Note on Romanization

Most of the Chinese terms in this volume have been romanized in Mandarin pinyin with several exceptions: The terms Hakka (Mandarin: Kejia) and Punti (Mandarin: Bendi) are written according to their most familiar English spellings rather than in their less-common pinyin forms. Place names outside the People’s Republic of China generally follow local custom (e.g., Hong Kong, not Xianggang), and personal names follow either individual or personal preferences or the standard recognized spelling (e.g., Sun Yat-sen, not Sun Zhongshan). Unless otherwise indicated, oral colloquial expressions are cited in the dialect in which they were spoken. A glossary of Chinese characters appears at the end of this volume.