma spirit medium

syè (P) east

Taian (C) name of a township in Yulong Naxi AC

tamen shi yige danwei de (C) “they are all in the same work unit”

Tang Jiyao (C) name of a Yunnan warlord (1881–1927)

Tashilhunpo (T) bkra-shis lhunpo name of a major Gelugpa monastery, situated in Shigatse and seat of the Panchen Lama

Tianbao (C) short for Tianranlin Baohu Gongcheng (Natural Forest Protection Program)

Tianranlin Baohu Gongcheng (C) Natural Forest Protection Program

tirè (P) spring; place where water comes out

tönpa (T) ston-pa teacher

Tönpa Shenrab (T) ston-pa gshen-rab name of the founder of the Bön religion

Tonghailuo (C) name of a village in Jiuhe Township, Yulong Naxi AC

Tongzhi (C) Qing reign period, 1862–74

trapa (T) grwa-pa monk

trungyi (T) trung-yik Tibetan-language secretary (administrative post under the head lama or tusi in Muli)

Tsewang Rigzin (T) tshe-dbang rig-‘dzin name of a Bön sage

tshokhang (T) tshogs-khang main assembly hall in a monastery

Tsongkhapa (T) tsong-kha-pa name of the founder of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism (1357–1419)

Tubchen Chamling (T) thub-chen byams-gling name of a monastery in Lithang

tuguan (C) local official in pre-PRC Southwest China

Tuigeng Huanlin (C) Return Farmland to Forest, official campaign and policy

tulku (T) sprul-sku incarnate lama

Tuokua (C) name of a village in Labai Township, Ning-lang Yi AC

Tuoqi (C) name of a village in Yongning Township, Ninglang Yi AC

tusi (C) hereditary native ruler in pre-PRC Southwest China

ulag (T) ‘u-lag traditional form of corvée labor in pre-PRC Tibet

umdze (T) dbu-mdzad master of ritual, ceremony (one of the leading positions in a monastery)

Wachang (C) name of a district in Muli Tibetan AC

Wachin Gompa (T) wa-cing dgon-pa name of a monastery in Muli

Wadu (C) name of a village in Yongning Township, Ninglang Yi AC

Wa’erzhai (C) name of a village in Muli Tibetan AC

Wang Peichu Qudian (C) name of a high official in Muli (1912–1951)

wei (C) military station (administrative division under the Ming)

Weixi (C) name of a county in Yunnan

Welchen Meri (T) dbal-chen me-ri name of a Bön deity

Women wei shenme zhu-zhang zongjiao ziyou? (C) “Why do we advocate religious freedom?”

Wu Sangui (C) general who rebelled against the Qing (1612–1678)

Wu Shifan grandson of Wu Sangui

wu-hsi (P) Premi New Year purification ceremony

wuqu (C) administrative post under the tusi or head lama in Muli

wushu (C) witchcraft, sorcery

xiaceng (C) lower strata

xiang (C) township

Xiang Cicheng Zhaba (C) name of the sixteenth head lama (r. 1924–34), also known as Miji Tulku

Xiang Longpu (C) name of the fifteenth head lama (r. 1902–24)

Xiang Niancha (C) name of the ninth head lama (r. 1781–1800)

Xiang Peichu Zhaba (C) name of the nineteenth head lama (r. 1950), Muli County leader

Xiang Songdian Chunpin (C) name of the eighteenth head lama (r. 1944–49)

Xiang Songlang Zhashen (C) name of the thirteenth head lama (r. 1868–90)

Xiang Zhaba Songdian (C) name of the seventeenth head lama (r. 1935–44)

Xiang Zhashi (C) name of the twelfth head lama (r. 1849–67), also known as Palden Gyatso (dpal-dan rgya-mtsho)

Xiangcheng (C) name of a county in Sichuan

Xianggelila (C) name of a county in Yunnan

xiangzhang (C) township leader

xiaomaibu (C) small shop

Xibu Da Kaifa (C) Opening Up the Western Regions, official campaign and policy

Xichang (C) name of the capital of Liangshan Yi AP

Xichang Minzu Ganbu Xuexiao (C) Xichang Cadre School for Minority Nationalities

Xichuan (C) name of a township in Ninglang Yi AC

Xifan (C) Chinese name, used mainly before 1949, primarily for Premi but also for some smaller ethnic groups, such as Shimi, Liru, Ersu, and Namuyi, all living in the southeastern borderlands of ethnic Tibet (official minzu names: Pumizu [in Yunnan], Zangzu and Mengguzu [in Sichuan])

Xinan Zhangguan Gongshu (C) Southwest Military and Administrative Headquarters (Nationalist administration)

xingzheng jiguan (C) administrative organs (in the Party or government)

xingzhengcun (C) administrative village (administrative level under township)

Xinyingpan (C) name of a township in Ninglang Yi AC

Xishuangbanna (C) Sipsong Panna, name of a former independent kingdom in Yunnan, now a Dai autonomous prefecture

xuanweishi (C) control commissioner (Qing title)

Xumi (C) name of an ethnic group

Yanyuan Xian (C) name of a county in Liangshan Yi AP, Sichuan

yartsa gunbu (T) dbyar-rtswa dgun-‘bu caterpillar fungus (see nadzawèⁿwu)

yèma (P) Buddhist lay priest; Buddhist monk, from the Tibetan term lama

yinxin (C) official seal

Yiren (C) former Chinese name for non-Han in Southwest China

yizèⁿgu (P) name of a Premi religious ceremony

Yizu (C) the Yi minzu

Yongning (C) name of a township in Ninglang Yi AC

Yongzheng (C) Qing reign period, 1723–36

you luohou sixiang de (C) “those with backward thinking”

yuegu (C) name of an ethnic group

yüllha (T) yul-lha god of the locality

Yunnan fu (C) historic place-name for Kunming

Yunnan Minzu Daxue (C) Yunnan Nationalities University

Yunnan Sheng (C) Yunnan Province

Zangzu (C) the Tibetan minzu

Zhao Erfeng (C) name of a Qing governor-general (1845–1911)

zheixie fengjian mixin huodong (C) “these activities of feudal superstition”

zhengchang de zongjiao huodong (C) normal religious practice

Zhongdian (C) name of a county in Yunnan, recently renamed Xianggelila

zhongdian fupin xian (C) key poverty county

Zhongguo shaoshu minzu jianshi (C) Short Histories of the Minority Minzu of China

Zhongguo shaoshu minzu jianzhi congshu (C) Series of Short Surveys of the Minority Minzu of China

Zhongguo shaoshu minzu shehui lishi diaocha (C) Materials from the Investigation of the Society and History of China’s Minority Minzu

Zhongguo shaoshu minzu yuyan jianzhi (C) Short Records of the Languages of the Minority Minzu of China

Zhongguo shaoshu minzu zizhi difang gaikuang (C) Surveys of Autonomous Areas of the Minority Minzu of China

Zhongguo tese de shehui zhuyi wenming (C) Socialist civilization with Chinese characteristics

Zhongguo Zangyuxi Gaoji Foxueyuan (C) Chinese Higher Institute of Tibetan Buddhism

Zhonghua minzu (C) the Chinese nation

Zhonglu (C) name of a village in Mingyin Township, Yulong Naxi AC

Zhongluo (C) name of a village in Mingyin Township, Yulong Naxi AC

zhongxin wanquan xiaoxue (C) (central) full primary school

zhongzhuan (C) technical secondary school

Zhou Kangding Shifan Xuexiao (C) Prefectural Normal School in Kangding

ziran chongbai (C) worship of nature

zirancun (C) natural village

zizhu hunyin (C) marriage in which partners choose each other by their own free will

Zongjiao Shiwuju (C) Religious Affairs Bureau

zuzhang (C) leader of an administrative village (level under the township)

zyè (P) wind demons