BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS, ARTICLES, REPORTS, GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS, THESES, AND DISSERTATIONS

• Abbott, Carl. “Regional City and Network City: Portland and Seattle in the Twentieth Century.” Western Historical Quarterly 23:3 (August 1992): 293–319.
• Abe, Daudi. 6 N The Morning: West Coast Hip-Hop Music 1987–1992 & the Transformation of Mainstream Culture. Los Angeles: Over the Edge Publishing, 2013.
• ________. Emerald Street: A History of Hip-Hop in Seattle. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2020.
• Acena, Albert A. “The Washington Commonwealth Federation: Reform Politics and the Popular Front.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1975.
• Adair, Harriet Elaine. “Trends in School Desegregation: A Historical Case Study of Dayton, Denver, Los Angeles and Seattle.” Ed.D. dissertation, Brigham Young University, 1986.
• Allswang, John M. A House for All Peoples: Ethnic Politics in Chicago, 1890–1936. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1971.
• Altshuler, Alan A. Community Control: The Black Demand for Participation in Large American Cities. New York: Pegasus, 1970.
• Amdur, Reuel Seeman. “An Exploratory Study of Nineteen Negro Families in the Seattle Area Who Were the First Negro Residents in White Neighborhoods, of Their White Neighbors, and of the Integration Process, Together with a Proposed Program to Promote Integration in Seattle.” M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1962.
• Anderson, Alan, and George Pickering. Confronting the Color Line: The Broken Promise of the Civil Rights Movement in Chicago. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986.
• Anderson, Karen Tucker. “Last Hired, First Fired: Black Women Workers during World War II.” Journal of American History 69:1 (June 1982): 83–97.
• Athearn, Robert G. In Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas, 1879–80. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1978.
• Bagley, Clarence B. History of Seattle from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. 3 vols. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1916.
• Baker, Ray Stannard. Following the Color Line. New York: Harper and Row, 1964 [first published in 1908].
• Barth, Gunther. Bitter Strength: A History of the Chinese in the United States, 1850–1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.
• Bellson, Ford. “Labor Gains on the Coast: A Report on the Integration of Negro Workers into the Maritime Unions of the Pacific Coast States.” Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life 17:5 (May 1939): 142–43.
• Berner, Richard C. Seattle, 1900–1920: From Boomtown, Urban Turbulence, to Restoration. Seattle: Charles Press, 1991.
• Berube, Maurice R., and Marilyn Gittell, eds. Confrontation at Ocean Hill–Brownsville: The New York School Strikes of 1968. New York: Praeger, 1969.
• Berwanger, Eugene H. The West and Reconstruction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981.
• Bigham, Darrel E. We Ask Only a Fair Trial: A History of the Black Community of Evansville, Indiana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
• “Black Backlash.” Seattle Magazine 1:7 (October 1964): 7–8.
• Blair, Karen J. The Clubwoman as Feminist: True Womanhood Redefined, 1868–1914. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980.
• Blair, Thomas L. Retreat to the Ghetto: The End of a Dream? New York: Hill and Wang, 1977.
• Blassingame, John. “Before the Ghetto: The Making of the Black Community in Savannah, Georgia, 1865–1880.” Journal of Social History 6:4 (Summer 1973): 463–88.
• Blauner, Robert. Racial Oppression in America. New York: Harper and Row, 1972.
• Bleeg, Joanne Wagner. “Black People in the Territory of Washington, 1860–1880.” M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1970.
• Bodnar, John, Michael Weber, and Roger Simon. “Migration, Kinship, and Urban Adjustment: Blacks and Poles in Pittsburgh, 1900–1930.” Journal of American History 66:3 (December 1979): 548–65.
• Bonacich, Edna, and Lucie Cheng. “Introduction: A Theoretical Orientation to International Labor Migration.” In Lucie Cheng and Edna Bonacich, eds. Labor Immigration under Capitalism: Asian Workers in the United States before World War II, pp. 1–51. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
• Bonacich, Edna, and John Modell. The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in the Japanese American Community. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
• Bontemps, Arna, and Jack Conroy. Anyplace but Here. New York: Hill and Wang, 1966.
• Borchert, James. Alley Life in Washington: Family, Community, Religion and Folklife in the City, 1850–1970. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980.
• Bowles, Samuel S. “Toward Equality of Educational Opportunity.” Harvard Educational Review 38:1 (Winter 1968): 89–99.
• Brewster, David. “Solidarity Forever! Black Demands for Construction Jobs Have Revived Labor’s Old Fighting Spirit—Not on Behalf of All Workers, but White Workers.” Seattle Magazine 6:69 (December 1969): 34–41.
• Brimmer, Andrew. “Some Aspects of Fair Employment.” M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1951.
• Brooks, Roy L. Rethinking the American Race Problem. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
• Broussard, Albert S. Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900–1954. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
• ———. Expectations of Equality: A History of Black Westerners. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
• Brown, Richard Maxwell. Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.
• Brownwell, Blaine A. The Urban Ethos in the South, 1920–1930. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975.
• Bulosan, Carlos. America Is in the Heart: A Personal History. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1973 [first published in 1943].
• Butler, Anne M. Daughters of Joy, Sisters of Misery: Prostitutes in the American West, 1865–90. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985.
• Campbell, Robert A. “Blacks and the Coal Mines of Western Washington, 1888–1896.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 73:4 (October 1982): 146–55.
• Carmichael, Stokely, and Charles V. Hamilton. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. New York: Vintage, 1967.
• Carson, Clayborne. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
• Caute, David. The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge under Truman and Eisenhower. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.
• Cayton, Horace R. [Jr]. Black Workers and the New Unions. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939.
• ________. Long Old Road: An Autobiography. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970 [first published in 1965].
• Chan, Anthony B. “The Myth of the Chinese Sojourner in Canada.” In K. V. Ujimoto and G. Hirabayashi, eds. Visible Minorities and Multiculturalism: Asians in Canada, pp. 33–42. Toronto: Butterworths, 1980.
• Chan, Sucheng. Asian Americans: An Interpretive History. Boston: Twayne, 1991.
• Charles, Ray, and David Ritz. Brother Ray: Ray Charles’ Own Story. New York: Dial, 1978.
• Cheng, Lucie. “Free, Indentured, Enslaved: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century America.” In Lucie Cheng and Edna Bonacich, eds., Labor Immigration under Capitalism: Asian Workers in the United States before World War II, pp. 402–30. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
• Chin, Art. Golden Tassels: A History of the Chinese in Washington, 1857–1977. Seattle: Art Chin, 1977.
• Chin, Doug, and Art Chin. Up Hill: The Settlement and Diffusion of the Chinese in Seattle, Washington. Seattle: Doug and Art Chin, 1973.
• Colbert, Robert E. “The Attitude of Older Negro Residents toward Recent Negro Migrants in the Pacific Northwest.” Journal of Negro Education 15:4 (Fall 1946): 695–703.
• Colburn, David E. Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877–1980. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
• Coleman, Willi. “Keeping the Faith and Disturbing the Peace, Black Women: From Anti-Slavery to Women’s Suffrage.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 1982.
• Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Civil Disorder. Race and Violence in Washington State: A Report of the Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Civil Disorder. Olympia: State Printing Office, 1969.
• Cordova, Fred. Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans. Dubuque: Kendall-Hunt, 1983.
• Cox, Thomas. Blacks in Topeka, Kansas, 1865–1915: A Social History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.
• Craig, E. Quita. Black Drama of the Federal Theatre Era: Beyond the Formal Horizons. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.
• Crane, Paul, and Alfred Larson. “The Chinese Massacre.” Annals of Wyoming 12:1 (January 1940): 47–55.
• Crew, Spencer. “Black Life in Secondary Cities: A Comparative Analysis of the Black Communities of Camden and Elizabeth, New Jersey, 1860–1920.” Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University, 1979.
• Daniels, Douglas. Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
• Daniels, John. In Freedom’s Birthplace: A History of the Boston Negro. New York: Johnson Reprint, 1969 [first published in 1914].
• Daniels, Roger. Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988.
• ________. Concentration Camps, North America: Japanese in the United States and Canada during World War II. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, 1981.
• Daoust, Norma LaSalle. “Building the Democratic Party: Black Voting in Providence in the 1930s.” Rhode Island History 44:3 (August 1895): 81–88.
• Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay. Lifting as They Climb: The History of the National Association of Colored Women. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Colored Women, 1933.
• DeBow, Samuel P., and Edward A. Pitter, eds. Who’s Who in Religious, Fraternal, Social, Civic and Commercial Life on the Pacific Coast. Seattle: Searchlight Publishing Company, 1927.
• De Graaf, Lawrence B. “The City of Black Angels: Emergence of the Los Angeles Ghetto, 1890–1930.” Pacific Historical Review 39:3 (August 1970): 323–52.
• ________. “Race, Sex, and Region: Black Women in the American West, 1850–1920.” Pacific Historical Review 49:2 (May 1980): 285–313.
• Dennett, Eugene V. Agitprop: The Life of an American Working-Class Radical: The Autobiography of Eugene V. Dennett. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.
• Dickerson, Dennis R. Out of the Crucible: Black Steelworkers in Western Pennsylvania, 1875–1980. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986.
• Douglas, Patrick. “The Family of Two Revolutions: The Gaytons.” Seattle Magazine 6:58 (January 1969): 21–28, 38–39.
• ________. “ ‘Yeah, Baby, You Almost Got Burned’: Must Act II of Our Negro Revolution Produce as It Did in Watts—a ‘Reign of Terror’?” Seattle Magazine 4:43 (October 1967): 16–22, 57–58.
• Drake, St. Clair, and Horace Cayton. Black Metropolis. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945.
• Droker, Howard Alan. “The Seattle Civic Unity Committee and the Civil Rights Movement, 1944–1964.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1974.
• ________. “Seattle Race Relations during the Second World War.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 67:4 (October 1976): 163–74.
• Du Bois, Shirley Graham. His Day Is Marching On: A Memoir of W. E. B. Du Bois. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1971.
• Du Bois, W. E. B. “The Great Northwest.” Crisis 6 (September 1913): 237–40.
• Dvorak, Katherine L. An African-American Exodus: The Segregation of the Southern Churches. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson, 1991.
• Epstein, Abraham. The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh. New York: Arno Press, 1969 [first published in 1918].
• “First in a Long Line.” Boeing Magazine 17:1 (January 1947): 7–9.
• Flamming, Douglas. Bound for Freedom: Black Los Angeles in Jim Crow America. Oakland: University of California Press, 2006.
• Fox, Maier B. United We Stand: The United Mine Workers of America, 1890–1990. Washington, D.C.: United Mine Workers, 1991.
• Frank, Dana. “Gender, Consumer Organizing and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919–1929.” In Ava Baron, ed., Work Engendered: Towards a New History of American Labor, pp. 273–95. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.
• Franklin, John H., and Alfred A. Moss, Jr. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
• Friedheim, Robert L. The Seattle General Strike. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964.
• Friedman, Ralph. “The Attitudes of West Coast Maritime Unions in Seattle toward Negroes in the Maritime Industry.” M.A. thesis, Washington State College, 1952.
• Garrity, Frederick Dennis. “The Civic Unity Committee of Seattle, 1944–1964.” M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1971.
• Gelber, Steven M. “Working at Playing: The Culture of the Workplace and the Rise of Baseball.” Journal of Social History 16:4 (Summer 1983): 3–22.
• General Statutes and Codes of the State of Washington. Volume 1. San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney, 1891.
• Gerber, David A. “A Politics of Limited Options: Northern Black Politics and the Problem of Change and Continuity in Race Relations Historiography.” Journal of Social History 14:2 (Winter 1980): 235–55.
• Giddings, Paula. When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America. New York: Morrow, 1984.
• Giebink, Nancy. “Bold Experiment in the Ghetto.” Seattle Magazine 5:51 (June 1968): 11–12.
• Girdner, Audrie, and Anne Loftis. The Great Betrayal: The Evacuation of the Japanese-Americans during World War II. New York: Macmillan, 1969.
• Glasgow, Douglass. The Black Underclass. New York: Vintage Books, 1981.
• Glasrud, Bruce A. The African American West: A Century of Short Stories. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2000.
• Glasrud, Bruce A., and Cary D. Wintz, eds. Black Americans and the Civil Rights Movement in the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.
• ________. Harlem Renaissance in the West: The New Negro’s Western Experiences. Oxfordshire: Routledge Press, 2012.
• Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. Issei, Nisei, War Bride: Three Generations of Japanese American Women in Domestic Service. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.
• Gottlieb, Peter. Making Their Own Way: Southern Blacks’ Migration to Pittsburgh, 1916–30. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
• Gould, William B. “The Seattle Building Trades Order: The First Comprehensive Relief against Employment Discrimination in the Construction Industry.” Stanford Law Review 26 (April 1974): 773–813.
• Granger, Lester. “A Hopeful Sign in Race Relations.” Survey Graphic 33 (November 1944): 455–79.
• Greenwald, Maurine Weiner. “Working-Class Feminism and the Family Wage Ideal: The Seattle Debate on Married Women’s Right to Work, 1914–1920.” Journal of American History 76:1 (June 1989): 118–49.
• Grimshaw, William H. Official History of Freemasonry among the Colored People in North America. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1903.
• Grossman, James R. The Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners and the Great Migration. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
• Grossman, Lawrence. The Democratic Party and the Negro: Northern and National Politics, 1868–1892. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976.
• Gutman, Herbert. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925. New York: Pantheon, 1976.
• Hall, Robert L. “Tallahassee’s Black Churches, 1865–1885.” Florida Historical Quarterly 58:2 (October 1979): 185–96.
• Halpin, James. “Discrimination by Whites Has Kept Negroes Locked in Jobs That Lead Nowhere.” Seattle Magazine 5:51 (June 1968): 20–24, 50.
• Halseth, James A., and Bruce A. Glasrud. “Anti-Chinese Movements in Washington, 1885–1886: A Reconsideration.” In Halseth and Glasrud, eds., The NorthwestMosaic: Minority Conflicts in Pacific Northwest History, pp. 116–39. Boulder: Pruett, 1977.
• Hardaway, Roger D. A Narrative Bibliography of the African-American Frontier: Blacks in the Rocky Mountain West, 1535–1912. Lewiston: Mellen Press, 1995.
• Harris, William H. The Harder We Run: Black Workers since the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
• Hart-Nibbrig, Nand. “Policies of School Desegregation in Seattle.” Integrated Education 17:97 (January–April 1979): 27–30.
• Haughland, Marylou McMahon. “A History of the Alaska Steamship Company.” M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1968.
• Henri, Florette. Black Migration, Movement North: The Road from Myth to Man. Garden City: Doubleday, 1976.
• Hershberg, Theodore, and others. Philadelphia: Work, Space, Family and Group Experience in the Nineteenth Century, Essays toward an Interdisciplinary History of the City. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
• Hill, Daniel G. “The Negro in Oregon: A Survey.” M.A. thesis, University of Oregon, 1932.
• Hill, Pauline Anderson Simmons, and Sherrilyn Johnson Jordan. Too Young to Be Old: The Story of Bertha Pitts Campbell. Seattle: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1981.
• Hill, Robert A., ed. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. Volumes 2 and 4. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983–90.
• Hirsch, Arnold R. Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940–1960. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
• Hobbs, Richard Stanley., ed. The Autobiography of Horace Cayton, Sr. Manama, Bahrain: Delmon Press, 1987.
• ________, “The Cayton Legacy: Two Generations of a Black Family, 1859–1976.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1989.
• Horne, Gerald. Communist Front? The Civil Rights Congress, 1946–1956. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988.
• Hosokawa, Bill. JACL in Quest of Justice. New York: Morrow, 1982.
• Hynding, Alan A. “The Coal Miners of Washington Territory: Labor Troubles in 1888–1889.” Arizona and the West 12:3 (Autumn 1970): 221–36.
• Ichioka, Yuji. Issei: The World of the First Generation of Japanese Immigrants, 1885–1924. New York: Free Press, 1988.
• Institute of Labor Economics. Job Opportunities for Racial Minorities in the Seattle Area. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1948.
• “Isn’t There Anything We Can Do for Our Boys? The Story of Seven Northwest Citizens.” Pamphlet published by the Northwest Citizens Defense Committee, n.d., pp. 1–7.
• Ito, Kazuo. Issei: A History of Japanese Immigrants in North America. Seattle: Japanese Community Service, 1973.
• Jackson, Joseph Sylvester. “The Colored Marine Employees Benevolent Association of the Pacific, 1921–1934, or Implications of Vertical Mobility for Negro Stewards in Seattle.” M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1939.
• Jaworski, Leon, with Mickey Horskowitz. Confession and Avoidance: A Memoir. Garden City: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1979.
• Johannsen, Robert W. Frontier Politics on the Eve of the Civil War. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955.
• Johansen, Dorothy O., and Charles M. Gates. Empire of the Columbia: A History of the Pacific Northwest. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.
• Johnson, Evamarii Alexandria. “A Production History of the Seattle Federal Theater Project Negro Repertory Company: 1935–1939.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1981.
• Johnson, James Weldon. Black Manhattan. New York: Atheneum, 1968 [first published in 1930].
• Jones, Jacqueline. Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
• Jue, Willard G. “Chin Gee-hee, Chinese Pioneer Entrepreneur in Seattle and Toishan.” Annals of the Chinese Historical Society of the Pacific Northwest 1:1 (1983): 31–38.
• Karlin, Jules Alexander. “The Anti-Chinese Outbreaks in Seattle, 1885–1886.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 39:1 (April 1948): 103–30.
• Katzman, David M. Before the Ghetto: Black Detroit in the Nineteenth Century. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973.
• ________. Seven Days a Week: Women and Domestic Service in Industrializing America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
• Kellogg, Charles Flint. NAACP: A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Volume 1, 1909–1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.
• Kelly, Robin D. G. Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists during the Great Depression. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
• Kennedy, Louise V. The Negro Peasant Turns Cityward: Effects of Recent Migrations to Northern Centers. New York: Columbia University Press, 1930.
• Kennedy, Tolbert Hall. “Racial Survey of the Intermountain Northwest.” Research Studies of the State College of Washington 14:3 (September 1946): 163–243.
• ________. “Racial Tensions among Negroes in the Intermountain Northwest.” Phylon 7:4 (Winter 1946): 358–64.
• Kim, Hyung-chan, and Richard W. Markov. “The Chinese Exclusion Laws and Smuggling Chinese into Whatcom County, Washington, 1890–1900.” Annals of the Chinese Historical Society of the Pacific Northwest 1:1 (1983): 16–27.
• Kimeldorf, Howard. Reds or Rackets? The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
• King, Ivan. The Central Area Motivation Program: A Brief History of a Community in Action. Seattle: Central Area Motivation Program, 1990.
• Kiser, Clyde V. Sea Island to City: A Study of St. Helena Islanders in Harlem and Other Urban Centers. New York: Atheneum, 1969 [first published in 1931].
• Kitano, Harry H. L., and Roger Daniels. Asian-Americans: Emerging Minorities. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1988.
• Klein, Maury, and Harvey A. Kantor. Prisoners of Progress: American Industrial Cities, 1850–1920. New York: Macmillan, 1976.
• Kusmer, Kenneth. A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870–1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976.
• ________. “Black Urban History in the U.S.: Retrospect and Prospect.” Trends in History 3:1 (Fall 1982): 71–92.
• ________. “The Structure of Black Urban History: Retrospect and Prospect.” In Darlene Clark Hine, ed., The State of Afro-American History, pp. 91–122. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.
• Lane, Frederick C. Ships for Victory: A History of Shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1951.
• Lang, William L. “Tempest on Clore Street: Race and Politics in Helena, Montana, 1906.” Scratchgravel Hills 3 (Summer 1980): 9–14.
• Larrowe, Charles P. Harry Bridges: The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States. Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill and Company, 1972.
• Larson, T. A. “The Woman Suffrage Movement in Washington.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 67:2 (April 1976): 49–62.
• Lasker, Bruno. Filipino Immigration to the Continental United States and Hawaii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931.
• Laurie, Clayton D. “ ‘The Chinese Must Go’: The United States Army and the Anti-Chinese Riots in Washington Territory, 1885–1886.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 81:1 (January 1990): 22–29.
• Lee, Rose Hum. The Chinese in the United States of America. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1960.
• Levine, David. Internal Combustion: The Races in Detroit, 1915–1926. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.
• Levine, Lawrence E. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.
• Lewis, Earl. In Their Own Interests: Race, Class, and Power in Twentieth-Century Norfolk, Virginia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
• Light, Ivan H. Ethnic Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
• ________. “The Ethnic Vice Industry, 1880–1944.” American Sociological Review 42:3 (June 1977): 464–79.
• ________. “From Vice District to Tourist Attraction: The Moral Career of American Chinatowns, 1880–1940.” Pacific Historical Review 43:3 (August 1974): 367–94.
• Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. New York: Norton, 1987.
• Little, William A. “Community Organization and Leadership: A Case Study of Minority Workers in Seattle.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1976.
• Lyman, Stanford. Chinese Americans. New York: Random House, 1974.
• ________. “The Chinese Diaspora in America.” In Chinese Historical Society of America, The Life, Influence and Role of the Chinese in the United States, 1776–1960. Proceedings/Papers of the National Conference Held at the University of San Francisco, July 10–12, 1975. San Francisco: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1975.
• Lynd, Helen M. “Truth at the University of Washington.” American Scholar 18:3 (Summer 1949): 346–53.
• MacDonald, Norbert. “Population Growth and Change in Seattle and Vancouver, 1880–1960.” Pacific Historical Review 39:3 (August 1970): 297–321.
• Mack, Dwayne A. Black Spokane: The Civil Rights Struggle in the Inland Northwest. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
• Mariano, Honorante. “The Filipino Immigrants in the United States.” M.A. thesis, University of Oregon, 1933.
• Marks, Carole. “Split Labor Markets and Black-White Relations, 1865–1920.” Phylon 42:4 (December 1981): 293–308.
• Martin, Tony. Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.
• McCann, John. Blood in the Water: A History of District Lodge 751, International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers. Seattle: District Lodge 751, IAMAW, 1989.
• McLagen, Elizabeth. A Peculiar Paradise: A History of Blacks in Oregon, 1788–1940. Portland: Georgian Press, 1980.
• Mears, Eliot G. Resident Orientals on the American Pacific Coast: Their Legal and Economic Status. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1927.
• Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick. CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942–1968. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
• Melendy, H. Brett. “Filipinos in the United States.” In Norris Hundley, Jr., ed., The Asian American: The Historical Experience. Santa Barbara: Clio Press, 1976.
• Miller, Irene Burns. Profanity Hill. Everett, Wash.: The Working Press, 1979.
• Miyamoto, S. Frank. “An Immigrant Community in America.” In Hilary Conroy and T. Scott Miyakawa, eds., East across the Pacific: Historical and Sociological Studies of Japanese Immigration and Assimilation, pp. 217–43. Santa Barbara: Clio Press, 1972.
• ________. Social Solidarity among the Japanese in Seattle. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1984 [first published in 1939].
• Modell, John. “Tradition and Opportunity: The Japanese Immigrant in America.” Pacific Historical Review 40:2 (May 1971): 163–82.
• Modell, John, Frank Furstenberg, and Theodore Hershberg. “Social Change and Transitions to Adulthood in Historical Perspective.” Journal of Family History 1:1 (Autumn 1976): 7–32.
• Mohl, Raymond A. The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860–1920. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1985.
• Morgan, Murray. Skid Road: An Informal Portrait of Seattle. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982 [first published in 1951].
• Morris, Arval A., and Donald B. Ritter. “Racial Minority Housing in Washington.” Washington Law Review 37 (Summer 1962): 131–51.
• Mumford, Esther Hall. Seattle’s Black Victorians, 1852–1901. Seattle: Ananse Press, 1980.
• ________. “Seattle’s Black Victorians—Revising a City’s History.” Portage 2:1 (Fall/Winter 1980–81): 16–17.
• ________. Seven Stars and Orion: Reflections of the Past. Seattle: Ananse Press, 1986.
• Muraskin, William A. Middle-Class Blacks in a White Society: Prince Hall Freemasonry in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
• Murayama, Yuzo. “The Economic History of Japanese Immigration to the Pacific Northwest, 1890–1920.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1982.
• Naison, Mark. Communists in Harlem during the Depression. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983.
• Nash, Gary B. Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720–1840. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.
• National Urban League. “Unemployment Status of Negroes.” New York: National Urban League, 1931.
• Nelson, Bruce. Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988.
• Neverdon-Morton, Cynthia. Afro-American Women of the South and the Advancement of the Race, 1895–1925. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989.
• “New Life in Seattle: In the Biggest, Fastest Growing City of the Northwest, Negroes Have Found a New Frontier.” Our World 6 (August 1951): 22–25.
• Nimmons, Julius. “Social Reform and Moral Uplift in the Black Community, 1890–1910: Social Settlements, Temperance, and Social Purity.” Ph.D. dissertation, Howard University, 1981.
• Northwood, L. K., and Ernest A. T. Barth. Urban Desegregation: Negro Pioneers and Their White Neighbors. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1965.
• O’Brien, Robert W. The College Nisei. New York: Arno Press, 1978.
• ________. “Seattle: Race Relations Frontier, 1949.” Common Ground 9:3 (Spring 1949): 18–23.
• Okada, John. No-No Boy. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1979 [first published in 1957].
• Osofsky, Gilbert. Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto, 1890–1930. 2d edition. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
• Ovington, Mary White. Half a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York. New York: Hill and Wang, 1969 [first published in 1911].
• Painter, Nell Irvin. Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986 [first published in 1977].
• Petrik, Paula. No Step Backward: Women and Family on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier, Helena, Montana, 1865–1900. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1987.
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• Pieroth, Doris Hinson. “Desegregating the Public Schools, Seattle, Washington, 1954–1968.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1979.
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MANUSCRIPTS, COURT CASES, AND UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

• Anti-Defamation League Papers. Acc. No. 2045. University of Washington Libraries.
• Nettie J. Asberry Papers. University of Washington Libraries.
• Powell R. Barnett Papers. University of Washington Libraries.
• Boeing Company Records. Historical Archives. Seattle, Washington.
• Philip Burton Papers. University of Washington Libraries.
• Central Seattle Community Council Records. University of Washington Libraries.
• Coleman, Ronald. “Among the Saints and the Gentiles: Blacks in Utah, 1850–1910.” Paper presented at the Blacks in the American West Symposium, University of California, Davis, 1983.
• Records of the Committee on Fair Employment Practices, Record Group 228, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
• Samuel DeBow Papers. University of Washington Libraries.
• William H. Dixon Collection. University of Washington Libraries.
• Sidney Gerber Papers. University of Washington Libraries.
• Gossett, Larry. “A Perspective on the African American Community in the United States.” Speech delivered at Kobe, Japan, March 23, 1992.
• Armeta Hearst Interview. University of Washington Libraries.
• Japanese American Citizens League Records. Acc. No. 217–6. University of Washington Libraries.
• Frank Jenkins Papers. University of Washington Libraries.
• Donald Kazama Papers. University of Washington Libraries.
• NAACP Branch Files. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
• National Urban League Records. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
• Nicandri, David L. “Washington’s Ethnic Workingmen in 1900: A Comparative View.” Unpublished paper delivered at the Pacific Northwest History Conference, Portland, Oregon, April 1979, now in the Northwest Collection, University of Washington Libraries.
• O’Meara v. Washington State Board against Discrimination, Case No. 35436, King County Superior Court, September 29, 1961, pp. 795–96.
• James A. Roston Papers. University of Washington Libraries.
• Seattle Civic Unity Committee Records. University of Washington Libraries.
• Seattle NAACP Records. University of Washington Libraries.
• Seattle Repertory Playhouse Files. University of Washington Libraries.
• Seattle Urban League Records. University of Washington Libraries.
• Melvina Squires Interview. University of Washington Libraries.
• Victorio A. Velasco Papers. University of Washington Libraries.
• Fred P. Woodson Papers. University of Washington Libraries.

INTERVIEWS

1.  The interviews listed below were part of the Black Oral History Research Project conducted under my direction in the early 1970s. Fifty interviews of black pioneers and their descendants in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana were conducted by me or my associates between 1972 and 1975. The tapes and their transcripts are housed at Holland Library, Washington State University, Pullman.

Margaret Cogwell

Thelma Dewitty

Carver Gayton

Virginia Gayton

Sandy Moss

Edward Pitter

Sam Smith

2.  The interviews below were conducted by Esther Hall Mumford and her associates in 1975 and 1976 as part of the Washington Oral/Aural History Project sponsored by the Washington State Archives. The tapes and transcripts are at the Washington State Archives, Olympia, Washington, as part of the Washington Oral/Aural History Collection.

Edward Coleman

Leonard Gayton

Irene Grayson

Mattie Vinyerd Harris

William Henry Lee

Sara Oliver Jackson

Rufina Clemente Jenkins

Marguerite Johnson

Sandy Moss

Juanita Warfield Proctor

Mary Ott Saunders

Gertrude Simons

Albert Joseph Smith

Joseph Isom Staton

Samson C. Valley

Robert Wright

NEWSPAPERS

Seattle Boeing News 1947

Chicago Defender 1929

Detroit Free Press 1969

New York The Messenger 1922

New York The Negro World 1923–25

New York Times 1969

Olympia Commercial Age 1870

Olympia Standard 1864

Portland Oregonian 1963

San Francisco Nikkei Shimin (Japanese American Citizen) 1930

Seattle Argus 1964

Seattle Cayton’s Weekly 1917

Seattle Daily Intelligencer 1879

Seattle The Facts 1964–70

Seattle Japanese American Courier 1928–42

Seattle Northwest Enterprise 1921–53

Seattle Pacific Citizen 1968

Seattle Post-Intelligencer 1892–1970

Seattle Puget Sound Observer 1958

Seattle Republican 1896–1910

Seattle Searchlight 1916

Seattle Times 1900–1989

Seattle Voice of Action 1935

Seattle Union Record 1906–20

Vancouver, B.C. Province 1968