Index
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Aborigines (yuanzhumin)
Academy of Sciences
Academy of Social Sciences
Agriculture: Hakka
women’s participation in
in Malaysia
in China
Ancestor halls
Hakka vs. Cantonese
in Kwan Mun Hau. See also Ancestor worship; Ancestral tablets
Ancestor worship
and gender
of affines
at domestic altars
in Kwan Mun Hau
Hakka vs. Cantonese
in Taiwan
and Christianity
and Chinese identity
offerings. See also Ancestor halls; Ancestral tablets
Ancestors in China
Ancestral tablets, Catonese vs. Hakka
Ancestral tombs
Anderson, Benedict
Anthropology
Architecture
roundhouses
Armenians
Assimilation: in Hong Kong
in Malaysia
in China
in Taiwan
Associations
Hakka
native place. See also Chongzheng Hui; Funü hui; Huiguan; International Hakka Association; Kuala Krai Hakka Association; Peasant Association; Secret societies; Tsuen Wan Sports Association; Tsung Tsin Hakka Association; Worldwide Hakka Federation
Aw Boon Haw
Aw Boon Haw Foundation
Baba Chinese
Bandits
Bangladesh
Bank of China
Banka, Hakka miners in
Bao’an, Hakka
Barth, Fredrik
Basel Evangelical Missionary Society (Basel mission)
Basso, Keith
Beijing Massacre
Beijing Museum of Overseas Chinese History
Beijing University
Bendi. See Bendiren; Benturen; Punti
Bendiren. See also Benturen; Punti
Bengalis
view of Hakka
Benshengren. See Taiwan, native Taiwanese
Bentley, G. Carter
Benton, Gregor
Bentu. See Benturen; Punti
Benturen
Biharis
Blake, C. Fred
Boat people
Boluo, Hakka in
Bourdieu, Pierre
Bribery
Brokaw, Cynthia
Bureaucracy
Burial rights. See also Punti, legal rights in Hong Kong
Business. See Entrepreneurial ethic
Calcutta: Hakka in
Chinese in
wealth and status
gender roles
ethic consciousness
entrepreneurs
leather industry
population
center and periphery
British rule of
death and afterlife
women in family enterprises. See also Cantonese, in Calcutta; Dhapa; Education, in Calcutta; Occupations, in India; Sino-Indian Conflict; Sino-Indian relations
Campbell, George
Canton. See Guangzhou
Canton Delta
Cantonese: stereotypes of
intermixing with non-Chinese
assimiliation of
in New Territories
in Malaysia
in Calcutta
as lao
Hakka mistaken as
economic success
mentioned. See also Hakka-Cantonese relations; Yue
Capitalism, Chinese
Caste system, Hindu
Chinese rejection of
Centre d’Anthropologie de la Chine du Sud
Chamar (leather workers)
Chan (lineage) of Kwan Mun Hau
Changlou, Hakka migrations to
Changting, Hakka migrations to. See also Tingzhou
Chaozhou
name and place of origin
relations with Hakka
in New Territories
dialect
reputation
in Malaysia
Chen Gongbo
Chen Han-seng
Chen Jiongming
Chen Jitang
Chen Yi
Chiang Ching-kuo
Chiang Kai-shek
Chinese Communist Party (CCP): leaders
in Hakka regions
founders
language policies. See also Chinese communist revolution; People’s Republic of China
Chinese communist revolution, Hakka participation in
Chinese identity. See Hakka, as Han Chinese; Han
Chinese Medical Association
Chinese state (imperial)
local representatives of
opposition to
authority of
suppression of capitalism by
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Ching Ming festival
Chinggis Khan
Chiqi ting
Chiqi xianzhi (Chiqi gazetteer)
Chong Yang festival
Chongzheng Hui (International Hakka Association). See also Associations
Chou Ke fen sheng (Hate the Hakka and differentiate dialects)
Christianity: and Hakka identity
and entrepreneurial ethic
and orthodoxy
as stigmatized identity. See also Ancestor worship, and Christianity; Basel Evangelical Missionary Society; Christians, Chinese; Missionaries; Shung Him Tong
Christians, Chinese: persecution of
Hakka
networks of
education of
Roman Catholic
in India
institutions of
mentioned. See also Christianity; Shung Him Tong
Chun An
Chung Chi College
Ci hai
Class, economic: hierarchy
and mobility
and gender
in Southern China
conflict
among God Worshipers
in Calcutta. See also Ethnicity, and social inequality; Hakka, tenancy
Clothing, Hakka:
hat
as ethnic marker
She
Coastal evacuation
Cohen, Abner
Cohen, Myron
Comaroff, Jean and John
Comprehensive Geography of the Chinese Empire
Confucian Revival
Confucianism
Convention of Peking
Couplets
Crissman, Lawrence
Cultural Revolution
Hakka language in
and Hakka leaders
Dabu (Taipu), Hakka from
Dacoits
Dai (Tai)
Dances, unicorn and lion
Daoism
De Groot, J. J. M. See Groot, J. J. M. de
Degree holders. See also Education, Hakka emphasis on; Examinations, civil service
Democracy movement (1989)
Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)
Deng Xiaoping: era
as Hakka
as paramount leader
as multilingual
education of
father of
denuciation of
rehabilitation of
and 1989 student protests
Dhapa. See also Calcutta
Dong Biwu
Dowry
Dress. See Clothing
Earth god shrine
East China Normal University
East India Company
East River Guerrillas
Easter
Eastern Europe
Eastern Jin dynasty
Education: language of instruction
informal
Confucian classics in
in Malaysia
Hakka emphasis on
degrees purchased
in U.S.
and social mobility
in Calcutta
in Taiwan. See also Degree holders; Examinations, civil service
Eitel, E. J.
Emergency
Encyclopedia Britannica
Encyclopedia of Missions
Entrepreneurial ethic
in Malaya
in Calcutta
Fujianese
Essentialism: ethnic
critiques of
gender
Ethnic boundaries. See also Hakka-Cantonese relations; Hakka-Hokkien relations; Hakka-Punti relations
Ethnic consciousness: conditions for
development of
Hakka
in Taiwan
in the People’s Republic of China
Ethnic group: Hakka as
as a cultural unit
competition. See also Hakka-Cantonese relations; Hakka-Hokkien relations; Hakka-Punti relations; Hakka, identity; Minority nationalities
Ethnic identity: and critique of primordialism
as primordial
as instrumental
as dialogical. See also Ethnic consciousness; Ethnicity; Hakka, identity; Hakka ethnic movement; Identity; Language, and identity
Ethnicity: and history
and social inequality
perpetuation of
and descent
defined
and competition
and habitus
interactional approach to
and state policies
and class
and authenticity
and language. See also Ethnic boundaries; Ethnic consciousness; Ethnic group; Ethnic identity; Hakka, identity; History, and identity; Language, and identity
Evacuation, coastal
Examinations, civil service
quotas. See also Degree holders
Fan gui (foreign ghosts)
Fang (branches)
Fang Fang
Fanling
February Adverse Current
Feminism
Feng Yunshan
Fengshui (wind and water)
Food: Hakka
and ethnic identity
prohibitions
mentioned
Footbinding: rejection of
symbolic meaning of
opposition to
and Sun Yat-sen as Hakka
mentioned
Forrest, R. A. D.
Four-character phrases
Freedman, Maurice
Fried, Morton H.
Fu Lianchang
Fujian
social organization of
dialects
Hakka population in
Hakka regions of
in Chinese revolution. See also Hokkien; Min
Funeral laments
Funü hui (women’s organization)
Galas River
Gambling
Gan
Gandhi, Indira
Ganzhou, Jiangxi, Hakka immigrants from
Gates, Hill
Gender: stereotypes
roles
and division of labor
public/private
power
equality
and ancestor worship
and modernity
funü hui
relations
She
women’s movement
Genealogies: reliability of
on grave markers
mentioned
Gentry
Hakka
Geography of the World
God Worshipers, Society of
and Hakka-Cantonese feuds
Hong Xiuquan
as anti-Manchu
linguistic exclusivity of
class aspects of
Hong Rengan. See also Taiping Rebellion
Great Leap Forward
Groot, J. J. M. de
Gu Dacun
Gua Musang
Guan Yin
Guandi feast day
Guangdong
social organization
dialects
population density
settlement of
dialect group conflicts
Hakka regions in. See also Cantonese; Yue
Guangfu lao (Cantonese fellows)
Guangxi: settlement patterns
dialect group conflicts
social groups
Guangzhou, Hakka settlement near
Guanhua. See also Mandarin language
Gui (ghost)
Guo Moruo
Guomindang. See Nationalist Party
Guoyu. See also Mandarin language
Gypsies
Habitus
Hailams
Hai-Lu-Feng
army
Hainan Island
Hakka (Kejia): meaning of name
population
origins
character
mountain songs
tenancy
mass protest in Guangdong
as Han Chinese
anthem
poverty
as Cantonese
“tendencies”
xian (counties)
settlement patterns
alliances
markers
customs
economic success
kinship
other names for
See also Clothing, Hakka; Education, Hakka emphasis on; Ethnic consciousness, Hakka; Hakka ethnic movement, Taiwan; Migrations, Hakka; Occupations; People’s Republic of China, Hakka studies in
identity: decline of
as stigmatized
resurgence of
perpetuation of
meaning of
piety and
women as a symbol of
and history
and dialect
and race
See also Ethnic consciousness, Hakka; History, and Hakka identity; Kwan Mun Hau; Shung Him Tong
language: study of
and origins
decline of
dialect groups
known as t’u t’an
and God Worshipers
used in church
in Taiwan
demonstration in Taiwan
map of
and identity
in Hunan
in Chinese revolution
stereotypes
patriotism
cooperativeness
as non-Chinese
egalitarianism
economic conservativeness
rural residence
as archetypally Chinese
negative
consistency of
poverty
diligence
thrift. See also Gender, sterotypes; Hakka, character; Hakka, “tendencies”
Hakka Church
Hakka ethnic movement, Taiwan
anthem
trends in
views on reunification with Mainland China
importance of history in
factions in
traditionalist faction in
moderate faction in
radical faction in
organization of
goals of
origin of
leadership of
critics of. See also Ethnic consciousness, Hakka; Hakka, language, in Taiwan; History, in Hakka ethnic movement; Martyrs Temple
Hakka jim deihjyuh (Hakka taking over and becoming landlords)
Hakka Magazine
Hakka Storm
Hakka Studies Center, Sibao
Hakka-Bengali relations
Hakka-Cantonese relations
as conflicts
as symbiotic
See also Hakka-Punti relations; Hakka-Punti Wars
Hakka-Chaozhou relations, no
Hakka-Hokkien relations
Hakkaology Conference
Hakka-Punti relations: in Hong Kong
as conflicts
in Guangxi. See also Hakka-Cantonese relations; Hakka-Punti Wars
Hakka-Punti Wars. See also Hakka-Punti relations
Hamberg, Theodore
Han (ethnic Chinese)
Hakka as
unity of
Tang and Northern Song dynasty expansion of
gender ideals among
patriarchy among
identity of
native place ties of
chauvinism among
Han Suyin, ancestors of
Hang Hau Peninsula
Hangzhou, Taiping occupation of
Harrell, Stevan
Hawaii
Hayes, James
Henan, Hakka migration from
Heung Yee Kuk
Hill tribes. See Minority nationalities Hinduism
concept of purity and pollution
Historical imagination
History: and construction of identity
and Hakka identity
“second order”
two kinds
Hakka as Chinese in
in Hakka ethnic movement
oral
and invented traditions
memorialized
Ho Chi Minh
Ho Ping-ti
Hobsbawm, Eric
Hokkien: stereotypes
language
in Taiwan
in Malaysia
marriage
in Singapore Nationalist and Reformist movements
gender division of labor among
in politics
assimilation to
definition of. See also Hakka-Hokkien relations; Min
Hoklo
Holo. See Hoklo
Hong Kong
government
political change in
Hakka population. See also Kwan Mun Hau; Shung Him Tong; Tsuen Wan; New Territories
Hong Rengan
Hong Xiuquan
Honig, Emily
Household work
Hsieh Ting-yu
Hu Yaobang
Hu Zi Chuan
Hua Guofeng
Huang Chao
Hubeinese, in Calcutta
Huiguan (mutual aid associations)
Huizhou (Waichau), Hakka conflicts in
Human rights
Hunan, Hakka in
Hung-t’ow rebellion
Identity: as culturally constructed
as experiential
symbolic expressions of
and postmodern dilemma
and ritual. See also Ethnic consciousness; Ethnic identity; Ethnicity; Hakka, identity; History, and Hakka identity; Language, and identity
India
British rule
Sino-Indian Border Conflict. See also Calcutta; Sino-Indian relations
Indonesia
Hakka population of
Ingrams, Harold
International Hakka Association. See also Associations, Hakka
Ipoh
schools
Israelis, comparison to Hakka
Japanese: rule in Taiwan
defeat of
occupation of China
research on Hakka
Java
Jews
in India
Jiangsu peasants
Jiangxi, Hakka regions in
Jiaying University
Jiaying Zhou
remittances to. See also Meixian
Johore
Kapitan. See also Yap Ah Loy
Kaying. See Jiaying; Meixian
Kaying Magazine
Ke ren, (guest person)
Keji (guest in the population register)
Kejia. See Hakka
Kejia zuqun yundong. See Hakka ethnic movement
Kelantan, Hakka in
Keyes, Charles
Kingston, Maxine Hong
Kongsi (work organizations)
Koxinga
Kuala Krai Hakka Association
Kulp, Daniel
Kwan Mun Hau
Hakka identity in
concept of benturen in
as Tsuen Wan people
compared with Shung Him Tong
upward mobility in
ancestor halls in
settlement of
Hakka language in
rural life in
Yao lineage in
Chan lineage in
sources of income in
politics in
relations with non-Hakka in
expressions of cultural difference in. See also Tsuen Wan
Laai Yi-faai
Labor unions. See also Kongsi
Land reform
Land tenure
Landlords
Punti
Tang
Language: as sociocultural variable
and identity
in the Taiping Rebellion
Fujian dialects
and social organization in Southeast China
dialect groups
of God Worshipers
Chaozhou dialect
in Calcutta
demonstrations
as primordial
policies
Gan
Xiang
used in Chinese revolution. See also Education, language of instruction; Guangdong, dialects; Hakka, language; Hokkien, language; Mandarin language; Min; Wu; Yue
Lao (fellows)
Leach, Edmund
Lechler, Rudolf
Lee, Edwin
Leong, S. T.
Li (measure)
Li Da
Li Dazhao
Li Kuan-yew
Li Lisan
Liancheng City, population
Liang-Guang
Liao (lineage) of Sheung Shui
Li Qiao
Li Teng-hui
Lin Boqu
Lin Kai Lin
Lineage
localized
during Southern Song dynasty
and land tenure
and land ownership
fragmentary
conflicts
as dialect-preserving
Liao of Sheung Shui
Chan of Kwan Mun Hau
trusts
and identity. See also Tang of Hong Kong; Villages, and lineages; Villages, multisurname; Villages, single surname; Yau of Kwan Mun Hau
Linebarger, Paul
Liu Bocheng
Liu Shaoqi
Long March
and Hakka language
Hakka participation in
iconography
bibliographies
veterans
Lung Yeuk Tau
Luo Xianglin: on Hakka migrations
on Hakka conflicts
life of
and Luo family ancestral hall
as historian
on Sun Yat-sen
Lutheran Church
Malaya. See Malaysia
Malaysia
Chinese identity in
Hakka occupations in
occupational specialization in
Hakka identity in
agriculture in
education in
Japanese in
New Villages in
politics in
Cantonese in
Hakka population of
Hakka tendencies in
marriage in
Chinese in. See also Pulai; Sarawak
Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)
Manchu conquest: and Hakka migration
opposition to
Mandarin language
in Taiwan
in Yan’an
in Hakka regions
Mao Zedong
use of Hakka
in Yan’an
denunciation of
Marriage
exogamous
and dialect
laments
networks
Hakka to non-Hakka
Hakka
in Malaysia
Hokkien
of Chinese in India
banquets
Martyrs Temple (Yimin Miao)
Marwaris
Marxists
Maryknoll mission
May Fourth era
Mayers, W. F.
Meixian (Jiaying, Kaying)
Hakka settlement in
population of
as “Hakka capital”
poverty in
literacy rate in
peasant association in
guerrillas in
land reform in
Meizhou. See also Meixian
Mercenaries
Meyners d’Estray, H. Compte
Miaoli xian, and Hakka ethnic movement
Miao-Yao
Michener, James
Migrations, Hakka: overseas
to Southeast Asia
waves of
and Hakka consciousness
to Shung Him Tong
to Malaya
to Calcutta
to Taiwan
to Jiangxi
to Fujian
to Guangdong
to Sichuan
to Guangxi
and kinship networks
from Henan
to Hong Kong
from Meixian
to Toronto. See also Hakka, origins; Hakka, settlement patterns; History
Militia (tuanlian)
Min
region. See also Hokkien, language
Ming dynasty: Hakka migrations
loyalists
Mining
Minnanhua. See Hokkien, language; Min
Minority nationalities (shaoshu minzu)
Hakka as
gender roles among
ties to land among
Yi
positive views of
designation of
Dai
Nong
Zhuang. See also She
Minxi (subethnic group), Hakka as
Min-Yue-Gan
Minzu. See Minority nationalities
Missionaries
in Guangdong
views on Hakka. See also Basel Evangelical Missionary Society; Christians, Chinese, converts
Modernity
Mongol invasion
Mountaintopism
Muslims
Mutual aid groups. See Huiguan
Nanjing, Taipings in
Nationalist Party (Guomindang)
Hakka support for
in Taiwan
opposition to
army of
defection of
conflicts with Chinese Communist Party
language policy of
Nationalist revolution
Negri Semilan, Hakka miners of
Neng mai zu tian . . . (You can sell off your ancestral land . . .)
Nepalis
New Fourth Army
New Hakka
New Territories, Hong Kong
Hakka settlement in
taxation in
disputes in
British rule in
population of
Sha Tau Kok
lease of
government representatives in
New Towns
Punti rights in. See also Hong Kong; Kwan Mun Hau; Sai Kung; Sha Tin; Shung Him Tong; Tai Po; Tsuen Wan
Nie Rongzhen
Nine Honorable Grandfathers
Ninghua xian
Nong
Norman, Jerry
Northern Song dynasty, administration
Occupations: of Hakka overseas
of Hakka in China
of Hakka in India
ethnic specialization in
in Shung Him Tong
of Cantonese
of Hubeinese
in Taiwan
in Kwan Mun Hau
in commerce
in Malaya
Hakka stonecutters
of Hokkien
polluted
of She. See also Agriculture; Gender, and division of labor; Mining
Oehler, Wilhelm
Okie
Opera, Cantonese
Opium Wars
Orang Asli
Orientalism
Orthopraxy
Pahang
Pakistan
Parsis
Pasternak, Burton
Paton, W. Bernard
Patterson, Orlando
Pearl River Delta
Peasant Association
Peasants
Penang, Chinese in
Peng Dehuai
Peng Pai
Pengmin (shed people)
People’s Liberation Army
People’s Republic of China (PRC): Hakka identity in
government
Hakka studies in
Hakka leaders in
women in
Hakka regions in
Hakka population of
silence regarding Hakka in
establishment of
overseas investment in. See also Chinese Communist Party; Chinese communist revolution
Peranakan
Phenix village
Philanthropy
Philippines, Hakka population in
Pietists, German
Piracy
Piton, Charles
Population pressure
Protestants ethic. See also Entrepreneurial ethic
Protestants
Pulai
gender roles in
Hakka identity in
Chinese identity in
compared with Shung Him Tong
marriage patterns in
economic conservatism in
political orientation in
gender roles in
compared with Calcutta
and Communist guerrillas
Pu-lu-wei
Punti (Bendi)
definition of
in Hong Kong
stereotypes
landlords
walled villages
bendiren
legal rights in Hong Kong
Shung Him Tong views of
as Cantonese. See also Benturen; Cantonese; Hakka-Punti relations; Hakka-Punti Wars
Qing dynasty: Hakka migrations
degree holders
government
literacy
Taiwan
Qingliu City, population
Qingshi emperor
Qu Qiubai
Ranger, Terence
Raub, Hakka in
Red Army
Red Guards
Red Turbans
Reflexivity
Religion
Protestants
popular Chinese
as superstition
Daoism. See also Ancestor worship; Christianity; Hinduism
Remittances
Ren (persons)
Ren Bishi
Ren sheng, bu ren xing (acknowledge dialect, not surname)
“Return My Hakka Language” demonstrations
Roundhouses. See Tulou
Ruijin, poverty in
Rural Consultative Committee. See Heung Yee Kuk
Russian language
Sabah
Sai Kung
Sam Tung Uk Hakka Museum
Sarawak
Secret societies
Segmentary structure
Selangor, population
Sha Tau Kok
Sha Tin
marriage network in
Shan ge. See Hakka, mountain songs
Shanghai
Shantou, Hakka districts
She
dress
in Communist revolution
relations with Hakka
Shenzhen Special Economic Zone
Shibi, Hakka ancestry
Shing Mun villages, conflict with Tsuen Wan
Shung Him Tong
compared with Kwan Mun Hau
people passing as Cantonese
Hakka and Christian identity in
ideas about Punti in
women in
Chinese identity in
settlement of
ethnic consciousness in
cemetery in
population of
education in
prominent people of
Hakka customs in
history and identity in
church leadership in
Sibao, Liancheng County
Sichuan, Hakka in
Sikhs
Singapore
Sino-Indian Conflict
Sino-Indian relations: Indian views of Chinese
Chinese views of Indians
Skinner, G. William
Society of God Worshipers. See God Worshipers, Society of
Song dynasty: genealogies
Hakka migrations during
conflicts in Fujian
population registers
Song Qingling
Soong, C. J.
Souls
Southeast Asia, migration to. See also Malaysia; Pulai; Sabah; Sarawak
Southern Song dynasty
Soviet bases in China
in Hakka regions
East River
Hunan-Jiangxi
Northeastern Jiangxi-Fujian
Central
attacked by Nationalists
Fujian
Stalin, Joseph
Stanton, William
State. See Chinese state
Stereotypes. See also Cantonese, stereotypes of; Gender, stereotypes; Hakka, stereotypes; Hokkien, stereotypes; Punti, stereotypes
Straits Settlements
Student protests
Su Zhaozheng
Subei
Sun Ke (son of Sun Yat-sen)
Sun Yat-sen
as Hakka
education of
genealogy of
Sun Yat-sen University
Superstition. See Religion
Symbolic capital
Tai
Tai Mou Shan
Tai Po
marriage network
Taipei, and Hakka ethnic movement
Taiping, Perak
Taiping Rebellion
and language
and Hakka migration
Hong Rengan
women in
and ethnic relations. See also Hong Xiuquan; God Worshipers, Society of
Taishan xian
Taiwan: Hakka in
Hakka upward mobility in
Hakka identity in
settlement in
Hakka language in
religion in
history of
mainlanders in
native Taiwanese in
politics in
reunification of
tourism to People’s Republic of China
nationalism in
ethnic pluralism in
Hakka population in. See also Hakka, language, in Taiwan; Hakka ethnic movement; Taipei
Tajfel, Henri
Tan Zhenlin
Tang dynasty: Chinese identification with
Hakka migrations during
administration
language
Tang (lineage) of Hong Kong
landlords in
conflicts with Hakka
reputation of
Tang ren
Tangra (Tapsia). See Dhapa
Taxation
Tay (Tho, Dairen)
Terengganu
Thai
Thailand, Hakka population
Three Year Guerrilla War
Tian Hou: temple
festival
Tianxia chunguo libing shu (Merits and faults of all the countries in the world)
Tibet
Tien, Ju K’ang
Tiger Balm
Tingzhou, Hakka region
people of. See also Changting
Tongism
Toronto, Hakka in
Triad Society. See Secret societies
Tsuen On Kuk alliance
Tsuen Wan
industrialization
population
as native place
marriage networks
Hakka settlement in
Hakka identity in. See also Kwan Mun Hau
Tsuen Wan Chamber of Commerce
Tsuen Wan Rural Committee
Tsung Tsin Hakka Association
Tsung Tsin Mission
T’ut’an (tutan). See Hakka, language
Tuanlian (local militia)
Tulou (roundhouses)
T’ungism
United States, Hakka in
Untouchables
Viet Cong
Vietnam, Hakka population
Villages: and lineages
nucleated
single surname
multisurname
structure of
alliances among
in India. See also Kwan Mun Hau; Lineage, localized; Shung Him Tong
Voluntary associations. See Associations
Vömel, Johann Heinrich
Wah Yan College
Waishengren (mainlanders)
Wang Gungwu
Wang Xiangzhi
Ward, Barbara
Watson, James L.
Wealth. See Calcutta, wealth and status
Weber, Max
Wen Sheng Kai
West Bengal
West Borneo
Western Apache
Western Circuit
Westerners and Europeans: studies of Hakka
ideas about Hakka
ideas about Chinese in Malaya
Wolcott, Roger D.
Wolf, Eric
Women: participation in agriculture
in Hong Kong
in Shung Him Tong
in People’s Republic of China
in Taiping Rebellion
funü hui
in Calcutta. See also Gender
Women’s movement
Wong Tai Peng
Worldwide Hakka Federation. See also Associations
Wu
Wu gui (black ghost)
Wuhua xian
Xian (county)
Xiang
Xiang Xiangqian
Xiangshan xianzhi (Xiangshan county gazetteer)
Xiao Ke
Xiedou (interethnic conflict)
Xingning
conflicts in
Xingning xianzhi (Xingning county gazetteer)
Xinzhu xian, and Hakka ethnic movement in Taiwan
Xunwu City
Xunzhou fuzhi (Xunzhou gazetteer)
Yan’an
literacy in
ideology
invoked
Yang, C. K.
Yang Xisong
Yao De Sheng
Yap Ah Loy
Yau (lineage) of Kwan Mun Hau
Ye Jianying
Ye Ting
Yen Ching-hwang
Yi
Yongding
Yuan dynasty, migrations
Yudi jisheng (Wonders of the world)
Yue. See also Cantonese; Language, dialect groups
Yuen Long
Yuzu (dialect group). See also Language, dialect groups
Zhang Guotao
Zhong Zhaozheng
Zhonghua Middle School, Penang
Zhongzu (race)
Zhou Enlai
Zhu De
and Long March
Zhuang
Zunyi