Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below
ʽAbd al-‘Azīz
ʽAbd al-Wahhāb, Muhammad b.
Abū ’l-Futūh. See Ma Laichi
acculturation: as local
as ordinary
process of. See also minzu paradigm
of Sino-Muslims
anxiety regarding
and external contact
limits of
in Ming
in Tang-Song
in Yangzi region
in Yuan
adoption
Āfāqīya (Sufi order)
Agui
Ahl as-Sunna (Kinsmen of the Tradition)
Ahmad Fanakati (Ahema)
ahong (imām, religious teacher): as distinctive leader
in Gansu
inadequacies of
limitation on movement of
opposition to Han kitab by
as profession. See also Islam; madrasa; mosques; religion
Alashan
Altishahr. See also Xinjiang
Amdo (northeastern Tibet)
geography and economy of
as independent
as middle ground. See also Qinghai Province; Tibet
Anhui
Arabia (Tianfang): scripturalist fundamentalism in
as site of conflict
as source of truth
Sufi revivalism in
Arabic calligraphy
Arabic (language) education
Arabic pinyin for Chinese
Arabs
Aryanism
Ashige
Aubin, Françoise
Bafang
Bai Chongxi
Bai Lang, Gansu campaign of
Bai Yanhu
Baishan (Sufi order)
Baizhuangzi
banditry, endemic in Gansu
baraka (religious charisma)
Bayanrong
beg (hereditary lord)
Beizhuang (menhuan)
Bi Yuan
Bijiachang (menhuan)
Board of Punishments
Boluo (Pulad Aqa)
Bosi. See Persians
Boxer uprising
brawling (dou’ou)
Buddhism: in China
as heterodoxy
resemblance to Sufism
studied by Liu Zhi
Tibetan
in Yuan
category system: as danger
as discourse of power
minzu paradigm as. See also ethnicity; minzu paradigm
Central Asia: Amdo as frontier of
connections with Gansu
Gansu as frontier of
as Ming frontier
as origin of semu
route to
as site of conflict
as source of Sufism
Sufi rivalries in
in Tang-Song China. See also Xinjiang
Chang Yuqun
Chang’an
Changgeng
Chantou Hui. See Uygur minzu
charity, as Muslim duty
Chen Decai
Chen Jiaji
Chengda Normal College
Chiang Kai-shek. See Jiang Jieshi
China: as environment for Sufism
as home for Muslims
political disintegration of. See also northwest China
China, People’s Republic of: characterization of minzu in
“civilizing project” of
historiography in
minzu policies of
Muslim minzu defined
China, Republic of. See also Guomindang
China Islamic Association (Zhongguo Huijiao Gonghui)
Chinese calligraphy
Chinese culture, as vehicle for Islam
Chinese historiography
Chinese identity, Muslims in
Chinese language, as vehicle for Islam
Chinese nationalism
Confucianism and
and frontiers
in historiography
Hu Songshan and
Ikhwan and
and minzu paradigm
Muslims and. See also nation building
Chinese people
Chinggis Khan
Choni (Zhuoni)
Christian missionaries
Christianity
class struggle
Communists
Confucianism: and Chinese nationalism
Han kitab as
and history
and Islam
social harmony in
virtues of, and Islamic duties. See also Han kitab; Liu Zhi
Confucius
conversion to Islam
corruption, in Gansu
cotton processing
Daerliuji
Daoism
darughaci
Dashi. See Arabia; Arabs
Datong
Daxia River
Deng Zeng
dhikr (remembrance of God): defined
as divisive issue
recitation of
silent
vocal. See also Sufi
order; Sufism
Didao (Lintao)
1648 rebellion in
1895 rebellion in
foreign merchants in
Hidāyat Allāh in. See also Mufti
Ding Dexing
Ding Guodong
Dolongga
Dong Fuxiang: attacks Taoxi
as commander of Ma family warlords
conflict with Ma Yuanzhang;
role in 1895 rebellion;
as threat to Muslims
Donggan. See Tungan
Dongguan
Dongxiang minzu
Dongxiang region
Du Huan
Du Wenxiu
Duan Qirui
Dungan. See Tungan
Duoba
Duxinga
earthquake
Eastern Turkestan. See Xinjiang
education, Islamic. See also jingtang jiaoyu
elders
empire, in history
empress dowager
ethnic cleansing
ethnicity: defined
and minzu paradigm
and nation-state. See also minzu paradigm
European weapons, in Gansu
Fan Shengwu
fanzuo rule
Feng Yuxiang
Fengxiang
Ferghana Valley
feud, within Huasi menhuan
feuds (xiedou): escalation of local
within Huasi
among Muslims
rebellions as local
among Salars
at Xining. See also violence
Five Pillars of Faith
Fletcher, Joseph
foreigners’ quarters (fanfang)
frankincense
frontier: Gansu as multisided
Gu Jiegang on
as home
in modern nation-building
northwest China as
as site of violence
study of. See also Gansu Province; nation; northwest China
Fujiang (Gangu), Muslims in
Fukang’an
fundamentalism, scripturalist
Galdan
Gansu Province: as complex frontier
corrupt officials in
as frontier of Islam
geography and economy of
in late 18th cent.
menhuan in
as middle ground
Muslim solidarity in
Muslim tuanlian of
Muslims of
peoples of
Qing conquest of
self-government of
Sufism in
warlord period in
Yuan soldiers in. See also frontier; northwest China; rebellion
Gansu Provincial Assembly
Ganzhou
Gao Wenyuan
Gedimu: defined
difference from non-Muslims
difference from
Sufi orders
as Ikhwan target
as part of Old Teaching
in Shaanxi
as Sino-Muslim mainstream
in Taozhou. See also mosques
Gelaohui
gender
geomancy
glass making
Gobi Desert
Gold Star Hall
gongbei (Sufi tombs): as cause for violence
destroyed at Didao
Ikhwan opposition to
of the Jahrīya
as Sufi centers
at Taozhou. See also menhuan; Sufism
Gongchang
Grand Canal
Gu Jiegang
Guangzhou
Guanli Ye
Guizhen zongyi (text)
Guo Shoujing
Guomindang
Guyuan
Hai Furun
Hai Rui
Haicheng
halāl food
Hami
Han Hui (Sino-Muslims). See also Hui minzu; Sino-Muslims
Han kitab (Sino-Muslim canon): creation of
defined
in Hai Furun case
Ikhwan and
as Islamic revival
Ma Fuxiang and
Ma Qixi and
Xidaotang and. See also Confucianism; names of individual authors
Han minzu: chauvinism
cultural norms of
culturally Chinese people as
history of
as most advanced
Hanafi (school of jurisprudence)
Hanbali (school of jurisprudence)
Hanjiaji
Hann Nuri
Hann Si
Hann Two
Hann Wenxiu
haqīqa, Chinese definition of
He Bi
He Jianwei
hegemonic narrative of Chinese history
Herat
hereditary succession in Sufi orders
Heshen
Hezhou: 1872 surrender of
1895 rebellion in
Chinese dialect of
conflict within Khafīya in
controlled by Zhang Guangjian
first mosque in
Hidāyat Allāh in
Islamic institutions in
as Ma Anliang’s base
Ma Fuxiang in
as Ma Laichi’s base
as Ma Zhan’ao’s base
Muslims and non-Muslims in
as Muslim center
Qādirīya in
qiankai-houkai conflict in
reputation of
Hidāyat Allāh (Khoja Āfāq): as founder of Bijiachang
as founder of Khafīya
as founder of Mufti
as Galdan’s client
journey to China
and Makhdūmzāda khojas. See also Khafiya; Ma Laichi; Sufism
hide rafts (pifazi)
horses
houkai. See qiankai-houkai conflict
Hu Dengzhou
Hu Songshan
Huaisheng mosque
Huang Chao
Huangzhong: complex population of
geography and economy of
as locus of Muslim violence
Ma Zhongying in
as Salar country
Xining as center of. See also Xining
Huasi (menhuan): 1895 rebellion and
conflict within
founded by Ma Laichi
Ma Anliang and
Ma Zhan’ao as head of
opposition to Xidaotang by
at Taozhou
Yi Xing Gong as commercial arm of. See also Khafīya; names of individual leaders
Hui minzu: defined
origins of
and religion. See also Sino-Muslims
Huihui. See also Muslims; Sino-Muslims
Huihui tianwenshu (Book of Muslim astronomy)
Huihuihua, as distinguishing patois
huozhong (deluding the people)
Ibn-Saʽud family
identity, as multiple
Ikhwan: alliance with Ma Qi
Arabian roots of
as Islamic revival
and modern education
origins of
as trans-regional solidarity. See also Ma Wanfu
īmān (faith)
import products, of Muslim merchants
intermarriage
Ishāqīya (Sufi order)
Islam: in Central Asia
in China, study of
in Chinese culture
and Confucianism
distinctiveness of
distinguished from Buddhism and Daoism
explained in Chinese
lack of central authority in
as mark of foreignness
in minzu paradigm
punitive limitations on
under Qing hegemony
in Qing law
as religion
role in rebellions
scripturalist fundamentalism in
as uncivilized in Chinese eyes
uniformity in
unrestricted by Ming
as valence of identity
in Xidaotang. See also religion Sufism
Islamic texts
Israeli, Raphael
jade
Jahrīya (Sufi order): in 1860s rebellion
anti-Qing action by
Banqiao branch of
blamed for violence
conflict with Khafīya
as divisive innovation
and Dong Fuxiang
at Fujiang
headquarters at Jinjipu
as menhuan
militance of
as New Teaching
origins of
proscription of
revenge by
revival of
Shagou branch of
source for study of
spread beyond Gansu of
at Tianshui
as transregional solidarity
at Zhangjiachuan. See also Khafīya; Ma Hualong; Ma Mingxin; Ma Yuanzhang; menhuan; Sufism
Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī
Jamāl ad-Dīn
Japanese nativism
Jiang Jieshi
Jiang Xiang
jianshi (simple history)
jiaopai (solidarity). See also Gedimu; Ikhwan; Xidaotang
jiaozhu. See shaikh
Jiayuguan
jihād
Jingningpu
jingtang jiaoyu (mosque education)
as distinctive practice
need for
origins of. See also Hu Dengzhou
Jinjipu
Jishi Pass
Judaism
Jurched
Ka’aba
Kaifeng
Kang Lang
Kangxi emperor
Kargang, Muslim Tibetans of
Kashgar
Kazakhs
Khafīya (Sufi order): adherents killed by Bai Lang
and Āfāqīya
associated with sectarianism
conflict with Jahrīya
conflict within
hereditary succession in
Hezhou (Bafang) as headquarters of
and Huasi menhuan
as Old Teaching
origins of
pro-Qing position of
resistance to Qing by
in Taozhou. See also Hidāyat Allāh; Huasi; Jahrīya; Ma Laichi; Ma Zhan’ao; menhuan
Khitan
Khoja ʽAbd Allāh. See also Qādirīya
Khoja Āfāq (Āpāq). See Hidāyat Allāh
Khwarezm
Kokand
Kökenōr (Qinghai Lake)
Koran
Kuhn, Philip
Kumbum
al-Kūrānī, Ibrāhīm ibn Hasan
Labrang
lamaseries
Lan Yu
language, as valence of identity
Lanzhou
law: cases involving Sino-Muslims
status of
status of
Muslims in Qing
Lei Zhengguan
Li Peiying
Li Shijia
Li Shiyao
Li Yansheng
Li Zhi
Li Zicheng
Linxia. Hui Autonomous Prefecture. See Hezhou
literacy, in northwest China
literary inquisition
Liu Bang
Liu Erxin
Liu Jintang
Liu Yufen
Liu Zhi: in 20th cent.
career of
education of
in Hai Furun case
sources used by
in thought of Ma Qixi
works of. See also Confucianism; Han kitab
Liupan Mountains
Longdong
Longnan
Lu Guohua
Lu Hongtao
Ma Anliang: 1872 surrender of Hezhou by
death of
as Ma family warlord
named by Zuo Zongtang
opposition to Ikhwan
opposition to republican revolution
opposition to Xidaotang
passive resistance to Bai Lang
as Qing military official
as ruler of Hezhou
as threat to Muslims. See also Hezhou; Huasi; Khafīya; Ma family warlords; Ma Zhan’ao
Ma Congshan
Ma family warlords (Majia junfa)
Ma Fulu
Ma Fushou
Ma Fuxiang: as candidate for provincial power
coalition against Feng Yuxiang
Confucian leanings of
death of
early military career of
economic activities, of
education of
and Guomindang
and Ikhwan
and modern education
and modern integration of Gansu
as Qing military official
as threat to Muslims. See also Guomindang; Han kitab; Ma family warlords
Ma Guiyuan
Ma Guobao
Ma Guoliang
Ma Hongbin
Ma Hongkui
Ma Hualong: as anti-Qing rebel
based at Jinjipu
negotiation with Qing by
religion as motivation for
as Sufi leader
surrender and execution of
surviving descendants of. See also Jahrīya; Zuo Zongtang
Ma Huan
Ma Huisan
Ma Jiajun
Ma Jincheng
Ma Jinxi
Ma Laichi (Abū’l-Futūh): birth of
career of
compliance with Qing
descendants of
education of
as founder of Khafīya
pilgrimage of
practice of hereditary succession by
as shaikh
as student of Ma Taibaba
as transmitter of Sufism
travels in Middle East. See also Huasi; Khafīya; menhuan
Ma Lin
Ma Mingren
Ma Mingxin (ʽAzīz)
anti-Qing stance of
blamed for violence
career of
criticism of Khafīya
execution of
imprisoned in Lanzhou
as Jahrīya leader
Ma Hualong as descendant of
in Ma Qixi’s thought
Ma Yuanzhang as descendant of
pilgrimage of
thaumaturgy of
as transmitter of Sufism. See also Jahrīya; menhuan; Sufism
Ma Qi. See also Ikhwan; Ma family warlords
Ma Qianling
Ma Qixi: attacked by Ma Anliang
and Beizhuang menhuan
death of
economic ideas of
education of
educational ideas of
founds Xidaotang
life of
and Muslim solidarity
religious life of. See also Han kitab; Taozhou, Xidaotang
Ma Rubiao
Ma Shilin
Ma Shouying (Lao Huihui)
Ma Shouzhen
Ma Songting
Ma Taibaba
Ma Tingrang
Ma Tong
Ma Wanfu: education of
as founder of Ikhwan
as fundamentalist leader
life of
pilgrimage of
rescue and patronage by Ma Qi
support for 1895 rebellion
transformation of message of. See also Ikhwan; Ma Qi
Ma Weihan
Ma Wenlu
Ma Wensheng
Ma Wuyi
Ma Yide
Ma Yinghuan
Ma Yonglin: in 1895 rebellion
accused before Yang Changjun
as descendant of Ma Laichi
execution of
as local intermediary
opposed to Ma Rubiao’s reform.
See also Khafīya; Ma Anliang; Ma Fuxiang
Ma Yongrui
Ma Yuanchao
Ma Yuanzhang: on Chinese nationalism
death of
on education
as head of the Jahrīya
life of
and Muslim solidarity
resistance to Bai Lang by
as trustworthy ahong
in Yunnan
in Zhangjiachuan. See also Dong Fuxiang; Jahrīya
Ma Zhan’ao: and Islam
as Khafīya leader at Hezhou
as Ma Anliang’s father
as Qing military official
as rebel
surrender to Qing of. See also Hezhou; Huasi; Khafīya; Ma Anliang; Ma Fuxiang
Ma Zhenwu
Ma Zhongying
Ma Zhu: in 20th cent.
career of
education of
Qing recognition sought by
in thought of Ma Qixi
travels of
as Yunnan Muslim gentry. See also Confucianism; Han kitab
Ma Ziqiang
Ma Zongsheng (ʽAbd ar-Rahmān)
madrasa
Makhdūmazāda khojas
Maluzhen
Manchu minzu. See also Qing dynasty
Manchus, as imperial center
Marco Polo
martial arts
martyrdom (shahīd)
Mathnawī (text)
Matteo Ricci
Mecca. See also pilgrimage
medicine, exchange of
Meng Qiaofang
menhuan
as cause of violence
as divisive
evolution of
as instrument of elite control
Jahrīya as
Khafīya as
opposed by Ikhwan
organization of
Qādirīya as
relation to Chinese lineage
tuanlian of. See also Jahrīya; Khafīya; Sufi order; Sufism; names of individual menhuan
middle ground
Milayin
militarization of society
militias. See tuanlian
millet, as minzu
min (non-Muslim common people)
Min Fuying
Ming dynasty
Mingshahui (Bright Sand Societies)
Mingshale (text)
minority nationalities (shaoshu minzu)
Minzhou
minzu conflict
minzu paradigm: anti-Qing unity in
as category system
and consciousness
creation of
dangers of
definition of
and definition of Hui
and ethnicity
evolution of
and gender
as hegemonic narrative
historiography within
and history
imposition of
Manchus in
and Muslim solidarity
Muslim unity in
Muslims in
northwestern Muslims in
and race
religion in
validity of. See also category system; ethnicity; China, People’s Republic of
Mirsad al-Ibad (text)
al-Mizjājī, ʽAbd al-Khāliq b. az-Zayn
Möngke
Mongol (minzu)
Mongolia
Mongolie-speakers
Mongols
Morgan, Lewis
mosques: as distinctive community centers
large central
prohibition on building of
role and structure of
among Salars
Mosuo minzu
Mu Shenghua
Mu Ying
Mufti (menhuan)
Muhammad (prophet)
biography of
as Ma Zhu’s ancestor
origin of Sino-Muslims and
tomb of
as Western sage
Muhammad Yūsuf
Muslim Educational Progressive Association
Muslims: acculturation under Yuan
bandits
in China
definition of
economic roles in Song China
elites
as foreign sojourners
as generals
as gentry, of Taozhou
militarism of
in Ming law
organizations of
rebellion of
as scientists
scripturalist fundamentalism of
as semu guan
solidarity of, as Ma Yuanzhang’s goal
unity of
valence of identity of
and violence
in Yuan bureaucracy
under Zhu Yuanzhang. See also Islam; Muslims; Sino-Muslims
communities of: authority in
conflict within
connected by religion
distinctiveness of
of Gansu
isolated from one another
local nature of
as minorities
in Tang-Song China. See also Gedimu; Ikhwan; menhuan; mosques; Xidaotang
as merchants: imports into China by
in Tang-Song China
in tribute missions
Mutushan
Nakada Yoshinobu
Naqshabandīya
in 1648 rebellion
in Central Asian society
centrality of tombs in
in China
in Gansu
Hidāyat Allāh as missionary of
politics as focus for
in tajdīd movement
in Zhangjiachuan. See also Sufi order; Sufism
nation
nation building, as modern process
nation-state
distinguished from empire
and ethnicity
and history
national sovereignty, as concept
nationalism. See Chinese nationalism
Nationalist Party. See Guomindang
Nayancheng
Neo-Confucianism
New Culture movement
New Teaching: as cause of violence
as contextual term
distinguished from Old
Jahrīya as
as Qing term. See also Ikhwan; Jahrīya; Xidaotang
Nian rebellion
Ninghepu
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
Ningxia Province; creation of
geography and economy of
Ma Fuxiang in
as Muslim center. See also Gansu; northwest China; Qinghai
Niu Shihan
Northern Song dynasty
northwest China: defined
as frontier
modern transformation of
Muslim minzu of
Muslim zones of
violence in. See also frontier; Gansu Province; Ningxia Province; Qinghai Province
Ögödei
Old Teaching: as contextual term
distinguished from New Teaching
Khafīya as
as Qing term. See also Gedimu; Khafīya; New Teaching
opium
Ordos
ortaq
pacification: after 1781
after 1784
after 1872
after 1873
at Jinjipu
at Xining
People’s Republic of China. See China, People’s Republic of
Persia, travel to China from
Persian language
Persians
Pickens, Claude L., Jr.
pilgrimage (hajj)
of Beizhuang shaikh
as connection to West Asia
of Hu Dengzhou
of Hu Songshan
of Ma Laichi
of Ma Mingxin
of Ma Qixi
of Ma Rubiao
of Ma Wanfu
pious endowment (waqf)
political boundary, as concept
Prophetic descent
Pu Luoxin
qadi (Muslim judge)
Qādirīya (Sufi order)
Qalandarīya (Sufi order)
Qarakhanid dynasty
Qian Mu
qiankai-houkai conflict
Qianlong emperor: on 1784 rebellion
conquest of Xinjiang under
distinction from officials
and Gansu corruption scandal
on Hai Furun case
policy toward Muslims of
and Siku quanshu. See also Qing dynasty
Qilian Mountains
Qing dynasty: as anachronism
corruption in
as empire
as invasive actor
legitimacy of law courts of
and local authority
military
modern transformation of
and Muslim internecine conflict
officials as rational
regulation of northwest China trade
rule over Muslims
subordinate lords of
in Xinjiang. See also Chinese nationalism; Manchus; nation-state
Qingzhen zhinan (text)
Qinling Mountains
Qintianjian (Bureau of Astronomy)
Qipchaqs
Quanzhou
Qubilai
race, and minzu
Ramadan
Rashīd al-Dīn
rebellion: of 1648
of 1781
of 1784
of 1860s
of 1895
historiography of 19th-cent.
as legal category
as local feuds
local nature of
as state-created category. See also violence
reform of Islamic practice
religion: as community connector
in minzu paradigm
as valence of identity
and violence. See also Buddhism; Christianity; Daoism; Islam; Judaism
renewal. See tajdīd
revenge, as motivation for violence
Revolution of 1911
rimpoche (incarnation)
Ronglu
Sa’ad Waqqas
Sa’id Baba (sultan of Turfan)
Sala Hui. See Salars
Salar minzu
Salars: in 1781 rebellion
in 1895 law case
in 1895 rebellion
connection to Central Asia
conversion to Sufism of
as crucial actors
feuds among
origins of
population of
reputation of
two descriptions of. See also Bayanrong; Qinghai Province; Xunhua
Samarkand
as-Samman, Muhammad
Sayyid Ajall Shams ad-Dīn
science, as Muslim specialty
scripturalist fundamentalism
sect, in Islam
sectarianism, Daoist and Buddhist
self-cultivation (xiushen)
semu
semu guan (officials of various categories)
Shaanxi Province
in 1911 revolution
Ikhwan failure in
as locus for rebellions
flight of Ma Wanfu to
Qing victory in. See also Bai Yanhu; Eighteen Great Battalions; Xi’an
Muslims of: as cause of violence
decimation of
flight of
and Islam
as refugees in Gansu
resettlement of
in Suzhou
in Xining
Shādhilīya (Sufi order)
Shāh Walī Allāh
Shahrukh Bahadur
shaikh: as distinctive leader
as head of menhuan
in Hezhou
as local authority
obedience to
in Sufism. See also menhuan; Sufi order; Sufism
Shandong
sharī‘a (Muslim law): as central to Muslim orthopraxy
charity in
Chinese definition of
legitimacy for Muslims
Ma Zhu on. See also Islam
Shengbao
Shengyun
Shi Dakai
Shuangcheng, ambush at
Sichuan
Siku quanshu (text)
Silk Road
silsila (Sufi genealogy)
Sima Qian
as-Sindī, Muhammad Hayāt
as-Sinkilī, ʽAbd ar-Ra’ūf
Sino-Arabic Middle School
Sino-Muslims: acculturation under Ming
in Amdo
bicultural quality of
on both sides in rebellions
in Chinese identity
Chinese nationalism of
as citizens of China
connections to Central and West Asia
decisions by
defined
distinguished in Qing law
distribution in China
divisions among
in eastern Gansu
education of
as fanatics
identity of
integration of
as merchants, in Xinjiang
as middlemen
in minzu paradigm
origin myths of
place in modern China
under Qing rule
segregation of
sources for study of
at Taozhou.
See also Islam; Muslims
Sinophone Muslims. See Sino-Muslims
Sipian yaodao (text)
Sirhindī, Ahmad
Skinner, G. William
solidarity, as generic term
Southern Ming dynasty
Southern Song dynasty
Soviet Union, nationality policies of
statute law
stereotypes
Su Forty-three (Su Sishisan)
ballad of
Khafīya opposed to
as military leader.
See also Jahrīya; Ma Mingxin
Sufi order: as cause of violence
Chinese definition of
compared to Han kitab
conflict among
difference from Gedimu
distinctiveness of
distinguished from Sufi ideas
in Gansu
initiation into
as innovation
as local solidarity
militia of
as revivalist movement
structure of. See also menhuan; shaikh; Sufism; names of individual Sufi orders
Sufism
17th-18th cent. changes in
in China
defined
in Gansu
in Han kitab
hospices of
as Ikhwan target
impact on Chinese society of
networks of loyalty in
obedience to shaikh in
range of meanings of
revivalism in
saints in
among Sino-Muslims
spread of
Sufis
in Xinjiang
in Yunnan. See also gongbei; menhuan; shaikh; tarīqa
Suhrawardīya (Sufi order)
Suiyuan Province
Suzhou, Gansu
Suzhou, Jiangsu
Taiping rebellion
Taizisi, battle of
tajdīd (renewal)
Tamerlane
Tang dynasty
Tang Taizong
Tang Yanhe
Tangwangchuan
Tao River
Tao Zongyi
Taoxi: Bai Lang trapped in
in defense of Hezhou
as distinct region
geography and economy of
as locus of Muslim violence
Ma Zhan’ao’s victory in
Ma Zhongying in
Taozhou in. See also Hezhou; Taozhou
Taozhou (New City)
Taozhou (Old City): 1895 rebellion in
defense against Bai Lang
occupied by Ma Zhongying
sack of
as site of communal tension
situation of
and Xidaotang. See also Ma Qixi; Xidaotang
tarīqa. See Sufi order
taxation, of Muslim merchants
Taylor, F. W. M.
tea, traded for horses
thaumaturgy (karāmāt)
Tian Wu
Tian Xing Long
Tianfang. See Arabia
Tianfang dianli (text)
Tianfang xingli (text)
Tianshui
Tibet: cultural continuum of China and
Gansu as frontier of
Qing policy toward
Taozhou and
Tibetan language
Tibetan minzu
Tibetan culture: in Chinese eyes
at Taozhou
at Xining
Tibetans: allied with Qing
in anti-Muslim coalition
as converts to Islam
divisions among
as frontier people
in Gansu
in Gansu military
in Taoxi
Xidaotang and
Tonggan. See Tungan
tribute system
tuanlian (militias): as anti-Muslim forces
at Haicheng
as reaction to threat
in Shaanxi
in siege of Xi’an
at Xining. See also Shaanxi Province; violence
Tungan: in Russia
as term for Sino-Muslims
Turfan
Turkic-speakers
Turumtay
tucheng fanke (native-born foreign sojourners)
tusi (local hereditary chieftains): of Choni
defined
as local authority
replacement by nation-state
among Salars
system
among Tibetans. See also beg; Salars; Tibetans
umma (community of Muslim believers)
Uygur minzu
Uygurs, conversion to Islam of
violence: 19th cent. increase in
causes of
as characteristic of Muslims
in Chinese society
in defense of home
on frontiers
in Gansu after 1761
as gendered activity
internecine Muslim
as local
motivation to
among Muslims
between Muslims and Tibetans
as rebellion
relation to state
role of religion in
in Shaanxi
social roots of
between Sufi orders. See also rebellion
Wang Dagui
Wang Daiyu: in 20th cent.
as author of Han kitab
in thought of Ma Qixi
Wang Danwang
Wang Lun
Wang Naibi
Wang Shumin
Wang Zhu
“wash away the Muslims” (xi Hui)
Wei Guangtao
Wei River valley
wenhua (literary culture)
Western (xiyang) writings
White Lotus
Woshikeng’e
Wu Sangui
Wu Sunqie
Wuchang incident
wushi fanke (fifth-generation foreign sojourners)
Xi’an
xiaojing (Arabic pinyin)
Xidaotang: adaptation to modern China
alliance with Guomindang
called “Chinese studies faction”
commerce of
as economic collective
education in
as Islamic solidarity
origins and evolution of
resistance to Bai Lang. See also Ma Anliang; Ma Qixi; Taozhou
xiejiao (heterodoxy)
Xining: 1860s rebellion in
1895 rebellion in
as center of Huangzhong
complex population of
Hidāyat Allāh in
local feuds around
Ma Fuxiang in
Ma Guiyuan as Muslim leader in
as Ma Qi’s base
as Muslim center
as Song entrepot
Zuo Zongtang’s campaign against
Xining (Huang) River
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Bai Yanhu’s flight to
and Beizhuang menhuan
Gansu as frontier of
jihād in
Ma Anliang in
Ma Fuxiang in
Ma Wanfu in
Muslim survivors settled in
Muslims in
Qing conquest of
rebellions in
Sufism in
as Zuo Zongtang’s objective. See also Hidāyat Allāh; Kashgar; Yang Zengxin
Xinzhu
Xixia kingdom
Xunhua: 1781 rebellion in
1895 rebellion in
conflict within Huasi menhuan at
as Muslim center
qiankai-houkai conflict in
as Salar center
Yakūb Beg
Yang Changjun: 1889 visit to Hezhou by
on Dong Fuxiang’s success
as governor-general of Shaan-Gan
Muslim lawsuit brought before
plan to relieve Hezhou
proclamation of
report on Haicheng incident by
as threat to Muslims. See also rebellion of 1895
Yang Jiqing
Yang Shiji
Yang Shijun
Yang Zengxin
yangqi (cultivating the vital essence)
Yangzhou
Yangzi River, watershed
Yellow River
Yemen
Yi Xing Gong
Yingqi
Yongle emperor
Yongzheng emperor
Yu Yourenz
Yuan dynasty
Yuan Shikai
Yunnan
Zamzam well
Zang minzu. See Tibetan minzu
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fenghui
Zhang Guangjian
Zhang Wenqing
Zhang Xianzhong
Zhang Zhong (Shizhong)
Zhang Zuolin
Zhangjiachuan
Zhangjiakou
Zheng He (Ma He)
Zheng Suonan
Zhengjiao zhenquan (text)
Zhou Mi
Zhou Shixiang (Qishi)
Zhu Chun
Zhu Di. See Yongle emperor
Zhu Shichuan
Zhu Yuanzhang (Ming Taizu)
Zungharia
Zuo Zongtang
acceptance of Ma Zhan’ao’s surrender by
attack on Jinjipu by
blames New Teaching for violence
as bureaucratic Confucian
defeated by Ma Zhan’ao
as Qing commander
reconquest of north-west and Xinjiang by
resettlement of Gansu Muslims by. See also rebellion, of 1860s
Zwemer, Samuel