INDEX

abstinence, 95–96
actors, 14, 15
adultery, 25, 34
age: and abstinence, 95–96; and cosmetic improvements, 13; segregation in housing, 123n8
alcohol and drinking, 22, 63
alligators, 90–91
The Analects, xvi
ancestors: cult of, xviii; in family hierarchy, xviii; imperial, xviii, xxv. See also filial piety
animals: compassion for/in, 106–7; dangers of, 90–91; exotic animals as tribute goods, xxii, 51–53; liberation of, 62; marine oddities, 103–4; pregnancy in, 91, 92–93
appeals, 43–44
appearance: and clothes, 1, 13–15; improving, 13; and tattoos, 15–16
artisans, xvii
August Ming Ancestral Injunctions (Huang Ming zuxun), 45

baguwen (eight-legged essay), x
Bai Gongmin, 19
Baigou, battle of, 67
bamboo, 110, 111
bathing, 5
Beijing: move of capital to, xiv–xv; and Muslim construction, 3
Bencao gangmu (Li Shizhen), 26–27
benevolence: and loaning books, 13; and longevity of dynasties, 40–43; as virtue, xvi
biji genre, xix–xxi, 124n30
The Biography of the Toad (Xiama zhuan), 25
The Birth Treasury (Chanbao lun), 91
body: and Muslim practices, 2; tattoos, 15–16. See also appearance; health and medicine
The Book of Changes (Yijing/Zhouyi), xv, 41
The Book of Documents (Shangshu), xv
The Book of Rites (Liji), xv
The Book of Songs (Shijing), xv, 96, 97–99, 124n33
The Book of Transformations (Hua shu), 85–86
The Book on the White Cloud Lair Fascicle, 83
books: censorship of, 99–100, 107; and hygiene, 21; loaning/returning, 12–13, 100; materia medica, 26–27; and printing industry, ix, xx, 96–100. See also literary canon
branch cycles, xxxi
bribery, xxvi, 32, 71, 73
Buddhism: background on, xviii–xix; and currying favor, 57–58; images and sculptures, 79, 88–89; and liberation of animals, 62; monks, 8–9, 71–72; and Mount Putuo, 87; nuns, 74–75; political control and influence, 71–72, 73–74; restrictions on, xiii, xix; revival of, 121n5; and righteousness, 8–9; and supernatural births, 95; temples, 8–9, 73–74, 79; war dead rituals, 67, 68
burials and graves: and city gates, 71; and disinterment, 7–8; disrepair of, 6; entombed inscriptions, 5, 23; grave declarations, 23; grave goods, 16–17; grave rites and offerings, 87–88; imperial tombs, 69; of remarried widows, 27–28; robbing of, 16–17; of Tibetan monks, 72; Ye Sheng on, 17
butterflies, 34

cabbage, 94
Cai Xiang, 17
Cao E, 86–87
Celestial Consort title, 79
Censorate, role of, 121n2
censors: and appeals, 43–44; title, xxx
censorship, 99–100, 107
census, xiii
chance and marriage, 35–38
Chaste Wife Wang, 35, 36–37
chaupur, 38
Chen Liang, 60
Chen Xuan, 52
Chen Yi, 39–40
Chen Yue, 51
Chen Zongxun, 31
Chen Zuo, 107
Cheng Minzheng, xxiv
Chenghua reign: capital punishment in, 60– 61; death of emperor, xxiii; and merchants, 57–58
Chinese, difficulties in writing, 8
Chuogenglu, 52
ci poetry, 83
civil service examination: and decline of education, 54–55; essays, x, xxv, 55; importance of, x, xi; and jinshi degree, xi, xxii, xxiv, 18–19, 83–84; by Lu, xxii, 68, 83–84; omens of, 68, 83–84; revision of, xiv
civil service performance reviews, xi, xxiii
class: and clothes, 1, 13–15; and filial piety, 31; and gender segregation, xviii; and mourning poems, 23; and New Year’s customs, 6–7; and property distribution, 2–4; and religion, xviii, 76; and ritual observance difficulties, 4–5; social climbing, 9–10; as theme in Bean Garden, xxi. See also status
Classics of the dynasty (Guochao diangu), xxviii
clothes: and class, 1, 13–15; cross dressing, 10, 14, 15
cloud-soul, 87–88
coins, 59, 79
The Collected Works of the Gentleman of Model Studio (Lu), xxv
commoners: and cults of officials, 39–40; currying favor by, 57–58; and economy, xvii; as eunuchs, 44; and imperial tombs, 69; mountain worship by, 76–77, 79; poverty of, 42, 43; and ritual observances, 4–5; and widow remarriage, 125n2
Confucianism: and festivals, 39; Learning of Principle (lixue), xvi; literary canon, xv–xvii, 123n15; neo-Confucianism, x, xvi; promotion of by Yongle, xiv
Confucius: and The Analects, xvi; and The Book of Songs, 96, 97–99; and The Spring and Autumn Annals, 127n33; worship of in state cult, xviii
Court of Imperial Sacrifices, 58
Court of Imperial Stud, 58
Court of State Ceremonial, 58
courtesans, 7, 30–31, 32–33, 45
covenant groups, 18
crabs, 106
criminals: and appeals, 43–44; and covenant groups, 18; and filial piety, 78; and loyalty, 1; and manners, 11–12; marriage fraud by, 10; mercy on, 66; and opera, 14, 15; teachers as, 10–11, 18; and theft, 12. See also killings
cross dressing, 10, 14, 15
cults: ancestors cult, xviii; Cao E cult, 131n38; denouncing of by Lu, xxiii, 76–77; of filial piety, 78, 131n38; generals cult, 77; local/licentious cults, xix, xxiii, 76–77; and mountain worship, 76–77, 79; of officials, 39–40, 65; state cult, xviii; of widow fidelity, x; Zhang Xun cult, 8, 123n14

Dadu. See Beijing
Dai Jingyuan, 91
Dai Yong, 10–11
Dalongfu temple, 73
Daoism: background on, xviii–xix; and currying favor, 57–58; and exorcism, 77–78; restrictions on, xiii; and supernatural births, 95
dates, translator notes on, xxxi
Daxinglong temple, 73
death: and city gates, 71; and entombed inscriptions, 5, 23; industry, 23; and mourning by courtesans, 32–33; and mourning of war dead, 67, 68; and mourning poems, 23; and out-of-body experiences, 69; predictions of, 30; and records of conduct, 5; and reincarnation, 67, 81–82. See also burials and graves; killings
demons, 69–70, 80
Directorate of Credentials, 55–57
Directorate of Palace Seals, 55–57
disappearances, 25–27, 70–71
Discussions of the Masters (Zhuzi bian), 85
The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong), xvi
Dou Mo, 57
dragons, 103, 130n15
dreams, 83–84
drinking, 22, 63
Du Chang, 69
Du Mu, 82
Duanwu festival, 39
Duke of Ying/Zhang Fu, 49
dung (scarab) beetles, 24, 26
dynasties: list of, xxxii; longevity of, 40–43

earth gods, 84–85
Eastern Marchmount/Mount Tai, 75, 76–77
economy: background on, ix, x, xiii–xiv, xvii; and commoners, xvii; and land distribution, 2–4; and salt production, xiii, xvii, xviii, 102; and silver, x, xxvii, 109; and trade, x, 3, 50. See also money
education: and criminal teachers, 10–11, 18; decline of, 54–55; of eunuchs, 44, 48; and literary canon, xv–xvii; love of studying, 100; of Lu, xxi–xxii; and neglect of schools, 61; of women, 54–55
eight-legged essay (baguwen), x
emperors: dual, xv, 46–48; and golden tallies, 55–57; images of, 65; imperial tombs, 69; names of, xxix–xxx; role of, xii; standards for, 4; and state cult, xviii; and succession, xii, 46–48, 55–57; and time, xii. See also imperial family
The Emperor’s Four Treasuries (Siku quanshu), xxi
Empress Dowager Zhang, 55–57
entertainment and tricks, 13
entombed inscriptions/burial records, 5, 23
Esen (Oirat commander), 51
eunuchs: and bribery, 32, 73; and censorship, 107; education of, 44, 48; and golden tallies, 55–57; illegal, 44; and Lu Shen, xxiv; Lu’s resistance to, xxiii; and military service, xiv, 44, 49, 51; numbers of, xii; occupations by, 44, 48–49; officials’ dislike of, xiii; political influence of, xii–xiii, xiv, xv, 48–49, 107; secret police, xiii, 47; status of, xiii, 44, 49; and temples, 73–74; and torture, 47
excise taxes, 109
exorcism, 76–78
Explanations about Sprites and Fiends (Yaomei shuo), 80
Extended Meanings of the Great Learning (Daxue yanyi), 107

family: and inheritance, xviii; and jealousy between brothers, 30; killings by, 24–25, 64–65; kin groups, xviii; as main social unit, xviii; theft and false-dealing within, 12, 32. See also filial piety; imperial family
Fan Li, 82–83
fans, 7
farming: changes in crops, 94; and irrigation, 100–101; local customs and crops, 104; as main occupation, xvii, 2–4
fashion, 1, 13–15
favor, currying, 57–58
Fei Xuan, 59
Feng Dao, 96
festivals, 39
Fifth Sister-in-Law Song, 62, 63
filial piety: and class, 31; and criminals, 78; cults of, 78, 131n38; difficulties in observing rituals, 4–5; and drinking, 22; of Lu, xxii, xxiii–xxiv; public expression of, xviii; and reincarnation, 81–82; and remarried widows, 27–28; as virtue, xvi; of women, 24, 27–29, 86–87
fireworks, 20
fish and fishing, 62, 103–4, 104–5
Five Classics, xv–xvii, 96
Five Dynasties, 40–41
Five Phases theory, 132n4
Five Punishments, 127n19
Five Sons temple, 78
foreigners: and hierarchy, 60; Muslims as, 2, 3; political influence of Tibetan monks, 71–72; and righteousness, 8–9. See also Mongols
Four Books (Sishu), xiv
fraud: marriage, 10, 25–26; by shamans, 75–76
friendship and New Year’s customs, 6–7
Fu Jian, 60

games and chance marriage, 35–38
Gao Siping, 43
gender: cross dressing, 10, 14, 15; and opera, 14, 15; roles for women, x; segregation by, xviii, 123n8. See also men; women
genealogies and social climbing, 9–10
Gentleman of Model Studio. See Lu Rong
geomancy, 129n5
ghosts: communicating with, 67–68; in crossing river story, 81; and health, 106; and mountains, 80; and reincarnation, 81–82; removal of, 69–70; spirit marriages, 74; vengeful (li) term, 8; writing by, 70; and wrongful deaths, 64, 65
gods: city, 72–73; earth, 84–85; extinction of, 88; naming of, 79; registration of, 130n9; and state cult, xviii
gold tallies, 55–57
gong term, xxix
gossip, 5–6
Gou Jian, 62, 131n25,28
grand coordinators, appeals to, 43–44
Grand Pronouncements (Dagao), 45, 59
graves. See burials and graves
Great Learning, xvi, 133n23
Great Mother, 78
Great Wall, 50
Guanyin, 87
Guo Guan, 43–44
Guo Qigongzi, 33
Guo Sheng, 58

Han dynasty: and literary canon, xvi; longevity of, 40; punishments in, 47
Han Gaozu, 40, 41
Han Guangwudi, 40
Han Qi, 16–17
Han Wendi, 40
Han Zhangdi, 40
Han Zhaodi, 40
Hangzhou, names for, 129n54
Hao Tianting, 57
He Yin, 54
health and medicine: and abstinence, 95–96; and false prayers, 32; Five Phases theory, 132n4; and ghosts, 106; materia medica, 26–27; and pregnancy, 91–94, 106; prescriptions for, 105–6; scarab beetles, 24, 26–27; and students, 91; and urine, 105, 106; wrong medicine fears, 91–92
hierarchy: of family, xviii; and foreigners, 60; of scholar-officials, xxx
history: and biji genre, xix–xxi; and literary canon, xvi–xvii
Hongwu emperor/Taizu/Zhu Yuanzhang: background on, xiii–xiv; benevolence and longevity of, 40–43; coinage and paper money, 59; failures of, 59–60; images of, 65; and imperial tomb site, 69; and incorporation of Suzhou, 44– 45; and Song Lian, 6; and taxes, xiii, xiv, 42, 43
Hongwu Rhymes (Hongwu yun), 59–60
Hongzhi emperor/Zhu Youtang/Ming Xiaozong: cross dressing laws, 15; names of, xxix–xxx; and transfer of Lu, xxiii
honor killings, 25
horsetail skirts, 13–15
housing, segregation in, xviii, 123n8
How a Confucian Scholar Serves His Parents (Rumen shiqin), 91
Hu Jun, 21
Hu Weiyung, 126n10
Huang Yu, 50
Huizhong emperor, 129n53
hygiene: and bathing, 5; and reading, 21

images: Buddhist images and sculptures, 79, 88–89; of city gods, 72–73; of emperors, 65
Imperial Bodyguard, xxii–xxiii, xxiv
imperial family: coming-of-age ceremonies, 4; and golden tallies, 55–57; influence of, xii; punishments for, 45–46; and state cult, xviii
“In the Wilds There Is a Dead Antelope,” 96, 97–99
An Inquiry into History (Zhuo gu lun), 60
Islam: cultural practices, 2; Muslim advisors, 3; and righteousness, 8–9; and theft, 12

jade seal, 41
Ji An, 42
Jia Sidao, 87
Jiandi, 94
Jiang Xilu, 19
Jiang Zongyi, 71
Jianwen emperor, xiv
Jin dynasty, 60, 61–64
Jingsheng. See Tan Qiao
Jingtai emperor, xv, 46–48
jinshi degree: and career paths, xxii; importance of, xi; and Lu, xxii, 83–84; and Lu Shen, xxiv; and memorial arches, 18–19. See also civil service examination
Judge Bao, 65
Judge Dee, 65

killings: and capital punishment, 60–61; in fishing industry, 105; honor killings, 25; of husbands, 24–25, 64–65; and qi, 42; and religious violence, 9, 72
Kimnara, 84
kin groups, xviii
Kou Jun, 13
kraken, 78
Kuang Ye, 49

labor service duties, x, 42, 109
Lady of Suitability of Ji, 81–82
land: distribution and class, 2–4; registration survey, xiii; taxes on, xiii, 53–54
laws: appeals, 43–44; cross dressing, 15; and punishments, 45–46; respecting older, 45–46; and torture, 47; and wrongful persecution, 10–11
Learning of Principle (lixue), xvi
left/right in job titles, xxx
Li Binzhi, 22
Li Chun, 15
li coins, 128n45
li ghosts, 8, 130n12
Li Kan, 45
Li Shizhen, 26
Li Xiaoguang, 35, 36–37
Li Zhao, 45
Liang Shanbo, 33–34
Liao Zhuang, 47
licentious cults, xix, xxiii, 76–77
lightning, 110
lions, xxii, 51–53
literary canon: concerns about “lewd” poems, 96, 97–99; Five Classics, xv–xvii, 96; Four Books, xiv
Liu Binzhong, 57
Liu Ji, xxiii
Liu Jin, xxiv
Liu Yin, 57
Liu Yinjing, 32–33
Liu Yu, 125n9
lixue (Learning of Principle), xvi
local cults, xix, xxiii, 76–77
longevity and abstinence, 95–96
Longxing Buddhist Temple, 79
love and romance, 33–34
loyalty, 1
Lu Dingyi, 68
Lu Guimeng, 82
Lu Ji, 81
Lu Rong: biography, xxi–xxvii; and career, xxii–xxiii, xxv–xxvi, 48; and civil service exam, xxii, 68, 83–84; dates for, ix; denouncing of cults by, xxiii, 76–77; education of, xxi–xxii; family, xxiv, xxvi; filial piety of, xxii, xxiii–xxiv; influence and legacy of, xxiv–xxv; names of, xxiii, xxv, xxix; poetry by, xxv, 83–84; writing style, x–xi, xxi, xxv–xxvii. See also The Collected Works of the Gentleman of Model Studio; Miscellaneous Records from the Bean Garden
Lu Shen, xxiv
Lu Yi, 122n19
Lu Zhan, 13
Luo Lun, 18

manners, 11–12
marriage: and chance, 35–38; by courtesans, 45; and disappearing brides, 25–27; fraud in, 10, 25–26; polyandry in, 34; remarriage by widows, 27–28; spirit marriages, 74
martyrdom: and female fidelity, x, 35, 36–37; and torture, 47
Master Zhu’s Family Ritual (Zhuzi jiali), 16
Mazu/Tianfei, 130n18
memorial arches, 18–19
men: and appearance, 13; association with yang, 130n20; coming-of-age ceremonies for, 4; cross dressing by, 10, 14; and marriage fraud, 10; and polyandry, 34
Mencius, xvi, xxv, xxvi, 126n8, 132n15
Mengzi (Mencius), xvi
merchants: currying favor by, 57–58; status of, xvii–xviii
military: and eunuchs, xiv, 44, 49, 51; and Hongwu emperor, 41–43; in Lu’s 1488 memorial, xxv; and mourning of war dead, 67, 68; nepotism in, 19; status of, xii; and Tumu disaster, xv, 49–51; and Yingzong emperor, xv; and Yongle emperor, xiv
Ming dynasty: background on, ix–xv; influence of, xxvii; list of reign periods, xxxiii
Ming Xiaozong. See Hongzhi emperor/Zhu Youtang/Ming Xiaozong
mining, silver, 107–10
The Minor Prefaces, 98–99
miracles, 34
miscarriage, 91, 92, 93
Miscellaneous Records from the Bean Garden: influence of, ix, xxi; place in genre, xix–xxi; size of, xxi; themes and style, x–xi, xx–xxi, xxviii; translation notes, xxviii–xxxi; versions, xxviii
money: coins, 59, 79; translator notes on, xxxi; wasting of, 21–22; and wealth in ancient times, 2–4
Mongols: cooperation with, 57, 60; military campaigns against, xiv, xv, 49–51; trade with, 50
monkeys, 64–65
monks, 8–9, 71–72, 73–74
monsters: dragons, 103, 130n15; exorcism of, 76–78; and health, 106; kraken, 78; water creatures, 90–91
mosques, 3
mountains: birthdays of, 75; dangers of, 80; five sacred, 130n13; Mount Putuo, 87; worship of, xviii, 76–77, 79. See also Eastern Marchmount/Mount Tai
Music Bureau (Tang dynasty), 14

names: for Lu, xxiii, xxv, xxix; naming gods, 79; translator notes on, xxix–xxx
nepotism, 19
New Year’s customs, 6–7
nuns, 74–75

officials. See scholar-officials
officials, aboriginal, 38
omens, 68, 83–84, 110–11
opera, 14, 15
Ouyang Xiu, 5, 17, 21

paintings, 65
paper, 19–20, 105
Pengxuan leiji version, xxviii
Pictures of Auspicious Bamboo and Auspicious Squash (Ruizhu ruigua tu), 111
pirates, xxii
plants: crops, 94, 104; as omens, 110–11
poetry: “lewd” poems, 96, 97–99; by Lu, xxv, 83–84; mourning poems, 23
politics: background on, xi–xv; Buddhist influence on, 71–72, 73–74; and currying favor, 57–58; and eunuchs, xii–xiii, xiv, xv, 48–49, 107; foreigners’ principles of, 60; and images of the emperor, 65; purges, xiv, xv, 42, 132n3; and royal family, xii. See also emperors; scholar-officials
posthumous names, xxix
prayer wheels, 9
predictions, fulfilled, 30–31
pregnancy, 2, 91–95, 106
Prescriptions from the Birth Treasury (Chanbao zhufang), 91
prices, translator notes on, xxxi
Prince of Qi, 46
Prince of Shu/Zhu Chun, 6
Prince of Yan. See Yongle emperor/Prince of Yan
Prince Xiang/Zhu Zhanshan, 55–57
printing industry, ix, xx, 96–100
prostitution, 14
punishments: capital, 60–61; laws, 45–46; and torture, 47
Pure Armies, 44
purges, xiv, xv, 42, 132n3
Putuo/Pudanluojia, Mount, 87

qi: defined, 126n12; and dual emperors, 46; and killings, 42; and pregnancy, 92–93; and students’ health, 91
Qi, 94
Qian Liangchen, 63
Qian Weiyan, 21
Qin dynasty: as evil, 41, 42; and Five Punishments, 127n19; as foreign, 60; longevity of, 40
Qin Gui, 61–62, 64
Qin Shihuangdi, 41
Qing dynasty, ix, xxvii
Qinzong emperor, 129n53
qiongli term, 132n13
Qiu Jun, 107
Qu Yuan, 126n1

rats, 110
records of conduct, 5
Records of Things Heard in Central Wu (Zhongwu jiwen), 19
rectitude, 20–21
Register of Sacrifices, 72, 76
reincarnation, 67, 81–82
religion: background on, xviii–xix; and class, xviii, 76; mountain and river worship, xviii, 76–77, 79; praying for war dead, 67, 68; restrictions on, xiii, xiv; and righteousness of foreigners, 8–9; violence in, 9, 72. See also Buddhism; cults; Daoism; gods; Islam
right conduct as virtue, xvi
righteousness, 8–9
right/left in job titles, xxx
rites and rituals: coming-of-age ceremonies, 4; difficulties in observing, 4–5; grave rites, 87–88; New Year’s customs, 6–7; ritual propriety as virtue, xvi; for war dead, 67, 68
rivers: managing, 58–59; worship of, xviii, 79

sacrifices, 51, 72
salt production, xiii, xvii, xviii, 101–3
scarab beetles, 24, 26
scholar-officials: and attention to detail, 53; background on, xi–xiii; bureaucratic structure and hierarchy of, xi, xxx; challenges of, 58–59; and city gods, 130n9; cults of, 39–40, 65; and earth gods, 84–85; factionalism among, xi–xii; influence of, xi–xiii; and living simply, 20–21; in Lu’s 1488 memorial, xxv–xxvi; memorial arches for, 18–19; mercy by, 66; and Mongol cooperation, 57; and mourning poems and records, 23; names of, xxix; risks to, xv, 48; salaries, 40; and serving in good faith, 54; titles of, xxx. See also civil service examination; jinshi degree
schools. See education
seal, jade, 41
secret police, xxii–xxiii, xxiv
sex: abstinence from, 95–96; avoiding during pregnancy, 91, 92–93; and polyandry, 34
shamans, 75–76, 80, 88
Shang dynasty, 40–41, 126n7
Shi Heng, 51
Shisheng. See Kong Yuan
Shizhai. See Lu Rong
Shizong emperor, 79
Shuanghuai suichao (Huang Yu), 50, 121n8
Shudong riji (Ye Sheng), 121n8
Shuyuan zaji. See Miscellaneous Records from the Bean Garden
Si River, 58–59
silver, x, xxvii, 107–10, 109
Sima Guang, 5–6
Sima Qian, 131n29
sincerity as virtue, xvi
snake gourd vine, 110–11
sobriquets, xxix
Song Chang, 6
Song dynasty: biji genre in, xx; and literary canon, xvi; longevity of, 40; peace agreement with Jin, 61–64; punishments in, 47
Song Gaozong, 62–64
Song Lian, 6, 85, 100
Song Qiqiu, 85–86
Song Taizu, 40, 79
Song Xiaozong, 63
soul: cloud-soul, 87–88; white-soul, 88
Spanish needles, 105
spiders, 106
spirit marriages, 74
spirit road steles, 23
spirit tablets, 87
spirit-writing, 129n2
The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu), xv, 52, 57, 123n15
state cult, xviii
status: and clothes, 1; of eunuchs, xiii, 44, 49; and gender segregation, xviii; and genealogies, 9–10; of merchants, xvii–xviii; of military, xii; of opera performers, 14, 15; and social climbing, 9–10; as theme in Bean Garden, xxi; and titling wives, 29– 30. See also class
steles, spirit road, 23
stem cycles, xxxi
students: health of, 91; love of studying, 100
style names, xxix
Su Shi, 82
Sui dynasty, 40, 41, 42
Sui Yangdi, 41
suibi. See biji genre
Sun Ren, 6
Sun Yikui, 92–93
supernatural phenomenon: and Buddhist nuns, 74–75; and burials and disinterment, 7–8; communicating with spirits, 67–68; and cults of officials, 65; demons, 69–70, 80; and disappearances, 25–27, 70–71; fulfilled predictions, 30–31; lightning, 110; and miracles, 34; need to investigate, 95; omens, 68, 83–84, 110–11; and out-of-body experiences, 69; and pregnancy, 94–95; shamans, 75–76, 80, 88; spirit marriages, 74; spirit-writing, 129n2. See also ghosts; monsters
Supplement to Extended Meanings of the Great Learning (Daxue yanyi bu), 107
Suzhou, incorporation of, 44–45

Tai, Mount/Eastern Marchmount, 75, 76–77
Taibo, 83
Taizong. See Yongle emperor/Prince of Yan
Taizu. See Hongwu emperor/Taizu/Zhu Yuanzhang
talismans, 56
tallies, 55–57
Tan Qiao, 85–86
Tang dynasty: generals cult, 77; and rise of opera, 14; virtue and longevity of, 40
Tang Jie, 58
Tang Rhymes (Tang yun), 59–60
Tang Taizong, 40, 41
tangerines, 94
tattoos, 15–16
taxes: accuracy and fairness in, 53–54; commutation to silver, x, 109; exemptions for Muslims, 3; and Hongwu reign, xiii, xiv, 42, 43; lijia system, xiii, xiv
testicles, 2
thearch, 75, 79
theft, 12, 66
Three Dynasties, virtue of, 40–41
Three Eminences Shrine, 82
Tianfei/Mazu, 130n18
Tianshun emperor. See Yingzong emperor/Zhu Qizhen
Tibetan monks, 71–72
tigers, 28–29, 64
time, xii, xxxi
Tingxian. See Dai Yong
titles: and memorial arches, 18–19; and naming of gods, 79; of wives, 29
toilet, 21
tombs: imperial, 69; stupa for, 72
torture, 47
trade, x, 3, 50
The Treatise on Manifold Topics (Zhang Hua), 13
tribute goods, xxii, 51–53, 57–58
tricks and entertainment, 13
Tu Baoshi, 33
Tumu disaster, xv, 49–51
turtles, 62, 90–91

underworld, 130n14
urine, 105, 106

Vietnam, xiv, xxii
virtue: in courtesans, 32–33; and literary canon, xvi; and longevity of dynasties, 40–43

Wan An, 15
Wang Anshi, 5–6
Wang Ao, xxiv–xxv, 3
Wang Bo, 96, 98–99
Wang Fu, 72
Wang Huai, 63
Wang of Taizhou, 35, 36–37
Wang Pan, 57
Wang Qi, 20–21
Wang Wen, 55
Wang Yue, 7–8, 31
Wang Zhen, xv, 48, 51
wasting: of money, 21–22; of paper, 20
water: drilling for, 5; and irrigation, 100–101
water-wheels, 100–101
Wei Ji, 66
Wei Ying, 61
weights and measure, translator notes on, xxx
Wenliang. See Lu Rong
Western Zhou dynasty as focus of Five Classics, xv–xvi
white-soul, 88
widows: cult of widow fidelity, x; and murder, 24–25; remarriage of, 27–28
Willow Shoot, 39
women: as aboriginal officials, 38; association with yin, 130n20; Buddhist nuns, 74–75; chasteness and martyrdom, 35, 36–37; in city god imagery, 73; coming-of-age ceremonies for, 4; as courtesans, 7, 30–31, 32–33, 45; cult of widow fidelity, x; and demons, 80; difficulties in observing rituals for common, 4–5; disappearing brides, 25–27; education of, 54–55; exorcism of, 76–78; and fans, 7; filial piety of, 24, 28–29, 86–87; guide for Lu’s daughter, xxvi; honor killings, 25; honoring of Cao E, 86–87; and killing of husbands, 24–25, 64–65; and marriage fraud, 10, 25–26; and polyandry, 34; and pregnancy, 2, 91–94, 106; as rulers, 60; as scholars, 33–34; shamans, 75; titles for wives, 29–30; and water gods, 79; work by, 2
writing: and decline of education, 54–55; difficulties of Chinese language, 8; by ghosts, 70; spirit-writing, 129n2
Wu emperor, 42
Wu Kuan, xxiv
Wu Zetian, 128n49
Wu Zhao, 60

Xi Ning, 51
Xia (Consort), 82
Xia dynasty, 40–41, 126n7
Xie An, 34
Xie Guozhen, xxi
Xie Jing, 58–59
Xie Yingfang, 82
Ximin. See Chen Yi
Xishi, 82
Xiuji, 94
Xu An, 73
Xu Bin, 75
Xu Heng, 57
Xu Tai, xxvi
Xu Xun, 78
Xuan emperor, 40

Yan Yuxi, 73–74
yang: association with male, 130n20; and grave offerings, 88
Yang Dao, 29–30
Yang Hong, 51
Yang Pu, 128n39
Yang Rong, 128n39
Yang Shiqi, 29, 128n39
Yang Weizhen, 35
Yang Xin, 67
Yanling Jizi, 83
Yao Shu, 57
Yao Sui, 57
Ye Sheng, xxii, xxvii, 17, 35
yin: association with female, 130n20; and grave offerings, 88; water as, 79
Yingzong emperor/Zhu Qizhen, xv, xxx, 46–48, 77
Yongle emperor/Prince of Yan, xiv–xv, 3, 67, 129n1
Yü, 94
Yu Ji, 81
Yu Qian, xv, 51, 55
Yu Sumin, 19
Yuan dynasty: biji genre in, xx; censorship by, 99; as cruel, 42, 47; and Islam, 3; scholar-official cooperation with, 57, 60; and sea turtles, 90

Zha Yongdun, 43
Zhang Daoling, 79
Zhang Fu/Duke of Ying, 49
Zhang Han, 82
Zhang Hua, 13
Zhang Hui, 96
Zhang Liang, 82
Zhang Lun, 46–48, 85, 106
Zhang Shicheng, 45
Zhang Tai, 122n19
Zhang Xun, 8
Zhao Xiong, 63
Zhen Dexiu, 133n23
Zheng He, xiv, 3
Zheng Jie’an, 19
Zheng Xuan, 97
Zhengtong emperor. See Yingzong emperor/Zhu Qizhen
Zhong Tong, 47–48
Zhongyong, 83
Zhou Chen, 53, 54
Zhou Chu, 78
Zhou dynasty, xv–xvi, 40–41
Zhou Hongmou, 15, 52
Zhou Jingxin, 40–43
Zhou Mi, xxvii, 62
Zhu Chun/Prince of Shu, 6
Zhu Qizhen. See Yingzong emperor/Zhu Qizhen
Zhu Xi: and The Book of Songs, 96, 97–99; and Buddhism, xix; on grave goods, 16; on grave offerings, 87; and neo- Confucianism, xvi; promotion of by Yongle, xiv
Zhu Yingtai, 33–34
Zhu Youdun, 14
Zhu Youtang. See Hongzhi emperor/Zhu Youtang/Ming Xiaozong
Zhu Yuanzhang. See Hongwu emperor/Taizu/Zhu Yuanzhang
Zhu Zemin, 81–82
Zhu Zhanshan/Prince Xiang, 55–57
Zhuangzi, 132n17
Zilan. See Xie Yingfang
Zuozhuan, 54, 123n15, 127n33, 131n29

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