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  1. Series Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. Foreword by K. Sivaramakrishnan
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. Note on Romanization
  9. Introduction: Material Comparisons
  10. Chapter One. Situating Comparisons: From the Columbia River to Modern Japan
  11. Chapter Two. Landscapes, by Comparison: Hokkaido and the American West
  12. Chapter Three. Of Dreams and Comparisons: Making Japanese Salmon Abroad
  13. Chapter Four. The Success of Failed Comparisons: JICA and the Development of the Chilean Salmon Industry
  14. Interlude. In the Shadow of Chilean Comparisons: Hokkaido Salmon Worlds Transformed
  15. Chapter Five. Stuck with Salmon: Making Modern Comparisons with Fish
  16. Chapter Six. When Comparisons Encounter Concrete: Wild Salmon in Hokkaido
  17. Chapter Seven. Other Comparisons: Ainu, Salmon, and Indigenous Rights
  18. Coda: Embodied Comparisons beyond Japan
  19. Notes
  20. Works Cited
  21. Index

INDEX

  • agricultural development: Ainu assimilation, Japaneseness, and, 173–74; Kaitakushi and, 42–47; in Latin America, 72–73; livestock, 44–45; Model Barn, 48, 49fig.; river concretization and, 145
  • Ainu Association of Hokkaido, 180, 181, 185
  • Ainu Cultural Promotion Act (1997), 178, 215n24
  • Ainu peoples: agricultural history of, 173, 203n17; Ainuness and resurgence, 176–79; assimilation policies, 45–46, 166–67, 172–76; bans against fishing and hunting by, 46, 174–75; basho ukeoi direct-labor system, 170, 172, 173; civilizing narratives and, 39; “cowboys and Indians” trope and, 166–67; “cultural promotion” salmon harvest permits, 178–79, 185; history of, 168–70; Indigenous rights and, 177–79, 182–87; land seizures, 46; Monbetsu Ainu, 179–88; Nibutani Dam and, 215n28; numbers of, 170, 214n19; Raporo Ainu, 187; salmon processing history, 170–71; schools, segregated, 46, 203n18; uplift narratives, 173–74; waste disposal site struggle, 182–85
  • Alaska: canning, 204n26; hatcheries, 211n11; Indigenous activism, 186; price declines, 208n1; set-net ban, 210n9; wild salmon and, 143
  • Allende, Salvador, 76
  • American model, 42–46
  • American occupation policies, 122, 124–25, 209n6
  • American West: comparison, noncomparability, and, 195–97; “cowboys and Indians” trope, 166–67; Meiji modernization and comparison of Hokkaido to, 39–41, 63–64; as “modern,” 13; New Western History, 10–11. See also Columbia River basin
  • Anderson, Benedict, 26, 27–28
  • Anthropocene, 5–6
  • Arnold, David, 10–11
  • Asahikawa project, 144–49, 164
  • assimilation policies, 45–46, 166–67, 172–76
  • astaxanthin, 207n11
  • Atlantic salmon, 94, 102
  • auctions, 138
  • basho ukeoi direct-labor system, 170, 172, 173
  • beef consumption, 45
  • Befu, Harumi, 29
  • benri (convenient), 103–4
  • Blakiston, Thomas, 202n8
  • Bolivia, 73
  • Brazil, 72–73
  • brood stock, 86–87, 93, 211n10
  • business practices, modern (Kitahama), 130–32
  • California, 53
  • Canada, 212n23
  • Canned Foods Association of Japan, 58
  • canning operations: Alaska, 204n26; Columbia River basin, 53, 55–57, 55fig., 60–61, 196; development of, 53–58; in Hokkaido on American models, 14; Ishikari cannery, 54
  • Caple, Zac, 7
  • Capron, Horace, 43–47, 54, 173, 203n17
  • Carroll, J. D., 54
  • Chilean salmon industry: on Chiloé Island, 91, 97–98; critiques of farmed salmon and, 106–7; cultivation of Japanese market, 100–104; environmental concerns, 107–8; exports, by country, 207n8; flooded market and price declines in Japan, 109–10; freshwater production techniques, 93–94; Japanese buyers and consumer preferences, 95–96, 99; Japan’s resource acquisition focus, 205n5; JICA project, influence of, 91–96, 105; Rio Ultima Esperanza, 88–89; shadow effects in Japan, 109–14; types of salmon, 94, 101; US as market, 162. See also JICA-Chile salmon project
  • China, 29
  • Chinese fish processors, 133
  • Chinook, 150, 153–54, 155, 206n13, 211n8
  • Chitose Central Salmon Hatchery, 61–62
  • Choy, Timothy, 16
  • Christianity, 48–49, 88
  • chum salmon, Hokkaido: changes from ninteenth century, 1; ease of cultivation, 150; as food resource vs. wild animal, 112–13, 160; freshwater residence times, 150–51; long-distance migration by, 85; Monbetsu salmon, 181–82, 186; North American fish, effects on, 164; number of returns, 151; numbers compared to Honshu salmon, 23; population fluctuations, 62, 70, 111, 128, 208n5; price declines, 109–10, 128, 208n1; returns, decline in, 162–63; wild, 159–63. See also hatcheries; JICA-Chile salmon project
  • civilization narratives, 29–33
  • Clark, William Smith, 47–50, 54, 56–58
  • coho, 94, 102–3, 150, 153–54, 211n8
  • collectives. See cooperatives; Kitahama fishers
  • colonialism: agricultural management and, 65–66; Ainu assimilation policies, 166–67, 172–76; blurred line between colonizer and colonized, 28; category of “Japanese” and, 34; frontier narratives and, 38–40; settlement colonies in Latin America, 72–73; uplift narratives, 173–74. See also Ainu peoples
  • color of fish and skin, 95, 102, 207n4, 207n11
  • Columbia River basin, xviimap, 22; canning, 53, 55fig., 55–57, 60–61, 196; incomparability and, 196–97; Indigenous activism, 185–86; land-use practices, 211n12; material conditions for wild salmon, 157–59; stock decline, 154; wild salmon and hatchery fish, 153–56
  • Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 186
  • commodified relations to fish in Kitahama, 135–40
  • commodity chains, 64, 67, 73–74, 110–11. See also JICA-Chile salmon project
  • comparison and comparative practices: American West, exceptionalism, and noncomparability, 194–97; biographies and emergence of, 67; Chilean salmon shadow effects and, 109–14; China and, 29; commodity chains and, 110; concretized histories of, 164–65; cross-cultural, in anthropology, 24–28; as ethnographic object, 20–21; Japan-West binary and, 28–36; materiality of, 16–19; nation-states, material world-making, and, 11–16; rice people, bread people, and salmon people, 176, 187; “specters of comparison,” 193, 196–97; temporal, 148, 162; way of thinking, fisher cosmopolitan identities, and, 117–18; as world-making practices, 17. See also Ainu peoples; Chilean salmon industry; Columbia River basin; hatcheries; JICA-Chile salmon project; landscape comparison; wild salmon management
  • concretization of rivers, 62, 70, 145–46, 163–65
  • conservation projects, 110, 113–14
  • Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean (1993), 69
  • cooperatives: Ainu and, 180; hatcheries and, 112; Monbetsu River waste dump and, 183; organizational structure in Kitahama, 129–30; price declines and, 109–10; self-governance principles and, 125; watershed conservation and, 163. See also Kitahama fishers
  • Cousiño, Louis, 75
  • “cowboys and Indians” trope, 166–67
  • Cronon, William, 10
  • cross-cultural comparison in anthropology, 24–28
  • Cutter, John, 59
  • Dai Nippon Suisan Kai, 70
  • Daisetsuzan National Park, 145, 146
  • data and number crunching, 131
  • Dauvergne, Peter, 111
  • Dawes General Allotment Act (US, 1887), 46, 203n16
  • deer, Ezo, 176
  • development aid, 71, 74, 82. See also JICA-Chile salmon project
  • dikes, 146
  • Dower, John, 33–34
  • dried salmon, 137, 169–71
  • Dun, Edwin, 44–45
  • ecological impacts of farmed salmon, 107–8
  • eggs, transport of, 85
  • embodied histories, 7
  • endangered species, 154–55, 158, 176, 211n14, 212n17
  • Endoh, Toake, 72, 74
  • England, 42, 57
  • environmental history, 10–11
  • Europe as canning market, 55
  • Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 24
  • exceptionalism, national, 194
  • exchange students, 63, 160, 202n9
  • Ezo, 38–39, 201n3(ch.2)
  • factory ships, 69
  • farm-raised salmon critiques and concerns, 106–8. See also Chilean salmon industry; JICA-Chile salmon project
  • First Sight of Otaru (Ishikawa), 37–38
  • fish culture, 58–61
  • fisheries, development of, 52–53. See also canning operations; hatcheries
  • fisheries biologists, 143–44
  • fisheries department, Hokkaido prefectural government, 60
  • fisherpeople. See Kitahama fishers
  • fish food, 93, 102, 207n5
  • fishing rights, hereditary, 123–27, 209n7
  • fish ladders, 147
  • Former Aborigines Protection Act (Kyūdojin Hogohō), 46
  • Fox, Richard, 40
  • fractional shares system, 131–32
  • freedom school, 184
  • freshwater residence times, 150–51, 153–54
  • frontier narratives, 38–40, 49, 63–64
  • Fukuzawa Yukichi, 31–32
  • Fundación Chile, 78
  • Gell, Alfred, 17
  • genetic diversity: fishermen and, 116; hatchery fish mating with wild salmon and, 155; Hokkaido wild salmon and, 159; Monbetsu salmon and, 181–82; MSC standards, 142; wild salmon and, 143, 148–50, 155–56, 159–62
  • Gingrich, Andre, 40
  • Gluck, Carol, 32
  • Goyenechea de Cousiño, Isidora, 75
  • grow lights, 99
  • Haraway, Donna, 7, 8
  • Hatakeyama, Satoshi, 179–88
  • hatcheries: Ainu fishing bans and, 174–75; Alaska, 211n11; average catch, 62; Bucksport, Maine, 60; Chitose Central Salmon Hatchery, 61–62; Columbia River failures, wild salmon and, 153–56; credit for saving Hokkaido salmon, 156–57; development of, 58–62; distrust of, 154, 156; genetic alteration by, 15; Hokkaido establishment, comparative, 14; in Kurils and Sakhalin, 57, 66; modernity and, 161; otolith patterns and, 190–91; public vs. private, 112; strays mating with wild salmon, 155; wild salmon and, 149–56. See also Chilean salmon industry; JICA-Chile salmon project
  • hochare (salmon near death), 95, 207n3
  • Hokkaido, xviimap; compared to Honshu, 41–42, 63–64; nation-making comparison and, 13–14; as place name and Ezo vs., 38–39; as tabula rasa, 37–38
  • Hokkaido Colonization Commission (Kaitakushi), 42–47, 51–58, 174, 194–95
  • Hokkaido Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives, 109–10, 142
  • Hokkaido Industrial Pollution Examination Panel, 185
  • Hokkaido University, 63
  • Hokusui Kyōkai (fisheries society), 61
  • Honshu compared to Hokkaido, 41–42, 63–64
  • Honshu salmon, 23, 201n1(ch.1)
  • Hume brothers, 53
  • Indigenous rights, 177–79, 182–87. See also Ainu peoples
  • Inuit, 177
  • Ishikari, Hokkaido, 3–4
  • Ishikari River, 54, 144–45
  • Ishikawa, Takuboku, 37–38
  • Ito, Kazutaka, 60–62
  • Iwakura Mission, 42
  • Japanese linguistics, 17–18
  • Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 205n3. See also JICA-Chile salmon project
  • JICA-Chile salmon project: background, 65–71, 82–83; brood stock program, 86–87; brown trout, predation by, 86; Chilean desires, 75–79; comparison and, 67–68; establishment of Coyhaique hatchery, 83–84; failure of fish to return, 86–88; as failure or success, 89–90, 92, 104–6; fish diet, 93; influence on Chilean salmon industry, 91–96; Japanese desires, 71–74; Nagasawa-san and, 67–69, 79–90; resource nationalism and, 69; Rio Ultima Esperanza, adult fish found in, 88–89; season, issues of, 86–87; transportation of eggs, 85–86
  • Kaitakushi (Hokkaido Colonization Commission), 42–47, 51–58, 174, 194–95
  • kangaekata (way of thinking), 117
  • katakana, 18
  • katei ryōri (Japanese homestyle cuisine), 102
  • Kawakami Takiya, 205n1
  • Kayano, Shigeru, 46, 175
  • keiji (sexually immature salmon), 139–40
  • kenkō ni ii (good for health), 103
  • Kitahama fishers: Chinese processors and, 132–33; collective organizational structure, 129–30; commodified relations to fish, 135–40; data and rationalization, 130–31; fishing rights, hereditary, 123–27, 209n7; fractional shares system, 131–32; increase in salmon, price decline, and, 128; marginality of Kitahama, 118–21; modern selfhood, cosmopolitan identities, and, 117–18, 124, 133–35, 136; MSC eco-label and, 141–42, 159–60; outmigration and return, generational, 121–24; self-management, 116–17; set-net traps, 125–27, 126fig., 134fig.; stereotypes of fishermen and, 115–16, 120–21
  • Komaba Agricultural College, 42
  • Kuril islands, xviimap, 57, 66, 69, 201n3(ch.3), 201n5, 213n5
  • Kuroda, Kiyotaka, 42–43, 47, 48, 54
  • landscape comparison: effects of landscape changes on fish, 40–41; Ezo vs. Hokkaido, 38–39; fisheries development, 52–58; frontier spirit and, 38–40, 49, 63–64; hatcheries development, 58–62; Honshu vs. Hokkaido, 41–42, 63–64; Ishikawa’s First Sight of Otaru, 37–38; Kaitakushi and agricultural development, 42–46; otolith patterns and, 191; Sapporo Agricultural College and, 47–52; shadow ecologies and, 111; spawning, interruption of, 62. See also Columbia River basin; hatcheries; JICA-Chile salmon project
  • Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 10
  • livestock, 44–45
  • Lyman, Benjamin Smith, 214n18
  • MacArthur, Douglas, 69
  • Maine, salmon hatchery in, 60
  • management policies, localization of, 116–17
  • Manchuria, 66, 79
  • Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), 141–42, 159–60
  • Marsh, George Perkins, 195
  • material humanities, 7–11
  • Mathews, Andrew, 7
  • Matsumae traders, 169–70
  • meat consumption, 45, 203n14
  • Meiji period: Ainu and, 172–76; American West comparison and, 39–41, 63–64; civilizational initiatives, 30–33; fisheries development, 52–58; Kaitakushi and agricultural development, 42–47
  • migration, human, 72, 121–24
  • military training, 204n20
  • modernization and modernity: agricultural, 43–45; Ainu and, 166–67; being kindaiteki (modern), 20, 117, 133–35, 137–38, 161; Chile and, 77; modern business practices in Kitahama, 130–32; modern selfhood and cosmopolitan identities among Kitahama fishers, 117–18, 124, 133–35, 136; SAC, Christianity, and, 49; salmon-centric lives as failure, 137; “specters of comparison” and, 193; Western-style hatcheries and, 161; wild salmon and, 144
  • Monbetsu Ainu, 179–88
  • Monbetsu salmon, 181–82, 186
  • more-than-human (multispecies) worlds, 5–11, 110–11, 197, 199n4
  • Morrill Act (US), 48, 204n20
  • Morris-Suzuki, Tessa, 29, 172
  • nation-making or nation-building: Ainu and, 172–73; in Anderson’s Under Three Flags, 27–28; comparison and, 11–16; defined, 4; Meiji civilizational initiatives, 30–33; narratives of Japanese superiority, 34; post-WWII, 34–36
  • nation-state: more-than-human worlds and, 6; rankings on primitive–civilized spectrum, 29–30; scarcity-to-surplus shift and, 112; as unit of comparison, 12
  • natural sciences, 9–10
  • natureculture assemblages, 8–9
  • New Zealand, 70–71
  • Nibutani Dam, 215n28
  • Nichiro Gyogyō, 66, 105
  • Nitobe, Inazō, 39–40, 42–43, 47, 65–66, 173, 202n11, 214n16
  • Nomura, Giichi, 178
  • Norwegian salmon industry, 94–95, 207n2
  • number crunching, 131
  • nutrient cycles, watershed, 146
  • Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko, 173–74
  • oishisa (tastiness) and oishisō (tasty looking), 107
  • Okhotsk Sea, xviimap, 69, 151
  • Oncorhynchus genus, age of, 200n15
  • Oregon: canning comparison, 55–57; hatcheries on smaller rivers, 60, 155; Japanese visits to, 60–61, 194; set-net ban, 210n9; “wild” ethic as unsustainable, 162. See also Columbia River basin
  • oseibo (annual year-end gift), 139–40
  • otoliths and otolith patterns, 189–91, 190fig., 215n1
  • owls, Blakiston’s fish, 175–76
  • Paraguay, 73
  • Penhallow, David, 47
  • Peru, 72
  • Pinochet, Augusto, 76–77
  • political economy, 7–8, 191
  • postcolonial theory, 25
  • post-spawning salmon. See hochare
  • price declines, 109–10, 128, 208n1
  • ProChile, 100–102
  • profit division by fractional shares, 131–32
  • Raporo Ainu, 187
  • Redfish Lake sockeye, 154
  • resource nationalism, 69
  • Reyes, Isabelo de los, 27–28
  • rivers, concretization of, 62, 70, 145–46, 163–65
  • Rizal, Jose, 27
  • rural-urban divide, 118–19
  • Rusha River, 163
  • Russia, classification of, 13, 200n12
  • Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 33, 57, 69, 76
  • Said, Edward, 25
  • Sakhalin Island, 41, 57, 66, 69, 201n3(ch.3), 213n5
  • SalmoFan, 207n4
  • salmon: as agential beings, 19; Japanese terms for, 101; lifecycle of, 16fig.; otoliths and otolith patterns, 189–91, 190fig., 215n1; species of, in Hokkaido, 199n1. See also Ainu peoples; Chilean salmon industry; chum salmon, Hokkaido; Columbia River basin; hatcheries; JICA-Chile salmon project; landscape comparison; wild salmon management
  • Salmon Club, Kitahama, 124, 128
  • salted salmon, 171
  • Sapporo Agricultural College (SAC), 47–52, 59–60, 65–66
  • Satsuka, Shiho, 17
  • self-management, 116–17, 209n2
  • set-net traps (teichiami), 125–27, 126fig., 134fig., 210n9
  • shadow ecologies, 111
  • shinkashita (“evolved”) fish management practices, 117, 135
  • sockeye, 150, 153–54, 211n8
  • Spectre of Comparisons, The (Anderson), 27
  • stereotypes of fishermen, 115–16, 120–21
  • Stoler, Ann, 26–27
  • Sunazawa Bikky, 166
  • supply-chain capitalism, 72–74
  • sustainability, 114, 162
  • Sweat, T. S., 54
  • tagging, 212n15
  • taimen, Sakhalin, 182
  • Taiwan, 65–66
  • tanegawa (seed river) system, 161
  • Taylor, Joseph, 10–11
  • teichiami (set-net traps), 125–27, 126fig., 134fig., 210n9
  • Tōgō Minoru, 205n1
  • Tokugawa shogunate, 29–30
  • train service, 119
  • Treat, Ulysses S., 54, 58–59
  • Tri-partite Fisheries Treaty (1952), 69
  • trout, brown, 86, 211n7
  • trout, rainbow, 94, 102, 147, 206n13, 211n7
  • Tsing, Anna, 7, 200n8
  • Uchimura Kanzō, 59
  • UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, 184
  • UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 182, 184
  • Under Three Flags (Anderson), 27–28
  • uplift narratives, 173–74
  • urban-rural divide, 118–19
  • Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo, 25–26
  • Walker, Brett, 11
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel, 208n2
  • Washington State, 162, 194, 210n9. See also Columbia River basin
  • waste disposal, 145, 183–85
  • watershed conservation, 163
  • water temperatures, 151, 162–63
  • Watsuji, Tetsurō, 34
  • weirs, 112
  • West, the: frontier narratives and, 39–40; Japan-West comparison in history of Japan, 28–36; “western civilization,” 32–33. See also American West
  • Wheeler, William, 47–49
  • White, Richard, 10
  • wild salmon management: Ainu and, 188; background, 142–44; Columbia River hatcheries and, 153–56; Columbia River material conditions, 157–59; comparison and, 158–59, 163–65; concretized rivers and the Asahikawa project, 144–49; eco-certification, 141–42, 159–60; Hokkaido hatcheries as force on, 149–53; Hokkaido hatchery salmon, credit given to, 156–57; international legibility and comparability, 158–59; wild chum salmon in Hokkaido and wariness of North American regimes, 159–63
  • wolves, 176, 214n18
  • World’s Fair (St. Louis, 1904), 167, 177
  • Worster, Donald, 10
  • Yamakawa, 120–21

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