INDEX

absolutist monarchy, 78, 96, 102–3, 147, 209
Aden, 197, 205–6
Aduan, 161–63
Aertusi, 163
agro-military colonies (tuntian), 114–17 passim
Altar of Earth and Grain (Shejitan), 7, 82
Alu Temur, 48, 53, 151
Analects (Lunyu), 15
“The Ancestor’s Instructions” (Zuxunlu), 29, 52, 60, 63; revision of, 39–41
“Ancestor’s Instructions from the Ming Emperor” (Huang Ming zuxun), 52, 130
Ancestral Temple (Taimiao), 7, 82
Ancheng, Princess, 139
Anding, 161–62
Anle (Peace and Joy), 157
Annam, 10–11, 179; taxes on, 112; wars against Champa, 178–79; relations with Ming China, 179–86; nationalism in, 183–86
Annamese Annals, 181–83
Aqachu, 157
Ardashir Togachi, 189
Armory (Junqiju), 12
Aruygeshiri (Jin Shun), 151, 163
Aruytai (Prince of Hening [Harmony and Tranquility]), 160, 170; fight against Chinese, 166–67, 169, 172–77 passim
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 194–95
Ashikaga Yoshimochi, 195
“attention whip” (mingbian), 6
Ayushiridala, 148, 150

Baoding, 67, 104, 157
battalions (qianhusuo), 114
Beijing: new name, 21; map of, 34; construction of new capital, 125–27. See also Beiping
Beiping, 21, 26–27; population of, 32; siege of, 65–66. See also Beijing
Bengal, 188, 197, 205–6
Bian Zhen, 145–46
Biographical Sketches of Women of Chastity from Ancient Times to the Present (Gujin lienü zhuan), 98, 139–41
Biographies of the Immortals (Liexian zhuan), 143
The Book of Changes (Yijing), 19, 132, 134
The Book of History (Shujing), 131–32, 145
The Book of Mencius (Mengzi), 15, 142
The Book of Odes (Shijing), 132
The Book of Rites (Liji), 132, 142
Borneo, 187, 197, 207; king visits China, 200; point of demarcation, 207
Brava, 197, 204
Buddhism: conversion of minorities to, 84–85; scriptures of, 143–44
Buddhist Registry (Senggangsi), 85, 158
Bunyashiri (Oljei Temur), 149, 166–67, 169
Bureau of Appointments (Wenxuansi), 10
Bureau of Armaments (Bingzhangju), 12
Bureau of Equipment (Chejiasi), 11
Bureau of Evaluations (Kaogongsi), 10
Bureau of Headgear (Jinmaoju), 6
Bureau of Honors (Yanfengsi), 10
Bureau of Provisions (Wukusi), 11
Bureau of Records (Jixunsi), 10
Bureau of Silverware (Yinzuoju), 15
Buyan Temur, 162
Buyi people, 85

Calicut, 197, 206
Cambodia, 185, 197–98
Can-tram, 180
canal troops (caoding), 121
cangue, 126
Cao De, 109
Censorate (Yushitai), 11, 105–7
Champa: people of, 178; vassal of Ming, 178, 180, 183, 197–98; conquered by Annam, 186; visited by Zheng He, 203–5
Changan Gates, 7
Changle County, 203
Changlu, 122
Channel of Communication Grace (Tonghuihe), 31
Chen Cheng, 162, 189
Chen Dewen, 188
Chen Di, 70
Chen Gui, 125
Chen Ji, 133
Chen Mao, 174
Chen Qia, 92, 180, 186
Chen Xuan, 69, 120, 167
Chen Ying, 72–76, 89, 103
Chen Zhi, 11, 17, 185
Chen Zuyi, 199, 203
Chengzu, 211. See also Yongle, Emperor
Chijin, 161, 164–65
Chinggis Khan, 21, 148, 171
Chongming Island, 118, 122
Chosŏn (Morning Freshness). See Yi dynasty
choufen (extract and divide), 105
Chu, Prince of. See Zhu Zhen
The Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing), 15, 25
Coal Hill, 13
Cochin, 197, 203
Collections of Imperial Instructions during the Past Three Reigns (Sanchao sheng yulu), 10
College of Translators (Siyiguan), 190, 198
companies (baihusuo), 114
Confucianism: as code of behavior, 91; moral education of, 129–30; Neo-Confucianism, 136; canon of, 141–42
Confucius: birthplace of 69; influence of, 81–82; concept of gentleman, 90–91; temple of, 131
corvée laborers (caofu), 6
Cosmopolitan Inn (Datongguan), 192
Court of Imperial Sacrifices (Taichangsi) 6–7, 130
Court of Judicial Review (Dalisi), 12, 106–7
Court of State Ceremonial (Honglusi), 7
Court of the Imperial Stud (Taipusi), 11

Dadan. See Tartar Mongols
Dadu, 21, 32. See also Beijing; Peiping
Dai, Prince of. See Zhu Gui
Dai people, 85
Dalai Nor, 173
Daning, 65, 156
Dao Cheng, 195
Dao Yan (Yao Guangxiao): as brain trust of Yongle, 43–45, 54, 59, 71, 98; as editor of Yongle dadian 133, 136; as reviser of The Hongwu Veritable Record, 140
Daoism, 138, 143
Datong, 55, 66–67, 154
Dazi. See Tartars
Decrees and Orders from the Prince of Yan (Yanwang lingzhi), 143
Deng Cheng, 163
Department of Entertainments (Zonggusi), 10
Department of Fire and Water (Xixinsi), 4
Department of the Bathhouse (Huntangsi), 4
Description of the Barbarian Countries of the West (Xiyang fanguo zhi), 202
Dezhou, 66
dian, 3
“Diaries of Activity and Repose” (Qijuzhu), 89
Director of Ceremonial (Sili Zhangyin Taijian), 4–5, 13, 17
Directorate of Astronomy (Qintianjian), 7
Directorate of Ceremonial (Silijian), 4, 13, 17, 37
Directorate of Entourage Guards (Duzhijian), 5
Directorate of Imperial Stables (Yumajian), 14
Directorate of Imperial Temples (Shengongjian), 6
Directorate of Outfitting (Sishejian), 6
Directorate of Palace Custodians (Zhidianjian), 4
Directorate of Palace Servants (Neiguanjian), 4, 12, 203
Directorate of Royal Clothing (Shangyijian), 4
Do Charities Anonymously (Weishan yinzhi), 144–45
Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong), 15
Dongchang (Eastern Depot), 13–14
Dongchang (town in Shandong), 67, 122
Dongdu (Hanoi), 1
Downright Gate (Duanmen) 7
dragon throne, 5
Duolin. See Kaiping
Duoyan Guard, 156

East Handong Guard, 161, 164
Eastern Depot. See Dongchang
Eastern Peace Gate (Donganmen), 13
“eight-legged” (bagu) essays, 142
elder officials (zhangguan), 85
Embroidered-Uniform Guard (Jinyiwei), 7, 13–14, 78, 106
Encyclopedia of the Five Classics and the Four Books (Wujing sishu daquan), 141–42
Encyclopedia of Works on Nature and Principle (Xingli daquan), 141–42
Endekhud (Andekan), 189
Engke Temur (Prince of Zhongshun), 159–60
erudites of the Five Classics (Wujing boshi), 96
Esen, 160, 177
Esentu Qan, 174, 176
Esun Temur. See Taiding
Eunuch of the Three Gems (Sanbao Taijian), 202
eunuchs: in administrative service, 76, 78, 106–8, 210; as port superintendents, 124, 193–94; as Tea-Horse Trade agents, 160; as envoys, 187–201 passim; Korean-born, 192–93
Exhortations (Quanshan shu), 138–39

Fang Bin, 92–93, 172
Fang Xiaoru, 59, 70–71, 73
fatian (follow the will of heaven), 81
Fei Jin, 109
Fei Xin, 202–5
Fei Yu, 27
Feng Sheng, 46–48, 50–51
fengshui (wind and water), 211–12
Fengyang, 21–22, 28; penitentiary in, 42, 48
Five Chief Military Commissions (Wujun Dudufu), 7, 12, 30, 39, 106
Five Classics, 131–32, 142
Flower-Covered Hall (Huagaidian), 5, 83, 95, 126
Following Heaven Gate (Chengtianmen), 7, 13, 169
Fort Green Cloud, 176
Four Books, 141–42
The Four Treasuries (Siku quanshu), 100, 133–34
Fox Hunting Hill, 169
Fu An, 188–89
Fu Youde: as mentor of Prince of Yan, 33, 38, 46–47; Yunnan conquered by, 35–37; death of, 50–51
Fuyu Guard, 156

Ganying gequ (Songs of Compassion), 143
Gaochang. See Karakhoto
Gao Fuxing, 108
Gao Xian, 27
Gate of Eminent Gratitude (Lingenmen), 212
Ge Lai, 165
geng (time period), 3–6, 17
Geng Bingwen, 51, 64–65, 74
Geng Huan, 62
Ghiyath-al-Din, 190
Gobi Desert, 47, 155–56, 169
Gold River Gate (Jinchuanmen), 70
Golden Water River, 6
Gong, Consort, 20
Gong Zhen, 202
Grand Canal: rebuilding of, 118–20; administration of, 121
grand defenders (zhenshou), 12
The Grand Encyclopedia of Yongle (Yongle dadian), 44, 98; compilation of, 133–37
Grand Granary (Taichang), 121
Grand Secretariat (Neige), 13, 78, 210; established, 95; relations with Hanlin Academy, 96; Yongle’s seven grand secretaries, 96–103 passim
The Great Collection of Literary and Historical Works (Wenxian dacheng), 98, 133
Great Khingan Mountains (Da Xingan Ling), 155–56, 169
Great Kingdom of Annam, 181–82
Great Learning (Daxue), 15, 25
Great Ming Gate (Damingmen), 17
Great Peace Inn (Taipingguan), 192
Great Sacrifice Altar (Dasidian), 8
Gu, Prince of. See Zhu Hui
Gu Cheng, 87
Gu Yingtai, 70, 148
guan (measure for money), 79
Guangxi, 11, 180–81
Guanyin (goddess of mercy), 137
Guangzhou, 123–24, 193–94, 198
guard unit (wei), 198
Gubeikou, 48
Guide to Filial Piety and Caring (Xiaocilu), 130
Guilichi (Ugechi-Khashakha), 165–67
Guizhou, established as a province, 86–88
Guo Ji, 167, 188
Guo Jing, 189
Guo Liang, 64
Guo Wen, 198
Guo Zi, 10, 92, 125
Guo Zixing, 22

Hafiz-i Abru, 127, 190
Hai Shou, 176, 191, 199
Hai Tong, 17, 170–72
Haicheng (near Amoy), 196
Haixi (Jurchen), 158
Halima, 84, 187
Hall of Eminent Gratitude (Lingendian), 212
Hami (Qomul), 159, 188
Han, Prince of. See Zhu Gaoxu
Han Chinese, 85–86, 152
Han dynasty, 25, 60, 72, 150
Han Guan, 108, 110
Handong Guard, 161–63
Hangzhou, 113, 120
Hanlin Academy, 13, 88–89, 96, 131–32
Hanoi. See Dongdu; Thang-long
Hasan, 162
He Fu, 108–9, 115
He Qing, 108
Heaven (as divine force) 1, 81–82
Heavenly Longevity Mountain (Tianshoushan), 12, 211–12
Heavenly Mountains (Tianshan), 162–63
Heavenly Purity Palace (Qianqinggong), 4, 5, 19, 217n1
Hedong, 122
Herat, 161, 188–90
History of the Ming Dynasty (Ming shi), 203–5, 207–8
Ho Nhat-nguyen. See Le Qui-ly
Hong Bao, 198, 208
Hong Taiji, 149, 159
Hongwu, Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang; Duke of Wu): Ming dynasty founded by, 20–21; childhood of, 21–22; as Duke of Wu, 21; as a father, 24–26; officials purged by, 30, 48, 51; death of wife, 35; revision of “Ancestor’s Instructions,” 40–41, 52; death of, 57; designation of heir apparent, 59; pacification of southwest China, 85–87; classification of population, 111; initiation of agromiliatary colonies, 114; founding of National University, 131; policy toward Mongols, 150–52, 156; establishment of Tea-Horse Trade Bureaus, 160; sending of envoys to Tamerlane’s court, 188; against pirates, 193
The Hongwu Veritable Record (Ming Taizu shilu), 44, 88, 98, 140, 153
Hongxi, Emperor (Zhu Gaozhi), 24, 137, 207; birth of, 30, 58; defense of Beiping, 65–66; interpretation of Analects, 90–91; as heir apparent, 98; relations with Gaoxu and Xie Jin, 99–100
Hormuz, 197, 201, 205–6
Hou Xian, 84; missions to Tibet, 187–88; accompaniment of Zheng He, 208
Household Instructions (Neixun), 138
Hu Guang, 13, 71; as grand secretary, 96–97, 100–101; as encyclopedia editor, 142
Hu Run, 70
Hu Weiyong, 30
Hu Yan, 13, 96–99, 133
Hua Yunlong, 27
Huaian, 28, 58
Huailai, 64
Huang Fu: as civil administrator in Annam, 17, 180–86 passim; considered a defector, 73–74, 92–93, 102
Huang Guan, 73
Huang Huai, 13, 96–97, 100
Huang Shang, 199
Huang Xuan, 109
Huang Yan, 96, 132, 191–92
Huang Zhong, 181, 183
Huang Zicheng: as advisor of Jianwen, 57, 60–66; execution of, 70, 72; and Jiangxi clique, 97
Huangjue Monastery, 21–22
Huitongguan (International Inn), 190–92, 199
Huitonghe (Union Link Channel), 31, 119–20
Hutuo River, 64

Imperial Academy of Medicine (Taiyiyuan), 7
Imperial Clan Court (Zhongrenfu), 41
Imperial Commandments (Yuzhi dagao), 144
Imperial Genealogy (Tianhuang yudie), 141
Imperial Library (Huangshicheng), 19, 135
Imperial Pharmacy Room (Yuyaofang), 9, 15
Imperial Treasury (Neichengyun ku), 15
Instructions on the Basics (Wuben zhixun), 143

Jade Gate Pass (Yumengguan), 164
Jade River, 125
Japan: pirates from, 47, 193, 196; relations with Ming, 193–95
Java, 37, 197, 200–203
Ji Gang, 99, 103
Jiajing, Emperor, 135, 211
Jian Yi: jailed, 9, 16; as minister of personnel, 92–93, 102, 192, 206
Jiang Tingzan, 88
Jiang Ziwen, 145
Jiangxi: literary excellence in, 97; bandits in, 109–10
Jianwen, Emperor (Zhu Yunwen), 24; as heir apparent, 50; assumption of throne, 57, 59–60; reduction of feudatories, 61–62; management of civil war, 65–66; death or escape of, 70, 105; reign records muddled, 88–89
Jianzhou (Jurchen), 157, 159
Jiaozhi, 181–85. See also Annam
Jiayu Pass, 162, 164
Jin, Prince of. See Zhu Gang; Zhu Jixi
Jin Chun, 10, 92, 119–20
Jin Youzi: as grand secretary, 13, 15, 96–97, 100–102; campaigns against Mongols, 169, 173
Jin Zhong, 55, 92
Jinan, 67
Jinnan (Suppression of Trouble), 63–64, 79
jinshi (civil service doctors), 7, 88, 131
Jizhou, 64, 154
Journal of the Northern Expeditions (Beizeng ji), 101, 176
Jurchen, 16, 44, 115; establishment of Ming commanderies in Manchuria, 156–59 passim. See also Liaodong; Manchus
Juyong Pass, 32, 64, 174

Kaifeng, 61, 170
Kaiping (Duolun), 55, 62
Kangxi, Emperor, 218n30, 219n14
Karakhoto (Ch. Gaochang), 189
Kashghar, 189
Kenchu Keimi, 194
Kerulen River, 167, 169, 171
Khalil Sultan, 188
Koko Nor. See Qinghai Lake
Koko Temur, 23, 29, 150
Kong Keren, 25
Korea: under Koryö, 45–46, 191; dealings with Prince of Yan, 46, 53; oxen and horses sent to China, 115, 159, 168–69; relations with Ming, 190–93. See also Yi dynasty
Kunjilai, 164
Kuzhuzi, 164

Lake Tai, 118
Lambri, 197
Lam-son Uprising, 184
Lan Yu, 47–48, 50–51
Lanzhou, 155
Later Le dynasty, 186
Le Loi, 11, 17, 184–86
Le Qui-ly (Ho Nhat-nguyen), 179–81
Learning from the Sages and the Method of the Mind (Shengxue xinfa), 81, 91, 143, 154
legalism (fajia), 103, 147
Li Bin, 11, 109, 184–85
Li Da, 189
Li Faliang, 108
Li Qian, 171
Li Qing, 12, 92
Li Qinglong, 29, 51, 61; as commander of imperial army, 65–70 passim; surrender to Yongle, 74–75, 109
Li Rang, 139
Li Ren, 109
Li Shanchang, 26, 48
Li Shimian, 126–27
Li Shimin (Tang Emperor Taizong), 81, 107
Li Si, 149
Li Wenzhong, 29, 65, 150
Li Xian, 189
Li Xing, 198, 208
Li Yuan, 67, 167
Li Zengzhi, 108–9
Li Zhigang, 78, 88, 92, 95
Lian Ying, 70
Lian Zining, 70
Lianghuai, 122
Liangzhe, 122
Liao, Prince of. See Zhu Zhi
Liao dynasty, 153
Liao Sheng, 73
Liaodong, 16, 55, 154–56, 196; as home of Uriyangqad, 46–47; agromilitary colonies in, 115; horse supply from, 159
lijia system, 37, 104–6, 111, 121, 152
Lin Gui, 198
Linan, Princess, 20
Ling Gao, 109
Linqing, 62, 119, 122
Literary Erudition Pavilion (Wenyange) 15, 95, 133, 135
Literary Flower Hall (Wenhuadian), 3, 9, 95, 200
Liu Guan, 11, 92, 95
Liu Hua, 108
Liu Ji, 71
Liu Jichi, 133, 136
Liu Jing, 71–72
Liu Rong, 196
Liu Sanwu, 50
Liu Sheng, 171
Liu Shuzhen, Madame, 86
Liu Wei, 188
Liu Zhun, 92–93, 182
Liujiagang (port in Suzhou), 201, 203
Liuzhou rioting, 11, 16–17
Longjiang Naval Arsenal, 179–80, 199, 201
Longzhou, 179–80
Lop Nor (Xihai, or West Sea), 163
Lu An, 189
Lü Ben, 79
Lü Yi, 181–82
Lü Zhen, 10, 92, 95
Luling, 109–10

Ma Bin, 180, 200–201
Ma, Empress: Yongle raised by, 20, 22–26; death of, 35–36, 43; biography of, 36, 141, 192; household instructions from, 138
Ma He. See Zheng He
Ma Huan, 202–5
Ma Ji, 17, 184–85
Ma Ye, 86–87
Ma Yun, 176
Mahmud (Prince of Shunning [Obedience Tranquility]), 149, 170–71
Maidiribala, 150
Maitreya (“Mile”), 105, 108
Malacca, 197–99, 203–6
Maldive Islands, 197, 204, 206
Malindi, 204, 206
Manchus, 149, 153. See also Jurchen
mandate of heaven, 81, 149, 165–66
Mecca, 204, 206
Mei Yin, 75–76
Meng Ji, 88
Meridian Gate (Wumen), 6, 10, 16–17, 41, 96
Miao people, 85–88, 181
Military Excellence Hall (Wuyingdian), 9, 95
Min, Prince of. See Zhu Bian
Ming judiciary, 106–7
Ministry of Personnel, 9, 93
Ministry of Punishment, 11, 106–7
Ministry of Public Works, 12, 111
Ministry of Revenue, 10, 32, 94, 121
Ministry of Rites, 7, 10, 88
Ministry of War, 10, 39, 60, 111, 190
Mogadishu, 197, 202, 204, 206
Monastery of Gratitude (Baoen Si), 137
Mongol nationalism, 148, 165. See also Oirat Mongols; Tartar Mongols; Tartarism
Mu Jing, 174
Mu Sheng, 179–83 passim

Naghachu, 46–47, 152
Nanghaer Guard, 158
Nanhaizi, 15
Nanjing: as auxiliary capital of Ming, 10, 20, 127; high walls around, 21–23; as capital of six dynasties, 23–24; surrender of, 70; Ming tombs in, 222n1
Nanjing Metropolis. See Yingtianfu
National University, 13, 89, 92, 99, 184; founded, 131–32
Nayur Buga, 33–34, 48, 53, 151, 169
Nepal, 187–88
Nguyen An, 125–27
Ni Liang, 63
Ni Qian, 192
Nicobar Islands, 202
Night Drum Room (Genggufang), 3
“Nine Frontier Fortresses” (Jiubian), 154
Ning, Prince of. See Zhu Quan
Ningbo, 123, 193–94
Ningguo, Princess, 23, 75–76
Ninh-hoa Prefecture, 11
Northern Metropolis. See Shuntianfu
Nuerkan, 115, 158
Nurhaci, 159

Office of Transmission (Tongzhengsi), 7, 11, 13, 17
Oirat Mongols (Wala), 6, 17, 149, 153; as rivals of Tartars, 165–67; as enemies of Ming, 170–72, 177
Oljei Temur. See Bunyashiri
Ordos, 156
Oroqen people, 158
The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores (Yingya shenglan), 202

pacha (Sichuan tea), 160–61
pacification ministers (xuanfushi), 85
Palace of Earthly Tranquility (Kunninggong), 17
Palembang, 187, 203
Pasturage Office (Yuanmasi), 159
Pavilion of the East (Dongge), 95
Peace and Stability Gate (Andingmen), 32
pepper, 124
population (of Ming China), 88, 111–13
Prescribed Ritual Proceedings (Liyi dingshi), 130
primogeniture issue, 45, 50, 71
Prudence Hall (Jinshendian), 5, 83, 96, 126
punitive ministers (zhaotaoshi), 85
Pure Creek Spring, 170

Qarajang, 48
Qi, Prince of. See Zhu Fu
Qi Tai, 57, 60–63, 66, 70
Qiantang River, 121
Qiao Laixi, 188
Qidan people, 153
Qin, Prince of. See Zhu Shuang
Qin Shihuang, Emperor, 25, 103, 149
Qing, Prince of. See Zhu Zhan
Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor), 162
Qingjiangpu, 120
Qinhuai River, 23, 179
Qiongzhou, 123
Qiu Fu, 98, 167–68
Qomul. See Hami
Qoryocin, 64–66, 151; battle with Tartars, 167–68
Quanzhou, 123, 193–94, 197, 203
Qubilai Khan, 38, 149
Qui Nhon. See Xinzhou
Quxian, 161, 163

Record of Outstanding Examples (Zhaojianlu), 27
Recording the Northern Expeditions (Beizeng lu), 101, 169
Recording What the Dao has Left Out (Daoyilu), 136
Records of Obeying Heaven to Supress Trouble (Fengtian jingnanji), 44, 141
“red ink” (pihong), 13, 17
Red Turbans, 20, 22
Registers Accompanied by Maps in the Shape of Fish Scales (Yulin tuce), 94
resident (zhuzuo) families, 111
Respect Heaven Gate (Fengtianmen), 5–6
Respect Heaven Hall (Fengtiandian), 5, 26, 77, 83, 126–27
Right Obedience Gate (Youshunmen)
The Rites of the Zhou (Zhouli), 59, 130
rotary (lunban) families, 111
Ryukyu kingdom, 123, 150, 196–97

Saifu-d-Din, 188
salt rakers (yanding), 122
salt revenues, 122–23
Samarkand, 127, 161–62, 187–89
Sari Uighur, 161
Sejong, king of Korea, 191–92
Shacheng Fort, 174
Shahrukh Bahadur, 188–89
Shangdu, 21
Shanhai Pass, 35, 62
Shazhou (Dunhuang), 161–64
She Xiang, Madame, 86–87
Sheng Yong, 66–67, 69, 74
Shexian (dyeing mill), 113
Shi Kui, 125
Shi Wen, 109
Shu, Prince of. See Zhu Chun
Shundi, Emperor. See Toyon Temur
Shunning, Prince of. See Mahmud
Shuntianfu (Northern Metropolis), 7, 34, 108
Siming, 179
Somalia, 187, 197, 201, 204
Sonanjilasi, 163
Song dynasty, 153
Song Hu, 139
Song Li, 92–93, 119–20
Song Lian, 24–27, 59
Song Ying, 139
Song Zhong, 62, 64
soothing ministers (xuanweishi), 85
The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu), 25, 134
Sri Lanka, 197, 199, 203–6; chief’s capture by Zheng He, 206
Sulu, 197
Sumatra, 197, 199–200, 203–6
Sun, Lady, 17
Sun at Midday Gate (Chengyangmen), 7–8
Sun Chengze, 135
Sun Zi, 65–66
Suzhou, 70, 113, 201, 203, 206

Taejong, king of Korea, 191–92
Taiding (Esun Temur), 153
Taihang Mountains, 156
Taining Guard, 156
Taiyi, Lake, 125
Taiyuan, 48–49, 55, 154. See also Zhu Gang
Taizong, Ming emperor, 129, 211. See also Yongle, Emperor
Taizong, Tang emperor. See Li Shimin
Taklamakan Desert, 155, 160–63
Talini, 164
Tamerlane, 161, 188
Tang dynasty, 81, 107, 151–53
Tang He, 22
Tang Saier, 108
Tang Zhong, 89
Tartar Mongols, 16–17, 152; fights against Chinese, 165–77 passim
Tartarism (Ch. Dadan), 153
Tea-Horse Trade Bureaus (Chamasi), 160–61, 187
Temple of Heaven, 8
textile production, 112–13
Thang-long (Hanoi), 179
Thanh-hoa, 17, 179, 184, 186
Three Baskets, or Three Treasures (Sanskrit Tripitaka; Ch. San zang), 143
three offices (sansi), 86
Tian Chen, 87
Tian Zongding, 87
Tiananmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace), 7
Tibet, 84, 162, 187–88
Tie Xuan, 67, 74
Toghus Temur, 48, 148, 165
Tong Yong, 70
Tongguan, 156
Tongking, 178
Tongzhou, 31, 120
Toyon Temur (Emperor Shundi), 84, 148–49, 153, 165; death of, 21
Tran Nguy, 181–82
Tran Qui-khoang, 182–83
Tran regime, 178–79, 181
Treasure City (Baocheng, or “sepulchre”), 212
Treasure of the Emperor’s Respecting Heaven (Huangdi Fengtian Zhi Bao), 5
Treasure Instructions from Emperor Yongle (Ming Taizong baoxun), 79
Treatise on Military Preparation (Wubei zhi), 203
tribute trade, 123–24, 190, 193–94
True Stories of Filial Piety (Xiaoxun shishi), 144–46
Tula River, 171
Tumu Fort, 177
Turfan, 160, 165, 187, 189

Uygur, 161
Ulan Bator, 171
Union Link Channel. See Huitonghe
Uriyangqad Mongols, 16, 55; led by Naghachu, 46–47, 152; guard units of, 156–57; collusion with Tartars, 172–73

Vietnam. See Annam

Wala. See Oirat Mongols
Wang An, 166
Wang Cong, 167
Wang Da, 133
Wang Dun, 73–74
Wang Guitong, 180, 198
Wang Hao, 207
Wang Huan, 172
Wang Jin, 195
Wang Jing, 133
Wang Jinghong, 208
Wang Liang, 73
Wang Mang, 72
Wang Shuying, 73
Wang Yangming, 87
Wang Zhang, 11
Wang Zhong, 167
Wanli, Emperor, 219n14
Wei River (near Tongguan), 156
Wei River (Shangdong), 78, 119–21
weisuo, 114
Wen Huangdi, 129. See also Yongle, Emperor
Wen River, 119–20
West Sea. See Lop Nor
Western Mongols. See Oirat Mongols
Western Ocean, 207
Wu, Duke of. See Hongwu, Emperor
Wu, Emperor (Later Liang dynasty), 84
Wu, Prince of (Han dynasty), 60
Wu Gao, 108–9
Wu Zhong, 11, 92, 95, 125, 172
Wupingzhen, 176
Wusong River, 118

Xia Yuanji: jailed by Yongle, 10, 172; as minister of revenue, 92, 94, 102, 169
Xialai County, 11
Xiang, Prince of. See Zhu Bo
Xianning, Princess, 139
xiaofan (reducing feudatories), 61
Xiaoxuehuluzha, 163
Xidu, 179–80. See also Thanh-hoa
Xihai. See Lop Nor
Xie Gui, 61–62
Xie Jin: death of, 13, 98–99, 136; as biographer of Empress Ma, 36; as grand secretary, 96–98; as editor of Women of Chastity, 98, 139; as author of Imperial Genealogy, 98, 141; as editor of Grand Encyclopedia of Yongle, 132–33;
Xifengkou, 156
Xing Shu, 157–58
Xinghe, 168, 171–72
Xinzhou (Qui Nhon), 199
Xu Da, 21–22, 30–31; death of 37–38
Xu, Empress, 17; as Princess of Yan, 28, 30; defense of Beiping, 66; literary activities of, 98, 137–41; sons of, 98–99; daughters of, 139; tomb of, 211–12
Xu Huizu, 51, 53, 63, 75
Xu Kai, 62
Xu Qin, 75
Xu Zengshou, 62–63
Xu Zhie, 145
Xu Zhizheng, 145
Xuande, Emperor (Zhu Zhanji): relations with Yongle, 79, 98; Gaoxu rebellion crushed by, 100; as administrator of Beijing, 169; campaign against Mongols, 171; withdrawal from Annam, 186; revival of maritime activities, 207
Xuanfu, 55, 154, 167–70, 174
Xuanwu Gate (Xuanwumen), 3, 19
Xue Bin, 151
Xuzhou, 69, 108

Yan Bowei, 73
Yan Ya, 70
Yang Min, 198
Yang Pass, 164, 231n45
Yang Rong: as grand secretary, 13, 15, 96–97; campaigns against Mongols, 100–102, 171, 173, 176
Yang Sanbao, 187
Yang Shiqi: jailed by Yongle, 13; as grand secretary, 15, 96–97, 100–103; criticism of eunuch Ma Ji, 17, 185; as editor of Memorials by Famous Ministers, 142
Yang Zhen, 208
yangban (Korean gentry), 193
Yangzhou, 28, 108, 122
Yao Guangxiao. See Dao Yan
Yao people, 85, 123
Yaowanghuai, 163
The Yellow Registers (Huangce), 37, 94
Yeren (Jurchen), 157
Yi dynasty, 157, 191
Yi Songgye, 45–46, 191
Yi Tae, 191–92
Yibula, 163
yin (salt permit), 122
Yin Changlong, 73–74
Yin Qing, 198, 200–201
Yingchang, 21, 150, 172, 176
Yingtianfu (Nanjing Metropolis), 118
Yinjiercha, 160
Yishiha, 158–59
Yongan, Princess, 139
Yongle, Emperor (Zhu Di): birth of, 20, 58; childhood of, 21–24; early education of, 24–28; as Prince of Yan, 28–35; meets Dao Yan, 43–44; as commander of northern army, 48, 51, 56; and civil war, 63–70 passim; Jianwen supporters purged by, 70–76 passim; ascension of throne, 70, 77; governance philosophy of, 79–82, 89–93; building of new capital, 125–27; cultural activities of, 133–45 passim; campaigns against Mongols, 167–76 passim; motives for maritime activities, 201, 208; death of, 176–77, 207, 211–12
The Yongle Veritable Record (Ming Taizong shilu), 44, 83, 93, 167, 207
Yongning Temple, 158
Yongping, 64–65, 67
Yongping, Princess, 139
Yongqing, 62
Yu Shiji, 195
Yu Xin, 78, 92
Yuan dynasty, 21, 29, 57, 149, 187
Yuan Gang, 106
Yuan Gong, 53–54
Yuan Rong, 139
Yuan Yu, 108
Yugu Mongols, 162–65
Yumuchuan, 176, 211
Yunnan: conquest of, 37–38; provincial administration of, 86; troops sent to Annam, 179–82

Zanzibar, 206
Zeila, 204, 206
Zhang Bing, 61–62
Zhang Da, 208
Zhang Dan, 73
Zhang Fu, 83, 176, 179–83
Zhang Qian, 200
Zhang Sigong, 125
Zhang Xin, 61–62
Zhang Yuan, 198, 200
Zhao, Prince of. See Zhu Gaosui
Zhao Hong, 10, 92
Zhao Juren, 195
Zhao Qing, 108–9
Zhao Yi, 109
Zhaoqing, 123
Zheng Ci, 73–74, 92
Zheng He (Ma He), 10, 14, 38, 66, 188; in Malacca, 198–99; seven voyages led by, 201–8 passim
Zheng Heng, 172, 176
Zhending, Battle of, 64–65; 66, 78, 87
Zhengtong, Emperor, 177
Zhenjiang, 69, 122
Zhi Guang, 84, 187
Zhong, Mount (Zijinshan), 31, 36, 38, 58, 71, 77
Zhongli. See Fengyang
Zhongshun, Prince of. See Engke Temur
Zhou, Prince of. See Zhu Su
Zhou Man, 208
Zhou Quan, 195
Zhou Xin, 109
Zhou Wenbao, 125
Zhou Xin, 109
Zhu Bian (Prince of Min), 61, 76
Zhu Biao, 20–21, 43; as heir apparent, 23–25; death of, 49
Zhu Bo (Prince of Xiang), 61
Zhu Chun (Prince of Shu), 76, 218n25
Zhu Di. See Yongle, Emperor
Zhu Fu (Prince of Qi), 23, 29, 48, 61, 76
Zhu Fu (tutor), 27–28
Zhu Gang (Prince of Jin), 20, 23–24, 28, 48–51; death of, 55–56
Zhu Gaosui (Prince of Zhao), 58, 98–99, 137
Zhu Gaoxu (Prince of Han), 30, 58, 98–100, 137
Zhu Gaozhi. See Hongxi, Emperor
Zhu Gui (Prince of Dai), 55, 61, 76
Zhu Hui (Prince of Gu), 55, 70, 76, 218n25
Zhu Jixi (Prince of Jin), 218n25
Zhu Neng, 179
Zhu Quan (Prince of Ning), 55, 65, 76, 156
Zhu Rong, 16
Zhu Shuang (Prince of Qin), 20, 23–24, 28, 150; death of, 51–52
Zhu Su (Prince of Zhou), 20, 23–24, 28, 61, 76
Zhu Xi, 136
Zhu Yuanzhang. See Hongwu, Emperor
Zhu Yunwen. See Jianwen, Emperor
Zhu Zhan (Prince of Qing), 218n25
Zhu Zhanji. See Xuande, Emperor
Zhu Zhen (Prince of Chu), 29
Zhu Zhi (Prince of Liao), 55, 76
Zhuang people, 85
Zhuozhou, 67
Zizai (Independent and Content), 157
Zunhua (iron foundry), 112

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