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INDEX
- agricultural development: Ainu assimilation, Japaneseness, and, 173–74; Kaitakushi and, 42–47; in Latin America, 72–73; livestock, 44–45; Model Barn, 48, 49fig.; river concretization and, 145
- Ainu Association of Hokkaido, 180, 181, 185
- Ainu Cultural Promotion Act (1997), 178, 215n24
- Ainu peoples: agricultural history of, 173, 203n17; Ainuness and resurgence, 176–79; assimilation policies, 45–46, 166–67, 172–76; bans against fishing and hunting by, 46, 174–75; basho ukeoi direct-labor system, 170, 172, 173; civilizing narratives and, 39; “cowboys and Indians” trope and, 166–67; “cultural promotion” salmon harvest permits, 178–79, 185; history of, 168–70; Indigenous rights and, 177–79, 182–87; land seizures, 46; Monbetsu Ainu, 179–88; Nibutani Dam and, 215n28; numbers of, 170, 214n19; Raporo Ainu, 187; salmon processing history, 170–71; schools, segregated, 46, 203n18; uplift narratives, 173–74; waste disposal site struggle, 182–85
- Alaska: canning, 204n26; hatcheries, 211n11; Indigenous activism, 186; price declines, 208n1; set-net ban, 210n9; wild salmon and, 143
- Allende, Salvador, 76
- American model, 42–46
- American occupation policies, 122, 124–25, 209n6
- American West: comparison, noncomparability, and, 195–97; “cowboys and Indians” trope, 166–67; Meiji modernization and comparison of Hokkaido to, 39–41, 63–64; as “modern,” 13; New Western History, 10–11. See also Columbia River basin
- Anderson, Benedict, 26, 27–28
- Anthropocene, 5–6
- Arnold, David, 10–11
- Asahikawa project, 144–49, 164
- assimilation policies, 45–46, 166–67, 172–76
- astaxanthin, 207n11
- Atlantic salmon, 94, 102
- auctions, 138
- California, 53
- Canada, 212n23
- Canned Foods Association of Japan, 58
- canning operations: Alaska, 204n26; Columbia River basin, 53, 55–57, 55fig., 60–61, 196; development of, 53–58; in Hokkaido on American models, 14; Ishikari cannery, 54
- Caple, Zac, 7
- Capron, Horace, 43–47, 54, 173, 203n17
- Carroll, J. D., 54
- Chilean salmon industry: on Chiloé Island, 91, 97–98; critiques of farmed salmon and, 106–7; cultivation of Japanese market, 100–104; environmental concerns, 107–8; exports, by country, 207n8; flooded market and price declines in Japan, 109–10; freshwater production techniques, 93–94; Japanese buyers and consumer preferences, 95–96, 99; Japan’s resource acquisition focus, 205n5; JICA project, influence of, 91–96, 105; Rio Ultima Esperanza, 88–89; shadow effects in Japan, 109–14; types of salmon, 94, 101; US as market, 162. See also JICA-Chile salmon project
- China, 29
- Chinese fish processors, 133
- Chinook, 150, 153–54, 155, 206n13, 211n8
- Chitose Central Salmon Hatchery, 61–62
- Choy, Timothy, 16
- Christianity, 48–49, 88
- chum salmon, Hokkaido: changes from ninteenth century, 1; ease of cultivation, 150; as food resource vs. wild animal, 112–13, 160; freshwater residence times, 150–51; long-distance migration by, 85; Monbetsu salmon, 181–82, 186; North American fish, effects on, 164; number of returns, 151; numbers compared to Honshu salmon, 23; population fluctuations, 62, 70, 111, 128, 208n5; price declines, 109–10, 128, 208n1; returns, decline in, 162–63; wild, 159–63. See also hatcheries; JICA-Chile salmon project
- civilization narratives, 29–33
- Clark, William Smith, 47–50, 54, 56–58
- coho, 94, 102–3, 150, 153–54, 211n8
- collectives. See cooperatives; Kitahama fishers
- colonialism: agricultural management and, 65–66; Ainu assimilation policies, 166–67, 172–76; blurred line between colonizer and colonized, 28; category of “Japanese” and, 34; frontier narratives and, 38–40; settlement colonies in Latin America, 72–73; uplift narratives, 173–74. See also Ainu peoples
- color of fish and skin, 95, 102, 207n4, 207n11
- Columbia River basin, xviimap, 22; canning, 53, 55fig., 55–57, 60–61, 196; incomparability and, 196–97; Indigenous activism, 185–86; land-use practices, 211n12; material conditions for wild salmon, 157–59; stock decline, 154; wild salmon and hatchery fish, 153–56
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 186
- commodified relations to fish in Kitahama, 135–40
- commodity chains, 64, 67, 73–74, 110–11. See also JICA-Chile salmon project
- comparison and comparative practices: American West, exceptionalism, and noncomparability, 194–97; biographies and emergence of, 67; Chilean salmon shadow effects and, 109–14; China and, 29; commodity chains and, 110; concretized histories of, 164–65; cross-cultural, in anthropology, 24–28; as ethnographic object, 20–21; Japan-West binary and, 28–36; materiality of, 16–19; nation-states, material world-making, and, 11–16; rice people, bread people, and salmon people, 176, 187; “specters of comparison,” 193, 196–97; temporal, 148, 162; way of thinking, fisher cosmopolitan identities, and, 117–18; as world-making practices, 17. See also Ainu peoples; Chilean salmon industry; Columbia River basin; hatcheries; JICA-Chile salmon project; landscape comparison; wild salmon management
- concretization of rivers, 62, 70, 145–46, 163–65
- conservation projects, 110, 113–14
- Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean (1993), 69
- cooperatives: Ainu and, 180; hatcheries and, 112; Monbetsu River waste dump and, 183; organizational structure in Kitahama, 129–30; price declines and, 109–10; self-governance principles and, 125; watershed conservation and, 163. See also Kitahama fishers
- Cousiño, Louis, 75
- “cowboys and Indians” trope, 166–67
- Cronon, William, 10
- cross-cultural comparison in anthropology, 24–28
- Cutter, John, 59
- Dai Nippon Suisan Kai, 70
- Daisetsuzan National Park, 145, 146
- data and number crunching, 131
- Dauvergne, Peter, 111
- Dawes General Allotment Act (US, 1887), 46, 203n16
- deer, Ezo, 176
- development aid, 71, 74, 82. See also JICA-Chile salmon project
- dikes, 146
- Dower, John, 33–34
- dried salmon, 137, 169–71
- Dun, Edwin, 44–45
- ecological impacts of farmed salmon, 107–8
- eggs, transport of, 85
- embodied histories, 7
- endangered species, 154–55, 158, 176, 211n14, 212n17
- Endoh, Toake, 72, 74
- England, 42, 57
- environmental history, 10–11
- Europe as canning market, 55
- Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 24
- exceptionalism, national, 194
- exchange students, 63, 160, 202n9
- Ezo, 38–39, 201n3(ch.2)
- factory ships, 69
- farm-raised salmon critiques and concerns, 106–8. See also Chilean salmon industry; JICA-Chile salmon project
- First Sight of Otaru (Ishikawa), 37–38
- fish culture, 58–61
- fisheries, development of, 52–53. See also canning operations; hatcheries
- fisheries biologists, 143–44
- fisheries department, Hokkaido prefectural government, 60
- fisherpeople. See Kitahama fishers
- fish food, 93, 102, 207n5
- fishing rights, hereditary, 123–27, 209n7
- fish ladders, 147
- Former Aborigines Protection Act (Kyūdojin Hogohō), 46
- Fox, Richard, 40
- fractional shares system, 131–32
- freedom school, 184
- freshwater residence times, 150–51, 153–54
- frontier narratives, 38–40, 49, 63–64
- Fukuzawa Yukichi, 31–32
- Fundación Chile, 78
- Gell, Alfred, 17
- genetic diversity: fishermen and, 116; hatchery fish mating with wild salmon and, 155; Hokkaido wild salmon and, 159; Monbetsu salmon and, 181–82; MSC standards, 142; wild salmon and, 143, 148–50, 155–56, 159–62
- Gingrich, Andre, 40
- Gluck, Carol, 32
- Goyenechea de Cousiño, Isidora, 75
- grow lights, 99
- Haraway, Donna, 7, 8
- Hatakeyama, Satoshi, 179–88
- hatcheries: Ainu fishing bans and, 174–75; Alaska, 211n11; average catch, 62; Bucksport, Maine, 60; Chitose Central Salmon Hatchery, 61–62; Columbia River failures, wild salmon and, 153–56; credit for saving Hokkaido salmon, 156–57; development of, 58–62; distrust of, 154, 156; genetic alteration by, 15; Hokkaido establishment, comparative, 14; in Kurils and Sakhalin, 57, 66; modernity and, 161; otolith patterns and, 190–91; public vs. private, 112; strays mating with wild salmon, 155; wild salmon and, 149–56. See also Chilean salmon industry; JICA-Chile salmon project
- hochare (salmon near death), 95, 207n3
- Hokkaido, xviimap; compared to Honshu, 41–42, 63–64; nation-making comparison and, 13–14; as place name and Ezo vs., 38–39; as tabula rasa, 37–38
- Hokkaido Colonization Commission (Kaitakushi), 42–47, 51–58, 174, 194–95
- Hokkaido Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives, 109–10, 142
- Hokkaido Industrial Pollution Examination Panel, 185
- Hokkaido University, 63
- Hokusui Kyōkai (fisheries society), 61
- Honshu compared to Hokkaido, 41–42, 63–64
- Honshu salmon, 23, 201n1(ch.1)
- Hume brothers, 53
- Japanese linguistics, 17–18
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 205n3. See also JICA-Chile salmon project
- JICA-Chile salmon project: background, 65–71, 82–83; brood stock program, 86–87; brown trout, predation by, 86; Chilean desires, 75–79; comparison and, 67–68; establishment of Coyhaique hatchery, 83–84; failure of fish to return, 86–88; as failure or success, 89–90, 92, 104–6; fish diet, 93; influence on Chilean salmon industry, 91–96; Japanese desires, 71–74; Nagasawa-san and, 67–69, 79–90; resource nationalism and, 69; Rio Ultima Esperanza, adult fish found in, 88–89; season, issues of, 86–87; transportation of eggs, 85–86
- Kaitakushi (Hokkaido Colonization Commission), 42–47, 51–58, 174, 194–95
- kangaekata (way of thinking), 117
- katakana, 18
- katei ryōri (Japanese homestyle cuisine), 102
- Kawakami Takiya, 205n1
- Kayano, Shigeru, 46, 175
- keiji (sexually immature salmon), 139–40
- kenkō ni ii (good for health), 103
- Kitahama fishers: Chinese processors and, 132–33; collective organizational structure, 129–30; commodified relations to fish, 135–40; data and rationalization, 130–31; fishing rights, hereditary, 123–27, 209n7; fractional shares system, 131–32; increase in salmon, price decline, and, 128; marginality of Kitahama, 118–21; modern selfhood, cosmopolitan identities, and, 117–18, 124, 133–35, 136; MSC eco-label and, 141–42, 159–60; outmigration and return, generational, 121–24; self-management, 116–17; set-net traps, 125–27, 126fig., 134fig.; stereotypes of fishermen and, 115–16, 120–21
- Komaba Agricultural College, 42
- Kuril islands, xviimap, 57, 66, 69, 201n3(ch.3), 201n5, 213n5
- Kuroda, Kiyotaka, 42–43, 47, 48, 54
- landscape comparison: effects of landscape changes on fish, 40–41; Ezo vs. Hokkaido, 38–39; fisheries development, 52–58; frontier spirit and, 38–40, 49, 63–64; hatcheries development, 58–62; Honshu vs. Hokkaido, 41–42, 63–64; Ishikawa’s First Sight of Otaru, 37–38; Kaitakushi and agricultural development, 42–46; otolith patterns and, 191; Sapporo Agricultural College and, 47–52; shadow ecologies and, 111; spawning, interruption of, 62. See also Columbia River basin; hatcheries; JICA-Chile salmon project
- Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 10
- livestock, 44–45
- Lyman, Benjamin Smith, 214n18
- MacArthur, Douglas, 69
- Maine, salmon hatchery in, 60
- management policies, localization of, 116–17
- Manchuria, 66, 79
- Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), 141–42, 159–60
- Marsh, George Perkins, 195
- material humanities, 7–11
- Mathews, Andrew, 7
- Matsumae traders, 169–70
- meat consumption, 45, 203n14
- Meiji period: Ainu and, 172–76; American West comparison and, 39–41, 63–64; civilizational initiatives, 30–33; fisheries development, 52–58; Kaitakushi and agricultural development, 42–47
- migration, human, 72, 121–24
- military training, 204n20
- modernization and modernity: agricultural, 43–45; Ainu and, 166–67; being kindaiteki (modern), 20, 117, 133–35, 137–38, 161; Chile and, 77; modern business practices in Kitahama, 130–32; modern selfhood and cosmopolitan identities among Kitahama fishers, 117–18, 124, 133–35, 136; SAC, Christianity, and, 49; salmon-centric lives as failure, 137; “specters of comparison” and, 193; Western-style hatcheries and, 161; wild salmon and, 144
- Monbetsu Ainu, 179–88
- Monbetsu salmon, 181–82, 186
- more-than-human (multispecies) worlds, 5–11, 110–11, 197, 199n4
- Morrill Act (US), 48, 204n20
- Morris-Suzuki, Tessa, 29, 172
- nation-making or nation-building: Ainu and, 172–73; in Anderson’s Under Three Flags, 27–28; comparison and, 11–16; defined, 4; Meiji civilizational initiatives, 30–33; narratives of Japanese superiority, 34; post-WWII, 34–36
- nation-state: more-than-human worlds and, 6; rankings on primitive–civilized spectrum, 29–30; scarcity-to-surplus shift and, 112; as unit of comparison, 12
- natural sciences, 9–10
- natureculture assemblages, 8–9
- New Zealand, 70–71
- Nibutani Dam, 215n28
- Nichiro Gyogyō, 66, 105
- Nitobe, Inazō, 39–40, 42–43, 47, 65–66, 173, 202n11, 214n16
- Nomura, Giichi, 178
- Norwegian salmon industry, 94–95, 207n2
- number crunching, 131
- nutrient cycles, watershed, 146
- Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko, 173–74
- oishisa (tastiness) and oishisō (tasty looking), 107
- Okhotsk Sea, xviimap, 69, 151
- Oncorhynchus genus, age of, 200n15
- Oregon: canning comparison, 55–57; hatcheries on smaller rivers, 60, 155; Japanese visits to, 60–61, 194; set-net ban, 210n9; “wild” ethic as unsustainable, 162. See also Columbia River basin
- oseibo (annual year-end gift), 139–40
- otoliths and otolith patterns, 189–91, 190fig., 215n1
- owls, Blakiston’s fish, 175–76
- Said, Edward, 25
- Sakhalin Island, 41, 57, 66, 69, 201n3(ch.3), 213n5
- SalmoFan, 207n4
- salmon: as agential beings, 19; Japanese terms for, 101; lifecycle of, 16fig.; otoliths and otolith patterns, 189–91, 190fig., 215n1; species of, in Hokkaido, 199n1. See also Ainu peoples; Chilean salmon industry; chum salmon, Hokkaido; Columbia River basin; hatcheries; JICA-Chile salmon project; landscape comparison; wild salmon management
- Salmon Club, Kitahama, 124, 128
- salted salmon, 171
- Sapporo Agricultural College (SAC), 47–52, 59–60, 65–66
- Satsuka, Shiho, 17
- self-management, 116–17, 209n2
- set-net traps (teichiami), 125–27, 126fig., 134fig., 210n9
- shadow ecologies, 111
- shinkashita (“evolved”) fish management practices, 117, 135
- sockeye, 150, 153–54, 211n8
- Spectre of Comparisons, The (Anderson), 27
- stereotypes of fishermen, 115–16, 120–21
- Stoler, Ann, 26–27
- Sunazawa Bikky, 166
- supply-chain capitalism, 72–74
- sustainability, 114, 162
- Sweat, T. S., 54
- tagging, 212n15
- taimen, Sakhalin, 182
- Taiwan, 65–66
- tanegawa (seed river) system, 161
- Taylor, Joseph, 10–11
- teichiami (set-net traps), 125–27, 126fig., 134fig., 210n9
- Tōgō Minoru, 205n1
- Tokugawa shogunate, 29–30
- train service, 119
- Treat, Ulysses S., 54, 58–59
- Tri-partite Fisheries Treaty (1952), 69
- trout, brown, 86, 211n7
- trout, rainbow, 94, 102, 147, 206n13, 211n7
- Tsing, Anna, 7, 200n8
- Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo, 25–26
- Walker, Brett, 11
- Wallerstein, Immanuel, 208n2
- Washington State, 162, 194, 210n9. See also Columbia River basin
- waste disposal, 145, 183–85
- watershed conservation, 163
- water temperatures, 151, 162–63
- Watsuji, Tetsurō, 34
- weirs, 112
- West, the: frontier narratives and, 39–40; Japan-West comparison in history of Japan, 28–36; “western civilization,” 32–33. See also American West
- Wheeler, William, 47–49
- White, Richard, 10
- wild salmon management: Ainu and, 188; background, 142–44; Columbia River hatcheries and, 153–56; Columbia River material conditions, 157–59; comparison and, 158–59, 163–65; concretized rivers and the Asahikawa project, 144–49; eco-certification, 141–42, 159–60; Hokkaido hatcheries as force on, 149–53; Hokkaido hatchery salmon, credit given to, 156–57; international legibility and comparability, 158–59; wild chum salmon in Hokkaido and wariness of North American regimes, 159–63
- wolves, 176, 214n18
- World’s Fair (St. Louis, 1904), 167, 177
- Worster, Donald, 10
- Yamakawa, 120–21