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Index
- Bambursan, 74, 122, 164
- banner system, 6, 164, 194n13; Manchu and Hanjun banners, 1, 181; Plain Yellow Banner, 6, 60, 61, 70, 164, 198n59; technocrats, 196n32; upper three banners, 6, 21, 61, 109. See also Hanjun bannermen
- Bao Hengxin, 209n43
- Baoying County Gazetteer, 50, 52
- Benzhuan, 195n7
- Book of Changes (Yijing), 141
- Book of Documents, 63, 106
- Bordered Yellow Banner, 6, 21
- boxue hongci examination, 10, 89, 199n30, 210n16
- bribery. See under corruption
- Brook, Timothy, 147
- Cai Yurong, 122
- calligraphy, 202n38; of Chen Yuanlong, 148, 167; of Gao Shiqi, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146, 148, 151, 166; of Kangxi, 148, 167; and the Southern Study, 139–40
- Campaign History of the Defeat of the Three Rebels (Pingding san ni fanglüe), 74
- Cao Yin, 201n9
- cashiering (gezhi), 69, 135, 171–72, 208n15, 211–12n2, 213n47; flexibility of system, 158–59; Gao Shiqi, 164, 177; Jin Fu, 38, 136; Samha, 55; Yu Guozhu, 123
- Censorate, 94–97, 101, 173, 205n40; Confucian duties of, 94, 118; hearsay indictments, 98–101, 117, 135, 205n40; impeachment and remonstrance, 94; investigating censors, 95; Kangxi’s appointments, 62, 201n16; members of, 107, 110, 111, 115, 150; Mingju’s defense against, 114–15; rank of, 91; under Xu Qianxue, 145. See also Guo Xiu: impeachments by
- Central Canal (Zhong He), 160
- Chang, Michael G., 40–41, 132
- Chen family of Haining, 147, 166, 167–68. See also Chen Yuanlong
- Chen Guiying, 201n22
- Chen Huang: accused of illegally seizing property, 129; biographies, 23–24; bribery of Qiao Lai, 52; catechism on river management, 26, 159; Guo Xiu’s charges against, 12, 103, 105, 185; as personal assistant to Jin Fu, 12, 23–24, 31, 35, 36–37, 42, 102, 103, 160, 180; punishment and death, 125, 136, 158, 159, 160; study of statecraft and river control, 10, 26–27
- Chen Kangqi, 90
- Chen Menglei, 68
- Chen Mingxia, 132–33
- Chen Qiyuan, 166
- Chen Yuanlong: anthology of fu poems, 148; appointment as governor of Guangxi, 167–68; calligraphy of, 148, 167; corruption, 157, 166, 184; dismissal and return to office, 155, 166–67; examination success and posts, 147–48; family background, 147, 166, 210n26; and Gao Shiqi, 148, 152, 166–67; Guo Xiu’s impeachment, 1, 138, 143, 155; Mirror of Extending Learning, 148; network of, 180–81; results of impeachments, 166–68; surname of, 148, 166
- Chen Zhilin, 147
- Chen Zizhi, 107, 206n17
- Chinese and Manchu officials, 1, 111, 121, 128, 131–33
- Chinese collaborators, 6, 8–9, 82
- Chinese intellectuals: Confucian scholars, 10–11, 167; in the eighteenth century, 211n52; Mingju’s relations with, 72–74; northern and southern scholars, 41, 182; and politics, 138, 141–42, 181, 209n1; as spies, 142, 169. See also Southern Study (Nanshufang)
- Chinese Martial Banner Army. See Hanjun bannermen
- Chinese warlords, 63. See also Rebellion of the Three Feudatories
- Chineseness, 22
- Chow, Kaiwing, 22
- civil service examinations: boxue hongci, 10, 89, 199n30, 210n16; classical texts, 24, 85; Guo Xiu’s experience, 79, 82–86, 92–93, 204n15, 205n39; after Manchu conquest, 82–83, 85, 182; as moral training, 151, 155; and official posts, 62, 79, 147, 149; and southern scholars, 182; special appointment examination, 91. See also official ranking system
- civil service retirement, 161, 212n6, 213–14n48
- Classic of Poetry (Shijing), 150, 169
- Classics Mat lectures, 62–63, 73, 118, 169
- Clear Passage (Qingkou), 29, 33
- climate, early Qing, 3–4, 193n6
- Collected Statutes of the Qing (Da Qing huidian), 74, 149
- Complete Library of the Four Treasures (Siku quanshu), 10
- Comprehensive Gazetteer of the Great Qing (Da Qing yitong zhi), 73, 74
- Confucian governance, 10–11, 97, 167
- Confucian values, 84, 98, 118, 185
- corruption: as abstraction, 179; alliance between Mingju and Jin Fu, 112–13, 118; bribery, 52, 89–90, 99, 115, 179–80; conditions for, 116, 180–82; “corrupt officials” as chongzi, 103–4; extortion, 107, 111, 132, 144, 152, 181; Guo Xiu’s portrayal of Mingju, 115–16, 118, 179; Kangxi’s response to, 120–25, 184; malfeasance of office, 101, 106–8, 112, 117, 118, 132, 180; and New Year’s gifts, 74–75; personnel decisions, 113, 115–16; prosecution of, 13, 158, 184; Qianlong reign, 163; in river administration, 32, 102, 112, 116; sale of offices, 111–12, 153, 182–84; selling influence, 138, 180; in the Southern Study, 138, 143, 152–54, 156–57, 183; Tang Bin’s measures against, 89–90; Wu Xingzuo, 70, 202n41. See also factionalism; Foron; Gao Shiqi; impeachments; Jin Fu; Mingju (Mingzhu); Zhang Qian
- court diaries, 15–16; Diary of Action and Repose, 68, 92, 113, 125
- Crossley, Pamela, 45
- Crying in the Temple Case, 87
- Cui Yingkai, 212n3
- Dacina, 126, 135
- degrees. See official degrees, sale of
- Deliberative Council of the Great Princes (Yizheng Dachen), 162
- Dennerline, Jerry, 194n15
- Diary of Action and Repose, 68, 92, 113, 125
- Dong Hanchen, 99, 114, 207n51
- Dong Ne, 127–30, 135, 137, 181, 208n28
- Dorgon, 6, 71, 194n15
- downriver districts, 43, 44map; appointment of Yu Chenglong, 45–47; closing of floodgates, 54–55, 56–58; dredging project, 43, 45, 47–48, 54–57; Jin Fu’s plan, 49–50, 51–52, 57–59, 126; residents’ interests, 182, 198n5, 207n40; response to Jin Fu and Yu Chenglong proposals, 50, 51–54, 199n30
- Duindam, Jeroen, Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires, 14
- factionalism, 65, 122, 147, 174; accusation against Guo Xiu, 127, 173, 208n22; of Chinese officials, 120, 131–32, 168; of Dorgon, 71; of Gao Shiqi and Wang Hongxu, 150–51, 152–53, 168; Jin Fu and, 119, 127, 208n22, 209n32; Kangxi and, 14, 56, 117, 120, 135; late Ming, 14, 100; of Mingju, 72, 106, 109–11, 112, 123, 180, 182; tongyin xiegong (all officials work together), 131–32
- famine, 3, 160
- fengwen and fengyan, 99–100. See also hearsay indictments
- floods: closing of floodgates, 54–55, 56–58; dredging to relieve danger, 43, 45, 47–48, 53, 54–57, 103, 113–14; effects on property, 42–43, 58–59; Jin Fu’s approach to, 30–31, 48–49, 113; and punishment of Jin Fu, 38, 113; of 1680, 38–39, 113; Tang Bin’s audience with Kangxi, 53–54; in Wujiang under Guo Xiu, 87
- Foron: career, 109–10, 114–15; charges against Guo Xiu, 172, 173–74; and faction of Mingju, 109–11, 115, 128; investigation of agricultural colonies, 123; Kangxi’s scrutiny of, 123, 176; and Manchu willingness to speak up, 121, 128; report on Jin Fu’s work and court conference, 125–36
- Fuheng, 202n32
- Fulata, 110, 123
- Fuquan, 162
- Galdan, 2, 162, 164
- Gao Chengjue, 173–74
- Gao Chengmei, 55, 200n41
- Gao Family Dike (Gaojiayan), 28map, 104; discussed at court conference, 131, 134; floodgates, 57, 58; reinforcement of, 30, 33, 48, 169; secondary levee, 126, 127–28, 129–30, 131
- Gao Shiqi: accounts of journeys with Kangxi, 146, 164, 210n22; appointment to Southern Study, 139–41, 144, 164; and attacks on Guo Xiu, 173; biographies, 166; as calligrapher, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146, 151; and charges against Mingju, 116, 117, 142; and Chen Yuanlong, 148, 166–67; corruption, 144, 145, 152, 153–55, 157, 184; dismissal from office, 154–55, 159, 164, 166; factionalism, 150–51, 152–53, 180–81; as favored companion of Kangxi, 139, 146, 156, 164, 166; Guo Xiu’s impeachment of, 1, 138, 143, 151–55, 164; lack of credentials, 143, 151, 159; poetry and lists, 146, 165; posthumous name, 165; recommendation by Songgotu, 144, 145; retirement and death, 165; rise of, 143–44; shifting alliances, 145–46
- Gaoyou District, 44map; flooding, 42–43
- Geng Jingzhong, 2, 63. See also Rebellion of the Three Feudatories
- Gesite, 110, 121, 123
- gezhi (cashiered from office), 158, 211–12n2. See also cashiering (gezhi)
- Gintaisi, 61
- Gioro clan, 123
- grain shipments, 2, 30, 39, 49, 58, 129, 159–60; army provisions for Mongolian campaign, 162, 212n10; diverted for Shanxi famine, 160–61
- Grand Canal: grain shipments, 2, 30, 39, 49, 58, 160; infrastructure, 20, 30, 48, 199n18; Jin Fu’s successes, 36, 39, 159–60; management of, 8; obstruction of, 81; overstaffing, 31–32, 197n42; tolls, 31. See also Jin Fu; river management
- Grand Secretariat, 68, 92, 180; dismissals of grand secretaries, 123; Mingju as grand secretary, 68–71, 73, 140; Songgotu’s power base in, 71; positions in, 21, 140
- Great Qing Code (Da Qing lüli), 95
- Great Reckoning (Da Ji), 90–91
- Great Strength (Da Zhuang) hexagram, 141
- Green Standard Army, 32, 204n25
- Guo Erbiao, 81, 172
- Guo Eryin, 81, 82, 172
- Guo Family Genealogy (Guoshi zupu), 80
- Guo Jingchang, 81, 82
- Guo Shangyou, 82, 172, 203n6
- Guo Tingyi, 14, 175
- Guo Xianping, 81–82
- Guo Xiu: accusation of Foron, 135; accusation of Yu Guozhu, 202n43; accused of factionalism, 127, 173, 208n22; anti-Manchuism in family, 80, 82, 172, 178; as censor, 91–94, 98, 101–2; charges against, 158, 170–75, 177–78, 213n34; commitment to Confucian values, 84, 98, 118, 185; death of, 177; decision to serve Qing state, 82–83, 85–86; examination success, 79, 82–86, 93, 204n15, 205n39; family and early life, 79–82, 83map, 85, 86, 172; as governor-general of Huguang, 175–77, 214n48; impeachment of Chen Yuanlong, 166; impeachment of Gao Shiqi, 116, 164; impeachment of Jin Fu, 11, 12, 40, 101–4, 118, 125, 127, 136, 162; impeachment of Mingju, 11–14, 60, 98, 105–9, 111–17, 124, 178, 200n3, 206n15; impeachment of scholars of Southern Study, 12, 13, 138, 143, 150–57, 166, 184; impeachment of Wang Hongxu, 168; impeachments by, 150, 156, 170–71, 173, 180, 205n6; Kangxi’s support for, 184–85; as magistrate of Wujiang, 86–91, 92; memorials to emperor, 174–75, 179, 182; Nianpu, 88, 170, 171, 175, 213n34; official career, 1, 11, 86–87, 97, 118; recommendation of execution, 151–55; results of impeachments, 158–59, 185; retirement of, 173–75, 177, 178, 184–85, 213n38, 213–14n48; sources of information, 116–18; under Tang Bin, 89–91; tax remissions in Huguang, 176; view of Yu Chenglong’s appointment, 47
- Guo Xiu Washes the Hall (Guo Xiu xi tang), 16, 195n36, 204n31
- Hall of Daily Pleasure (Ai Ri Tang), 167
- Hanjun bannermen, 1, 8–9, 23, 45, 46–47, 181, 194n24. See also Jin Fu
- Hanlin Academy, 208n28; service in, 55, 73, 118, 127, 130, 151, 167, 195n7; and the Southern Study, 139, 140, 147–48
- He Kai, 152, 154, 155
- hearsay indictments, 99–101, 117, 135, 205n6
- Hefang shuyan (An explanation of river defense), 26–27
- Heshen, 163–64, 205n40
- high Qing, 1, 193n2
- History of the Ming (Ming shi), 73, 74, 89, 149, 169
- History of the Qing (Qing shi), 63, 71, 117, 166
- History of Wujiang District (Wujiang xian zhi), 89
- Hongze, Lake, 29–30, 35, 37, 44map, 48, 57, 58. See also Gao Family Dike
- Hou Renzhi, 23–24, 36–37
- Huang, Amy Shumei, 165
- Huang, Ray, 117
- Huang Chin-shing, 10
- Huang Zongchang, 80–81
- Hucker, Charles, 94–95, 97
- Huguang, 175–76, 178, 214n48
- hydrology, 27, 37, 40, 48, 197–98n56
- impeachments, 94–96; Kangxi emperor’s response to, 119, 135, 155, 177, 184, 209n43; use of term, 193n1. See also Censorate; Chen Yuanlong; Gao Shiqi; Guo Xiu; Jin Fu; Kangxi emperor; Mingju; Wang Hongxu
- Imperial Equipage Department, 201n9
- Imperial Household Department, 140, 161
- Imperial Instructions of the Three Reigns (Sanchao shengxun), 74
- Imperial Manufactories, 70
- Imperial Southern Hunting Park, 61, 63–64, 201n10
- irrigation works, 92–93, 205n38
- Isanga, 38, 198n59
- Jimo District, 80–82, 170, 203n4
- Jimo Gazetteer, 80
- Jin Fu: accompanied emperor on second southern tour, 159–60; accused critics of factionalism, 127, 208n22, 209n32; agricultural colony proposal, 49–51, 58, 103, 104–5, 123, 130, 133; and appointment of Yu Chenglong, 46–47, 51, 103; assessments of, 36–39; association with Mingju, 59, 112–14, 118; biographies, 21–22, 23, 195n3, 195n7; criticized for flooding, 38–39; as director-general of river affairs and Grand Canal, 9–10, 12, 19, 24–36, 41–42, 48, 57, 102–3, 112, 160, 180, 182; dismissal and reappointment, 56, 58, 136, 160; effectiveness and scientific innovation, 19–20, 36–37, 39, 159–61, 180; emperor’s response to impeachment, 38, 119, 177, 184; family and education, 20–21, 22, 200n41; and Foron report, 125–36; funerary inscription by Wang Shizhen, 21–22, 161, 212n3; and Gao Chengmei, 55, 200n41; as governor of Anhui, 23–24; and grain for Shanxi famine, 160–61; Guo Xiu’s impeachment of, 1, 11, 12, 19, 40, 58, 98, 101–4, 118, 125, 127, 150; as Hanjun bannerman, 23, 173, 180, 181; intransigence in defense of proposals, 40, 57–58, 59, 134, 126, 128; in Kangxi court diaries, 16; memorials, 197n52, 197n55, 198n4; official career, 21, 23, 195n7; On Managing the River, 159, 212n3; posthumous name, 161; praise for Chen Huang, 160; proposal on postal services, 24; proposals on river management, 27–35, 47–51, 52–54, 113; punishment for flooding, 38, 113, 159–60; refusal to close floodgates, 56–58; relationship with Kangxi, 36, 38, 41, 42, 47, 57–58, 146; request to retire and death, 161; taking of bribes, 180
- Jin Yingxuan, 20–21
- Jin Zhiyu, 161
- Jurchens, 1, 5. See also Manchus
- Kangxi emperor: acceptance of Wu Sangui’s retirement, 65–66, 201n21; appointment of Sun Zaifeng, 55–57; appointment of Yu Chenglong, 45–47, 48, 55; approach to corruption, 120–25, 184; audience with Tang Bin on flood prevention, 53–54; calligraphy of, 148, 167; and censors, 92–93, 98; Confucian governance, 10–11; and court conference on Foron report, 130–35, 137; court diaries, 15–16; creation of Southern Study, 11, 139–42, 156; edict condemning Mingju and purge of officials, 119–23, 124–25, 137, 184, 207n5, 208n15; edict on impeachments, 135, 209n43; emphasis on southeast, 41, 43–45; and Guo Xiu’s impeachments, 119, 135, 155, 177, 184, 209n43; hearsay edict, 99–101, 135, 205n6; historical view of, 2; imperial voices of, 137; interest in river affairs, 41–43, 51; knowledge of political world, 117; literary advisers, 139–40; mourning for grandmother, 104; and the Rebellion of the Three Feudatories, 3; regents for, 6, 62, 85, 122; relationship with Gao Shiqi, 164, 165–66; relationship with Guo Xiu, 118, 176, 177–78; relationship with Jin Fu, 36, 38, 41, 47, 57–58; reliance on recommendations, 121–22; Samha’s investigation for, 52–53, 54; southern tours, 40–42, 45, 55, 154–55, 159–60, 165, 175; subdivisions of reign, 193n4; succession crisis, 163; sympathy for peasants, 42–43, 198n5; tax remissions, 4; three tasks as ruler, 5. See also Southern Study (Nanshufang)
- Kangxi wangchao (teledrama), 16, 195n36
- Karkun, 123, 208n14
- Kennedy, George, 201n4
- Khalka Mongols, 201n21
- Kuixu (son of Mingju), 73, 163
- Ma Siliang, 69
- Maci, 170–71
- Manchu conquest, 2–3, 6, 79–80, 81, 82, 203n4; flight of Ming court, 86; and governance of south, 63; journeys of the Guos, 83map
- Manchus, 5; Chinese language skills, 6, 7, 9, 62, 74; Manchu names, 206n29; “Manchu way” (Elliott), 5–6; use of term, 5, 194n11. See also banner system
- maritime trade, 4
- Marks, Robert, 4
- Marsai, 61
- Meng Shen, 168
- Meng Zhaoxin, 115, 203n52
- Metzger, Thomas, 211–12n2
- Miao: and Man tribes, 64; in Huguang, 176–77
- military agricultural colonies. See agricultural colonies (tuntian)
- Miller, H. Lyman, 65, 71, 110, 201n16
- Miller, Harry, 11, 156
- Ming History Commission. See History of the Ming (Ming Shi)
- Ming-Qing transition. See Manchu conquest
- Mingju (Mingzhu): as administrator, 7, 74–75; as adviser of Kangxi emperor, 7, 65, 69–70, 113; association with Jin Fu, 59, 112–14, 118; biculturalism, 6–7, 62, 74; biographies, 14, 60, 62, 63, 200n3; career, 60, 61–63, 67–68, 161–62; condemnation by emperor, 119–21, 207n5; conflict with Songgotu, 70–72; corruption, 60, 142, 163, 179–80, 200n3; death, 162; defense against Censorate, 114–16; dismissal from office, 121, 123, 161, 184, 208n15; as dominant figure, 179–80; as editor, 74; as faction leader, 72, 106, 109–12, 145–46, 153, 173, 180, 182–83; family of, 61, 163–64; funerary inscription, 16, 65; as grand secretary, 68–70, 73, 140; Guo Xiu’s impeachment of, 1, 11–14, 98, 105–9, 111–17, 124, 150, 178, 200n3, 206n15; and hearsay edict, 99–101; influence on appointments, 69–70, 92–93, 121, 124, 143, 149, 183–84; as minister of war, 63–67, 109, 111; name of, 193n1; and the Rebellion of the Three Feudatories, 7, 65–67, 68; relations with Chinese scholars, 72–74, 203n52; relationship with Kangxi, 64, 106n24, 108, 149, 162, 180; results of impeachments, 123, 161–64, 177, 208n15; sales of offices, 111–12, 153, 183–84
- Ministry of Finance, 110, 169
- Ministry of Personnel, 67, 69, 96, 113, 118, 130, 135, 167; punishment of Guo Xiu, 171, 213n34
- Ministry of Punishments, 96, 109, 144–45
- Ministry of Rites, 67, 110, 118, 161
- Ministry of War, 21, 109–10; under Mingju, 63–67; and the Three Feudatories, 64, 66–67, 111
- Ministry of Works, 8, 25, 33, 50, 208n14
- Misgan, 66, 67, 202n29
- Mongolian campaigns, 2, 162, 164
- Moro, 66
- Mostern, Ruth, 7, 38
- Mu Tianyan, 126, 129–30, 134–35, 208n22, 209n32
- Pan Jixun, 26, 30, 37, 194n20, 197n56; An Overview of River Work, 8, 196n29
- Parker, Geoffrey, 193n6
- Pearl River Delta, 4
- Peck, Linda Levy, 183
- Pei Gun, 93
- Plain White Banner, 6, 109
- Plain Yellow Banner, 6, 60, 61, 70, 164, 198n59
- Porter, David C., 9
- postal services, 24
- punishment. See official punishment in Qing
- Qian Jue, 170–72, 213n29
- Qianlong emperor, 163, 202n32, 205n37, 214n5; and the Chen Family of Haining, 167–68; publication of Guo Xiu’s impeachments, 14, 153, 185
- Qiao Lai, 51–52, 103, 199n30
- Qing administration, 21, 24–25, 33, 67, 103, 108, 120, 121–22; corruption in, 90, 110, 122–23, 158, 183; Guo Xu as administrator, 176; investigative committees, 127; joint Chinese and Manchu, 6–7, 9, 50, 132, 156, 167, 184; military, 68, 89, 110; under Mingju, 7, 74–75, 110–11, 115, 124–25, 180. See also river management
- Qingkou (Clear Passage), 29, 33
- qingyi (criticism of the pure), 211n50
- ranking system. See official ranking system
- Rebellion of the Three Feudatories, 2–3, 9, 23, 123; campaign history, 149; funding for suppression, 10, 16, 26, 110, 197n40; Huguang as battleground, 175–76; importance of Grand Canal, 39; Mingju and, 7, 66, 68, 71, 164, 180; Qing military, 110–11, 182; Qing victory, 40, 146; role of Isanga, 198n59; Songgotu’s position on, 71; warlord governance of the south, 63, 64–65, 69. See also Wu Sangui
- Record of Rites (Li ji), 120
- regents, 4, 6; for Kangxi, 6, 62, 85, 122; Oboi regency, 74, 89, 99, 133
- Regulations on Administrative Punishments (Chufen zeli), 96
- remonstrance, 94
- retirement, 161, 212n6, 213–14n48
- rituals, 15, 22, 64, 140, 161
- river management: corruption in, 32, 102, 112, 116; costs and funding, 30–31, 32, 35, 49, 199n18; dredging to relieve flood danger, 43, 45, 47–48, 53, 54–57, 103, 113–14; infrastructure repairs, 2, 8, 20, 24–25, 27–30, 32, 48; inspection tour of Marsai with Mingju, 61–62; under Jin Fu and Chen Huang, 9–10, 26–27, 36, 38; Kangxi’s interest in, 41–43, 51; labor force, 29, 34; overstaffing, 31–32; proposals of Jin Fu, 27–35, 48–51; under Qianlong, 197n32; and soil erosion, 38. See also Chen Huang; downriver districts; floods; Jin Fu; Pan Jixun; Yu Chenglong
- Saileng’e, 144–45
- sale of offices, 111, 182–83
- salt merchants, 49, 147
- Samha, 52–53, 54, 55
- Sekde, 66
- Seven Grievances, 61
- Shandong, 80, 83–84, 110; governorship, 170–72
- Shang Kexi, 63, 64–65, 66. See also Rebellion of the Three Feudatories
- Shang Zhixin, 2, 69. See also Rebellion of the Three Feudatories
- Shanxi famine, 160
- Shun (sage-king), 106
- Shunzhi emperor: appointment of Mingju, 61; death of, 3, 6; memorial service, 87; purge of Dorgon faction, 71; Veritable Records, 67
- Siku quanshu project, 211n52
- Sima Guang, 22
- Singde, 64, 72–74
- slaves, illicit activities of, 163
- Song Deyi, 37
- Songgotu, 70–72, 121, 124, 131; and Gao Shiqi, 143, 144, 145
- Soni, 71
- southern Chinese, 41, 182
- Southern Study (Nanshufang): appointment of Chinese scholars, 140, 177; appointment of Gao Shiqi, 139, 144; archive, 140–41; corrupt practices, 138, 143, 152–54, 156–57, 183; established by Kangxi emperor, 11, 139–42, 156; Guo Xiu’s impeachment of scholars, 1, 12, 13, 116, 138, 143, 150–55, 156–57, 184; historians’ views of, 138, 156; scholarly advisers to emperor, 107, 142; as source of political intelligence, 141–42; southerners in, 182. See also Chen Yuanlong; Gao Shiqi; Wang Hongxu
- Southern Study Record (Nanshufang jizhu), 140–41, 156
- Spence, Jonathan, 65, 201n16, 209n1
- Spring and Autumn Annals, 146
- Struve, Lynn, 85
- Subai, 66
- Sun Qifeng, 84–85, 89–90
- Sun Zaifeng, 55–56, 103, 126, 129, 130, 134–35, 135, 208n22
- supervising secretaries, 126, 208n18
- Suqian, 41
- Suzhou Prefecture, 70, 86, 89; taxation, 87
- Taiwan campaign, 2, 3, 68
- Taizhou District, taxation of land, 50
- Taizong, 21, 25
- Tang Bin: blocked attempt to suppress Dong’s memorial, 99, 205n3; evaluation and mentorship of Guo Xiu, 90–92, 93; on flood prevention, 53–54, 57, 199n39; as governor of Jiangsu, 53, 89–90; posts, 53, 199n37; relationship with Mingju, 205n3
- taxation: and agrarian yields, 3–4; in Huguang, 176; land tax registers, 49–50; for river management, 30–31; tax remissions, 4, 176; Wujiang District, 87, 92, 178, 204n20
- Three Feudatories. See Rebellion of the Three Feudatories
- Tianxia changhe (teledrama), 195n36
- tongyin xiegong (all officials work together), 131, 209n36
- Tuhai, 66, 202n29
- tuntian (military agricultural colonies), 49–51, 58. See also agricultural colonies (tuntian)
- Wakeman, Frederic, 79–80, 203n6; “high Qing,” 193n2
- Wang Bin, 210n16
- Wang Duxin, 149. See also Wang Hongxu
- Wang Guangxin, 149
- Wang Guangyu, 25
- Wang Hongxu: appointments after impeachment, 168–69; appointment to Southern Study, 149–50; biographies for Ming History, 169; biographies of, 14, 166; corruption, 153, 157, 184; dismissal from office, 155, 168, 169; examination success and posts, 115, 149–50, 155; factions and networks, 149–50, 152–53, 168, 180–81; family background, 148–49; funerary inscription for Mingju, 65, 67, 73–74, 162, 200n3, 201n22; Guo Xiu’s impeachment of, 1, 14, 138, 143, 151, 152–55, 168; name of, 149; poetic works, 148–49, 169; as spy, 142, 169; support for Yinsi, 169
- Wang Jingqi, 210n16; Jottings of a Western Journey (Xizheng suibi), 13, 143–46, 194n29
- Wang Rizao, 69, 202n38
- Wang Shizhen, funerary inscription for Jin Fu, 21–22, 113, 161, 212n3
- Wang Sitong, 169
- Wang Xi, 63, 92–93, 169
- Wang Xuling, 152–53, 155
- Wang Yinghua, “Kangqian shiqi,” 47, 199n34, 202n42
- Wang Yuewen, 211n45
- Wang Zhuo, 93
- Wanli emperor, 117
- Wei Xiangshu, 72, 205n40
- Wei Yijie, 84–85, 205n40; Nianpu, 85, 204n15
- Wei Zhongxian, 81
- Wu, Silas, Passage to Power, 65
- Wu Jifang, 114–15
- Wu Sangui, 2, 63, 141; resignation request, 3, 52–53, 64–66, 201n21; strength in south, 64, 178. See also Rebellion of the Three Feudatories
- Wu Xingzuo, 69–70, 202n41
- Wujiang District: gazetteer, 204n20; under Guo Xiu, 86–91; tax arrears, 87, 92, 204n20
- Yan Chongnian, 71
- Yang Fangxing, 25
- Yang Jie, 88, 204n25
- Yangginu, 200n4
- Yao (sage-king), 106
- Yehenala, 61, 71, 201nn7–8; name of, 200–201n4
- Yellow River, 7–8, 24, 43, 44map, 48, 57–58, 194n17. See also floods; Grand Canal; river management
- Yinsi, 163, 169
- Yongzheng emperor, 13–14, 163, 168, 205n37, 214n5
- Yu Chenglong: appointment to oversee downriver activities, 45–47, 48, 180; career of, 45, 53; and court conference on Foron report, 130; credit for movement of grain, 212n10; dredging proposal, 43, 47–48, 51, 53, 54–55, 103, 113, 114, 199n34; meeting with Jin Fu, 51; as member of Guo Xiu’s faction, 127; name of, 198n12; relationship with Kangxi, 45–46, 53, 160; report on Mingju’s corruption, 117–18, 142
- Yu Guozhu: background and posts, 110; corruption and sale of offices, 111–12, 115, 153; dismissal, 123; as member of Mingju’s faction, 70, 106, 109–10, 123, 202n43
- Yu Qingtian, 45, 70, 198n12, 202n42
- Yu Ziyi, 153, 211n45
- yushi (censor), 94, 205n40. See also Censorate
- Zhang, Lawrence, 183
- Zhang Boxing, 210n32
- Zhang Penghe, 176
- Zhang Qian, 106–8, 116, 122, 144–45, 154, 164, 171
- Zhang Tingyu, 209n4
- Zhang Ying, 140, 141–42, 209n4
- Zhang Yushu, 127, 169
- Zhao Jiong, 173–74
- Zhao Jishi, 126, 128, 129
- Zhao Shenqiao, 93, 177
- Zhaolian, 143, 206n15; Miscellaneous Notes from the Xiaoting Pavillion, 89, 163–64, 204n25
- Zheng Chenggong, 2, 3, 88
- Zhou Lianggong, 82, 203n6
- Zhu Jinfu, 141–42, 156
- Zhu Xi, 22
- Zhu Yafei, 80, 203n8
- Zhu Zhixi, 25
- Zu Zeshen, 144–45, 154