GLOSSARY

PEOPLE

Cai Jing   蔡京   (1047–1126)

Cai Kelian   蔡克廉   (active 1560s)

Chen Xu   陳旭   (active c. 1524–45)

Cheng Changyu   程昌寓   (active c. 1130)

Dai Jin   戴金   (active c. 1541)

Fan Chengda   范成大   (1125–1193)

Fang La   方腊   (?–1121)

Ge Gaiyi   曷改益   (active c. 1522)

Gong Hui   龔輝   (active c. 1540)

Gu Zuo   顧佐   (?–1446)

Gui E   桂萼   (?–1541)

Guoheng   國亨   (active c. 1587)

Hai Rui   海瑞   (1514–1587)

Han Lin’er   韓林兒   (1340–1366)

Han Tongshan   韓山童   (?–1351)

Han Yong   韩雍   (1422–1478)

Huang Yingnan   黃應南   (active c. 1160)

Ji Gongzhi   棊公直   (active c. 1270s and 1280s)

Ke Xian   柯暹   (1389–1457)

Kim Panggyong   金方慶   (1212–1300)

Li Chunnian   李椿年   (1096–1164)

Li Gang   李綱   (1083–1140)

Li Xian   李憲   (active c. 1073)

Liu Bing   劉丙   (?–1518)

Liu Guangji   劉光濟   (active 1544–78)

Lu Jie   陸杰   (1488–1554)

Mao Zai   毛在   (1544–?)

Minde   鈱德   (active c. 1387)

Ni Dong   倪涷   (active 1570–90)

Pan Jian   潘鑒   (1482–1544)

Pang Shangpeng   龐尚鵬   (1524–1580)

Peng Shiqi   彭世麒   (active c. 1514)

Rong Ni   榮薿   (active 1141–58)

She Lu   奢祿   (active c. 1484)

Shen Kuo   沈括   (1030–1095)

Shu Yinglong   舒應龍   (active c. 1580)

Song Li   宋禮   (1358–1422)

Su Shi   蘇軾   (1037–1101)

Wang Anshi   王安石   (1021–1086)

Wang Li   汪禮   (active 1453–72)

Wang Yangming 王阳明 aka Wang Shouren 王守仁   (1472–1528)

Wang Zongmu   王宗沐   (1524–1592)

Xia Shi   夏時   (1395–1464)

Xie An   謝安   (active 1406–40)

Yang Yao   楊幺   (1108–1135)

Yang Yinglong   楊應龍   (1551–1600)

Ye Mengde   葉蒙得   (1077–1148)

Yuan Cai   袁采   (c. 1140–1190)

Zaiweibing   再維屏   (active c. 1589)

Zhang Juzheng   張居正   (1525–1582)

Zhang Lü   章閭 sometimes written 張閭 or 張驢   (active 1306–14)

Zhang Rongshi   張榮實   (active 1234–77)

Zhang Xi   張禧   (active 1260–76)

Zhang Xuan   張瑄   (active c. 1275)

Zhou Rudou   周如斗   (active 1547–77)

Zhu Chun   朱椿   (1371–1423)

Zhu Qing   朱清   (active c. 1275)

Zhu Xi   朱熹   (1130–1200)

Zhu Ying   朱英   (1417–1485)

TREES

bai/bo   柏   cedar, cypress (Cupressaceae family with scaly, rather than needlelike, leaves, principally in the Cupressoideae subfamily)

baiyang   白楊   poplar (Populus sp.)

chu   楮   paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera aka Morus papyrifera)

gui   桂   cassia, osmanthus (certain Cinnamomum sp. especially Cinnamomum cassia, as well as certain Osmanthus sp. especially Osmanthus fragrans; note that in Chinese, the genera Cinnamomum is split roughly in half, with some species called zhang and others called gui)

huai   槐   pagoda tree, sophora (Styphnolobium japonicum, formerly Sophora japonicum)

jiu 桕 or wujiu 乌桕   tallow tree (Saporum sebiferum)

li   栗   chestnut (Castanea sp.)

li   梨   pear (Pyrus sp., principally Pyrus pyrifolia)

li   李   plum, Chinese/Japanese plum (Prunus salicina)

liu   柳   willow (Salix sp.)

lizhi   荔枝   lychee (Litchi chinensis)

mei   梅   plum, green plum, ume (Prunus mume)

nai   奈   apple, crab apple (Malus sp.)

qi   漆   lacquer tree, Japanese sumac, varnish tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum)

qiu   楸   zelkova, Manchurian catalpa (Catalpa bungei)

sang   桑   mulberry (Morus sp., principally Morus alba)

shan/sha   杉   fir (refers to several species of conifer that are morphologically similar to true firs, Abies, generally with short needles and straight boles; the evolving classification of these species generally involves multiple different genera now grouped within the Cupressaceae family: in South China, shan/sha does not refer to true firs but instead most often refers to Cunninghamia lanceolata [China fir] or Cryptomeria japonica [Japanese cedar], and it may also include Taxodiacia [bald cypress], Metasequoia glyptostroboides [dawn redwood], and Tsuga [hemlock]; in North China, especially the far northeast, shan often does refer to true firs, Abies, or to certain species of larch, Larix)

shi   柿   persimmon (Diospyros kaki)

song   松   pine (Pinus sp.); the major commercial pine species in South China is Masson’s pine / horsetail pine: mawei song 馬尾松 (Pinus massoniana)

tao   桃   peach (Prunus persica)

tong   桐   tung (Vernicia fordii)

xing   杏   apricot (Prunus armeniaca)

yu   榆   elm (Ulmus sp.)

zao   棗   jujube, Chinese date, red date (Ziziphus jujuba)

zhang   樟   camphor (certain Cinnamomum sp., especially Cinnamomum camphora; note that in Chinese, the genera Cinnamomum is split roughly in half, with some species called zhang and others called gui)

zhe   柘   Chinese mulberry (Maclura tricuspidata)

zhu   竹   bamboo (subfamily Bambosoideae)

zi   梓   catalpa (Catalpa sp.)

OTHER TERMS

baiyao   白鷂   white falcon, a class of seagoing warship

ban   板   boards, board-cut lumber

bangjia   幫甲   head of supernumerary households at military garrisons

bantu   版圖   cadastral charts

baochuan   寶船   treasure ships

baojia   保甲   local self-defense and mutual responsibility group

baozheng   保正   head of a local self-defense group (baojia).

buhu   捕戶   hunting household

Caifu Fu   財賦府   Finance Commission

caikan   採砍   logging

cha   插   tree slip or cutting, or to plant from a slip or cutting

chahu   茶戶   tea household

chayuan   茶園   tea plantation

chi shanze zhi jin   馳山澤之禁   relax the restriction on the mountains and marshes

choufen 抽分 or choujie 抽解   drawn portion, the tariff on bamboo, timber, and bulk goods

chuanhu   船戶   boat household

chumao   鋤茅   dig weeds

chupi   楮皮   paper mulberry bark

dang   蕩   pools

dao   盜   theft

dao tianye gumai   盜田野穀麥   stealing wheat and rice from fields

daomai tianzhai   盜賣田宅   fraudulently selling fields and houses

daoyu chuan   魛魚船   mullet ship, a style common in the lower Yangzi

di   地   dry field

dian ji bu   坫基簿   cadastres of areal plot diagrams

dumu   督木   timber supervisor

erbi   珥筆   brush-pen hatpins, a colloquial name for litigation masters (songshi)

fan   蕃   Tibetan or Central Asian

fang   枋   square-cut lumber

feiqiao   飛橋   flying bridge

fenshan hetong   分山合同   forest shareholding agreement

gong   貢   tribute

gongfei yin   工費銀   public expense silver, a mid-1400s tax reform

guanlin   官林   state forest

guanmin   官民   state or private [property]

gui xin   鬼薪   [cutting] firewood for the spirits, a Qin/Han punishment

haigu chuan   海鶻船   sea hawk ship, a four-oared galley

haiyu   海鰌   whale, a large seagoing warship

hebo suo   河泊所   river mooring station

hu yi   虎翼   tiger wings, elite naval units of the Song imperial guard

huanggu   黄鵠   yellow goose, a class of seagoing warship

huangma   黃麻   hemp

huangmu   皇木   imperial timber

huangmu jie hu   皇木解戶   imperial timber transport household

huoshan hetong   伙山合同   forest partnership agreement

hutie   戶貼   household receipt

jin yin tong tie ye   金銀銅鐵冶   gold, silver, copper, and iron smelters

jingjie   境界   plot boundaries

jinshan   禁山   restricted forest

junping yin   均平銀   equalized silver, a late 1400s tax reform

junyao   均徭   equalized corvée, a mid-1400s tax reform

kejia   客家   Hakka, literally “guest families” or (better) “sojourner” or “tenant families”

kuaichuan   快船   fast warships

li yu zhongong   利於眾共   of public benefit

liehu   獵戶   hunting household

lifen   力分   labor share

lijia   里甲   administrative village or village-tithing group

lijia junping   里甲均平   village equalization, an early 1500s tax reform

lin   林   grove, woodland

linmu   林木   timber trees

linmu can tian   林木參天   woods that block out the sky

longduan   壟斷   monopolize

ludang   蘆蕩   reed pools

man   蠻   “barbarians,” especially non-Han peoples of the interior south

meizha   煤渣   coal fragments

miao   苗   seedling

minbing   民兵   militia

muguan   木官   timber office

pinyue   拚約   clearance contract

qingdan   清單   inventory list

qingzhang xince   清丈新册   clarified measurements in the new cadastres, i.e., acreage based on the 1581 surveys

ru   儒   Confucian scholar

shanchang   山場   forest workshop, lumberyard

shantian mudi   山田墓地   mountain plots and grave land

shanye 山野 or shanye hupo 山野陂湖   mountains, wilds, ponds, and embankments, a variant of shanze

shanye wu yi jia gongli   山野物已加功力   products of the wild with labor already invested in them

shanze 山澤 or shanlin huze 山林湖澤   mountains and marshes or mountains, groves, ponds, and marshes wilds; open-access lands

shanze zhi li   山澤之利   bounties of the mountains and marshes

shanze zhi rao   山澤之饒   products gathered from the wilds

shaohuang   燒荒   burn the grasses

She   畬   an ethnic group of the Wuyi Mountains, perhaps related to their practice of swidden agriculture, or a transliteration of the term for “person” in their language

Shenmu Chang   神木廠   Sacred Timber Depot

Shenmu Shan   神木山   Sacred Tree Mountain

shicai chang   事材場   lumber-working yard

shitan   石炭   mineral coal

shuijun zongguan   水軍總管   director of the navy

sichai   四差   four levies, a mid-1400s tax reform

songshi   訟師   litigation master

songshu   訟書   litigation manual

tang 塘 or tangchi 塘池   pond

taojin hu   淘金戶   gold-panning household

tian   田   paddy field

tianche   天車   winch, crane, or capstan

tianfu   田賦   land tax

tongshan   童山   bare mountain

tuicai chang   退材場   lumber recovery yard

wanhufu   萬戶府   myriarchy, command of 1,000 troops; Mongolian: tümen, Korean: manhobu

xide qiaocai   觽得樵採   common-access fuel collection

Xihe Cai Mai Muzhi Si   熙河採買木植司   Xihe Logging and Timber Purchase Bureau

yanzhang   煙瘴   miasmatic vapors, probably malaria

yaoyi   徭役   corvée, labor service

yehu   冶戶   smelter households

yu   虞   hunter, forester

yuan   園   garden or orchard

yuan li   園籬   orchards and hedges

yuanlin   園林   orchards and woodlands

yue ling   月令   seasonal regulations

yuhu   漁戶   fishing household

zachan   雜產   miscellaneous property

zaohu   灶戶   saltern household

zhonghu zhili   眾戶殖利   public benefit

zhuanyun si   轉運司   transport bureau

zhufen   主分   ownership share

zhumu chang   竹木場   bamboo and timber depot

zushan qi   租山契   forest rental contract