INDEX

Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), 177
Administrative Reforms Commission, 65–66
agency of bureaucrats. See bureaucratic agency
agriculture, 17, 31, 60, 74, 144, 166, 171, 187, 239n2, 247n25; water disputes and, 101, 107, 139–40. See also droughts; famine; farmers; floods; irrigation; rural areas
AIADMK (All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam), 17, 112, 168, 203, 211, 240n10
Andhra Pradesh, 76, 89, 91, 100map, 103–4; interstate water, 18, 99, 101–2, 121–22, 125
Anna University: Centre for Water Resources, 210; Mohanakrishnan teaching at, 213
Arul, Carolin, 156, 168

Baer, Madeline, 26
Bakker, Karen, 26
Bangalore Water Supply and Sewage Board, 110
Bengaluru (Bangalore), 107, 110, 115, 142
BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party), 17, 87– 88, 112, 117, 201–2. See also Modi, Narendra
Bombay Presidency, 52–53
Bourne, John, 35
British colonial state, 103, 107, 132
bureaucratic agency, 97, 119–20, 124, 190, 205, 220–24, 232, 249n18; institutional reforms and, 4–10, 19; in Tamil Nadu’s PWD, 21–22, 39–42, 49–50, 195
bureaucrats, 4, 22, 99, 119–20, 192–95, 198–99, 212, 236, 246n5; corrup- tion and patronage, 64–67, 193, 199–200, 203, 212, 231; middle-class formation for, 64–65, 201–5; rethinking the figure of, 205–11. See also engineers; Indian Administrative Service (IAS); middle class

canals, 59–60, 109, 126map, 156
caste, 177, 184–87, 210, 240n10. See also inequality; landless laborers; marginalized groups; poor people
Cauvery (Kaveri) River, 50–51, 53, 193, 108map, 225–26
Cauvery (Kaveri) River dispute, 101, 105–7, 109–11, 119; Cauvery Family Initiative and, 118; historical roots of, 103– 6; interstate water, 18, 102, 111–13, 115–17, 120–21, 132; Jayalalitha’s fast and, 97–98; spaces of bureaucratic agency and, 119–20; state institutional incapacity and, 114–15, 117–18; Supreme Court interventions, 113–15
Cauvery Technical Cell, Tamil Nadu, 23–24, 119
Cauvery Water Management Board, 113–14
Cauvery Water Tribunal (Cauvery Tribunal), 98, 102, 106–7, 112, 116–17
central government, 5, 13–14, 32–33, 56–57, 61, 82, 84, 92, 95, 199, 240n7 (intro.); Indian bureaucrats and, 22; interstate, 99, 104–5, 111, 197; national river-interlinking project and, 86–87; Supreme Court and, 113–14, 169–70; as TNUIFSL funding source, 179–80. See also British colonial state; local governments; state governments
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), 8–9, 57–58, 63, 86, 162
centralization, 33, 41–42, 55–57, 61, 109, 123, 142, 182; decentralization and, 27–28, 69; farmers’ participatory irrigation management and, 88– 89; interstate water negotiations and, 140–41; JNNURM and, 87; mechanisms, privatization and, 14–15; reforms and, 4, 242n4; in Tamil Nadu, 89–95; water governance in India and, 27, 177–78; World Bank and, 24, 72–73, 81–82. See also economic liberalization
Central Water Commission (CWC): Dam Safety Organization in, 135; establishment, 58, 63; Mullaperiyar Dam inspections by, 133; regulation of surface water and groundwater by, 57–58; reorganization need recognized, 86; Shah’s report on restructuring, 8–9
Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, 210
Chandra, Kanchan, 200–201
Chembarambakkam Reservoir, Chennai, 143, 163, 192
Chennai, 21, 23, 91, 102, 121–24, 128–29, 142, 155, 158map, 176, 189–91, 204, 243n6; droughts and, 101, 143, 144, 225; flooding in, 143–44; state power and privatization in, 174–78. See also Chennai’s water bureaucracy reforms
Chennai Metropolitan Area Ground Water (Regulation) Act (1987), 93, 159, 242n15
Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB). See Metrowater, Chennai
Chennai’s water bureaucracy reforms, 145–54
Chile, water privatization in, 26, 241n2
cities, metropolitan, 88, 142–43, 163
citizenship rights: water governance study and, 12
civil service. See Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
civil society, 19, 54, 118, 136. See also protests and protest movements; social movements
class, 169, 185–87, 203, 208–10, 214–15, 247n23. See also caste; inequality; middle class
climate change, x, 5, 101, 129, 144, 190, 233, 236–37. See also environment
Coca-Cola, protests against, 174, 230–31
Coelho, Karen, 153, 246n9
Coimbatore, 60, 90, 138, 147–48
Colombia, water governance in, 27
Congress Party, 54, 94, 106, 117, 122, 197
constitution (India): on interstate water disputes, 56; on water governance, 13, 32, 55–56, 82, 89, 95
corruption, 7, 21–22, 39, 63–65, 177, 193–94, 197, 200, 203, 206–7, 212, 231–32, 248n1
cost recovery, 77, 84, 86, 90, 176, 242n7. See also Metrowater, Chennai; revenue collection; user fees; water charges; water metering
Cotton, Arthur, 30–31, 35–37, 49
Cullet, Philippe, 241n8

Dalhousie, Governor General, 35
dams, 57, 105, 109, 115, 209–10, 214–16, 220–23; World Bank funding for, 73, 75, 77. See also large infrastructure projects; Mettur Dam; Mullaperiyar Dam; Narmada River dam; Sardar Sarovar Dam project; Siruvani Dam
decentralization, 3, 5, 13–14, 16, 21, 69–70, 80, 82–84, 95, 106, 140–42, 145, 150, 162–63, 181–82, 228, 239n3, 240n7 (intro.); in Tamil Nadu, 9–10, 179; Water Resources Consolidation Projects and, 147–48; World Bank policies and projects in India and, 24, 72, 77, 80–81. See also economic liberalization; privatization; Water Users’ Associations
Delhi, 20, 142, 177
Delhi Jal (water) Board, 229–30
developmental state, 2, 13–14, 32, 54–63, 67–68, 101, 105, 197
Devkar, Ganesh, 248n31
DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam), 17, 123–24, 203, 240n10
drinking water, 58, 60, 82–85, 90, 102, 105, 110–11, 138–40, 144, 151–52, 165–66, 168, 171, 226. See also Telugu Ganga Project
droughts, 129, 143, 144, 155–56, 162, 190, 207, 225, 236, 241n18; climate change and, 129, 144, 236; farmer suicides and, 169–70; interstate, 101, 138, 245n36. See also Cauvery (Kaveri) River dispute; famine; Mullaperiyar Dam conflict; water scarcity
Dubash, Navroz, 11

economic growth, 2–3, 235, 239n2
economic liberalization, 111, 134, 142, 152, 190, 200–201, 227. See also postliberalization period
educational capital, 208–9, 215–16
electoral politics, 187–89, 201–2, 249n6. See also political parties
electricity, 105, 171–72. See also hydropower
Emergency Rule, 122–24, 196, 197
employment assistance program (MGNREGA), 2
employment exchanges, 204–5
engineers, 40–41, 43–45, 64–66, 120, 128, 164, 175–76, 192, 208–9, 246n9. See also bureaucrats; Iyer, Ramaswamy; Mohanakrishnan, A.; Pennycuick, John; professional expertise
environment, 11–12, 75, 82–83, 135–36, 139, 173, 245n29. See also climate change
ethics, 214, 220–22, 232–23
ethnic groups: linguistic reorganization of states and, 103–4; violence among, Cauvery River dispute and, 107
expertise: PWD’s use of term, 43–47. See also professional expertise
extraction, state-based: bureaucratic authority redistribution, inequality and, 154–57, 159–66; groundwater, 58, 59–60, 67, 105, 166; planned economy and, 57; privatization in the water sector and, 15, 16

famine, 41–42, 48–49, 240n6. See also droughts; water scarcity
Famine Commissions, 48, 49
farmers: 64, 75–76, 83, 90, 106, 109–10, 116, 118, 123, 129, 136, 167, 169–72, 185–87, 243n5. See also agriculture; irrigation; landless laborers
federalism (India): 3, 7, 10, 13–14, 21, 55, 62, 71, 96–99, 101, 103, 112; World Bank on institutional reforms and, 78–79. See also constitution (India); interstate water disputes
floods, 137, 143–44, 148–49, 190, 192, 236, 241n18, 248n35. See also Cauvery (Kaveri) River dispute; Mullaperiyar Dam conflict

Gandhi, Indira, 122–23, 196, 197–98
Gandhi, Mahatma, 54
Gandhi, Rajiv, 82–83
gender, groundwater markets and, 186–87. See also women
Gopakumar, Govind, 164, 239n4
Gould, William, 64–65
Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN), 148fig., 152–53, 171, 178; Second Tamil Nadu Urban Development Project, 91–92; Water Resources Consolidation Project in, 90–91
Green Revolution, 32, 74
groundwater, 32, 56–60, 67, 87, 105, 155–57, 159–61, 163–65, 166, 171–73, 173fig., 241n8; Easement Act (1882) on, 240n7 (ch. 1); legislation in Tamil Nadu, 93–94; NASA tracking of, 247n16; overextraction of, 8–9, 63
Guhan, S., 120
Gujarat: Narmada Bachao Andolan in, 245n29; Narmada River dam project in, 75

Haldea, Gajendra, 20–21
Hazare, Anna, 248n1
Herzfeld, Michael, 194
Hoque, Sonia, 179
Hyderabad, 51, 52–53, 103, 142, 241nn9–10
hydropower, 132, 134, 221. See also dams

Idduki Reservoir, 130map, 137
identity, bureaucratic agency and, 211–20
Indian Administrative Service (IAS), 18, 194, 195–200, 240n1. See also bureaucratic agency
Indian Civil Service (ICS), 196–97
industry, 4–5, 144, 151–52, 166, 167table
inequality, x, 4–10, 12, 24–28, 64, 88, 110–11, 153–57, 159–66, 168–69, 182–89, 225, 236–37; institutional and, 4, 145, 227, 228–29, 235; privatization and, 10, 15–16. See also caste; institutional reforms; marginalized groups
infrastructural security, Mullaperiyar Dam conflict and, 131–40, 245n37
infrastructure, water-related, 11–12, 60, 87, 180, 218. See also canals; dams; large infrastructure projects; public works; Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited
Institute for Water Studies, 205, 208, 209
institutional reforms, ix, 21, 70–71, 77, 83, 90–91, 145, 147, 189–90, 227–28, 230, 233–35; inequality, bureaucratic agency, and, 4–10; national water policy framework and, 83; new forms of centralization and, 146, 153–54; in small towns and rural communities, 178–82
integrated water management, governance policies and principles based on, 234–35
interstate cooperation, on Telugu Ganga Project, 121–25, 126map, 127–29, 131, 244n24
Inter-state River Water Disputes Act (1956), 56, 104, 105, 113–14; amendments (2002), 114, 244n16
interstate water disputes, 55–56, 63, 94, 99, 101–6, 234, 242n2. See also Cauvery (Kaveri) River dispute; Mullaperiyar Dam conflict
interstate water negotiations, 53–54, 96– 99, 124–25, 128–29, 244n24
irrigation, 30–31, 38–39, 41, 43, 45–46, 48, 50, 54, 59–60, 62–64, 84, 105, 107, 109, 125, 132, 146, 157, 166–67, 167table, 196, 226, 240n4, 240n7 (ch. 1); Madras government, 33, 35; PWD, 20, 39, 61table, 146, 156–57; World Bank support for, 74. See also dams; droughts; famine
IT sector, 151, 169, 172–73, 239n2, 242n1
Iyer, Ramaswamy, 220–24, 244n16

Janakarajan, S., 118
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), 87, 88
Jayalalitha, Chief Minister, 97, 98, 204, 244n17
Jha, Prem Shankar, 198

Kalidindi, Satyanarayana, 248n31
Kapur, Devesh, 18
Karnataka, 79–80, 99, 100map, 103–4, 106–7, 109, 112, 118, 122–23; interstate water-related agreements and, 101–2, 104, 122. See also Cauvery (Kaveri) River dispute
Kaveri River. See Cauvery (Kaveri) River
Kejriwal, Arvind, 241n1
Kerala, 18, 99, 104, 130map, 137. See also Mullaperiyar Dam conflict
Khosla, Saksham, 200
Krishnan, L., 180
Krishna Water Supply Project, 102, 213. See also Telugu Ganga Project
Krishna Water Tribunal, 122, 244n19

Lakkavalli Reservoir, Myosore, 51–52, 53
land, 49, 156–57, 162–63, 166–74, 183. See also wetlands development
Land Acquisition Act (1894), 60, 156
Land Acquisition and Economic Rehabilitation (LAER) Office, 183–85
landless laborers, 172, 183, 186
large infrastructure projects, 35, 87, 209–10. See also canals; dams; infrastructure, water-related; public works
Lawrence, John, 43
Liaison Committee, for Telugu Ganga Project, 124–25, 244n22
liberalization. See economic liberalization
linguistic groups, reorganization of states and, 103–4
Lloyd George, David, 196
lobbying, bureaucratic, 35, 37–38, 39, 42–43, 47
local governments, 5, 16, 18, 85–86, 239n3. See also central government; metropolitan cities; Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI); panchayats; small towns; state governments
local state governments. See state governments
Lok Sabha, 114. See also Parliament

Madhya Pradesh, 50, 79–80, 89, 91, 240n7 (ch. 1)
Madras. See Chennai
Madras High Court, 59, 167–68, 170, 207, 211
Madras Metropolitan Corporation (MMC), 148–49
Madras Presidency, 17, 19, 31–33, 34map, 35–39, 51–54, 103, 107, 132, 241nn9–10. See also Andhra Pradesh
Madurai, 132–33, 147–48
Mahalingam, Ashwin, 248n31
Maharashtra, 79–80, 89, 91, 100map, 122
marginalized groups, 82–83, 176–77, 236. See also inequality
markets. See water markets
media, 135, 136, 212
Mehta, Pratap Bhanu, 18
metropolitan cities, 88, 142–43, 163
Metrowater, Chennai, 21, 24, 102, 146– 47, 148fig., 149, 154–56, 159–61, 163– 64, 167, 172, 175–77, 181, 186, 189, 226, 229; groundwater regulation in Chennai area by, 160, 161–62, 163; public distrust of, 207, 231
Mettur Dam, 225–26
middle class, 64–66, 169, 195, 201–5, 215–16. See also bureaucrats
Ministry of Water Resources, 56, 62–63, 113, 220–22, 261n17
Modi, Narendra, 2, 86–87, 94, 112, 201–2, 249n6. See also BJP
Mohanakrishnan, A., 23–24, 98–99, 119, 120, 125, 127–28, 193, 212–19, 232, 250n20
Mollinga, Peter, 240n6
monsoons, 101, 113, 225–26. See also droughts
Mordhana Reservoir scheme, 184–85
Morgan, Bronwen, 11
Mosse, David, 38, 46
Mullaperiyar Dam, 102, 130map, 213
Mullaperiyar Dam conflict, 131–40, 226; revenue reading scale and, 245n37
Municipal Administration and Water Supply (MAWS), 148fig.
Mysore, 51–52, 103, 107

Nagaraj, R., 203
Nair, Ranesh, 87
Narmada Bachao Andolan, 75
Narmada River dam, 73, 75, 221, 222
National Water Policy (India), 62, 86, 87, 168
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 32, 57, 214, 216
neoliberalism, 25, 229, 233
New Veeranam Extension Project, 168
NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 81, 118, 136

Orissa, 38, 77, 89, 100map, 240n3
Other Backward Classes and Scheduled Castes/Dalits (OBC/SC castes), 184

packaged drinking water industry, 165
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), 83, 182
panchayats, 2, 84–85
Pandian, Anand, 223
Pani, Narendar, 106
Parliament, 13, 18, 113–14
participatory development, 78–79, 83. See also decentralization; Water Users’ Associations
participatory management, 88–89, 92, 177–78, 181, 210. See also decentralization; Water Users’ Associations
Patel, Sardar Vallabhai, 195–99, 240n1
Patkar, Medha, 221, 250n21
patronage, 15–16, 63–64, 66, 198–200, 217–18, 233
Pennycuick, John, 223
peri-urban areas, 143, 155–56, 160, 166–67, 172–73, 173fig., 187
planning, centralized: interstate water disputes and, 105; River Boards Act (1956) and, 104; water governance and, 237
planning and development, 56, 61, 82, 104
police, Mullaperiyar Dam conflict and, 138–40
political economy, 31–32, 99, 105, 111–13, 117–18, 135, 141, 164
political parties, 99, 106–7, 112, 117–20, 197–98, 200, 218. See also entries for specific parties
political power, 142, 164–65, 240n2. See also state power
politics of water, 24–28, 196–97, 226–27, 233; modernist vision of developmental state and, 32, 57
Poondi Reservoir, Chennai, 157, 158map
poor people, 153–54, 177, 183, 188–89. See also caste; marginalized groups
population growth, 142, 148, 155, 246n4
populist politics, ix, 203–4
postliberalization period, 1–2, 5–6, 10– 16, 21, 71, 82–83, 88, 94–95, 101, 105– 6, 140, 145, 152, 169, 239n1; reforming the bureaucracy in, 199–201
post-Washington Consensus, ix, 25, 229
Potter, David, 249n19
Prabhu, Nagesh, 74, 78, 229–30
Prasad, A., 212
PRI (Panchayati Raj Institutions), 83, 182
princely states, colonial state disputes with, 52
private interests (sector), 10, 25–26, 36, 83, 88–92, 111, 200, 228–29. See also public-private partnerships (PPPs)
privatization, 4, 14–15, 24–25, 69, 80, 82, 176–77, 229–31, 241n1; in Chennai, 156, 174–78; Chile’s expansion of, 241n2; state power in small towns and rural areas and, 178–82; in Tamil Nadu, 9–10; water governance and, 3, 5, 26–27; water reform debates on, 154–55; World Bank and, 24, 72–73, 78, 80–81. See also decentralization; public-private partnerships
professional expertise, 41–47, 53. See also engineers
project-affected persons (PAPs), land acquisition for water infrastructure and, 183
property rights, 50, 241n8. See also groundwater; land
protests and protest movements, 25, 54, 75, 81, 97–98, 168, 186, 188, 225, 250n21; over Cauvery River dispute, 106–7, 113, 117; against private companies, 174, 230–31. See also civil society; Iyer, Ramaswamy
public goods, 154, 155, 177, 187
public health, national water policy framework and, 82–83
public interest, 35–36, 47–52. See also public welfare
public-private partnerships (PPPs), 78–80, 88, 178–80, 241n3; for water-related projects, 70, 174–75. See also privatization
public sector, 216–17. See also bureaucrats
public welfare, 168–70. See also public interest
public works, 30–31, 33, 35–39, 54, 241n13; Tamil Nadu’s water bureaucracy and, 17–22. See also canals; dams; infrastructure, water-related; large infrastructure projects
Public Works Department (PWD), x, 19–21, 23–24, 29–31, 37, 39–40, 59–60, 65–66, 117, 124, 139, 146–48, 148fig., 153, 155, 163, 205, 207, 209–10, 229, 231, 241n13; expanding authority of, 47–55; internal hierarchies within, 207–8; irrigation budget 1967–1973, 61table; professionalism, expertise and institutional power of, 44–47; staff reductions, 175–76. See also Mohanakrishnan, A.

racialized institutional norms, for professional expertise, 45–47
Rama, N. T. (NTR), 121, 127
Ramachandran, M. G. (MGR), 121, 127
Raman, N., 153
Rao, Bhargavi, 110
Redhills Lake, Chennai, 157, 158map
regulatory state, shift from developmental state in postliberalization period to, 10, 11, 227–28
rehabilitation, economic, land acquisition for water infrastructure and, 75–76, 161, 183–85
rent-seeking, privatization in the water sector and, 15, 16
reservoirs, rain-fed, 155, 156, 209–10
revenue collection, 83, 176–77, 196. See also cost recovery; user fees; water charges; water metering
Revenue Department, 40–41, 59, 148fig.
revenue sources, 30–31, 33, 35, 36, 48–49
River Boards Act (1956), 56, 104, 109, 135
rivers, 17–18, 47, 94, 101, 146, 149–50; interlinking project, 14, 86–87, 242n9. See also Cauvery (Kaveri) River; Inter-state River Water Disputes Act; Telugu Ganga Project
Rudolph, Lloyd and Susanne, 240n7 (intro.)
rural areas, 9, 16, 20, 23, 79, 83–84, 142, 144–45, 161, 169, 179, 183, 185, 206; private capital, reforms, and state power in, 178–82. See also poor people; small towns
Rural Water Supply Programme of Government of India, 84

Saldhana, Leo, 110
Sangita, S. N., 85
sanitation services, 71, 74–75, 76, 87. See also sewers
Sardar Sarovar Dam project, 75, 79, 221, 222
security, Mullaperiyar Dam conflict and, 138–40, 245n37
sewers, 87, 146, 148, 150, 189. See also Metrowater, Chennai; sanitation services
Shah, Mihir, 8–9
Singh, Manmohan, 244n17
Singh, Satyajit, 181–82
Siruvani Dam, 60, 138
Slum Clearance Board, Tamil Nadu (TNSCB), 153, 188–89
small towns, 88, 142, 178–82, 248n31. See also rural areas
Smart Cities Mission, 1, 2, 24, 87–88, 169
social movements, 99, 135–36, 230–31, 245n29. See also protests and protest movements
socioeconomic inequality. See inequality
Srisailam Reservoir, 129
state, 23, 25, 61, 73–81, 86, 195. See also bureaucratic agency; bureaucrats; state power
state capacity and effectiveness: institutional mechanisms for, 10; interstate water disputes and, 14–15, 117–18, 240n7 (intro.); studying dynamics of, 21; water markets as failure of, 173–74
state centralization. See centralization
state governments, 5–6, 9, 11–14, 18, 59, 89, 115, 119, 140, 179–80, 197, 230; interstate water disputes and, 99; JNNURM and, 87; Smart Cities Mission funding and, 88; social welfare impact of, 239n5; sovereignty, 119; staff reductions, 199; Supreme Court on financial distress of farmers and, 169–70; on urbanization of agricultural communities, 144–45; water resources and infrastructure authority of, 32–33; Water Users’ Associations and, 69; World Bank and, 72, 86. See also central government; interstate water disputes; local governments
state power, 30, 63, 70–71, 89–95, 107, 128, 138–39, 161, 166, 174–78, 231; exercise of, through water reforms, global norms, national policies and, 81–89; governance of water and, 142, 226–27; large infrastructure projects as, 35, 87; liberalization policies, patronage, and, 200–201; of PWD’s water bureaucracy in interstate negotiations, 53– 54; in small towns and rural communities, 178–82; World Bank and, 81. See also centralization; corruption; patronage; political power
States Reorganisation Act (1956), 103–4
Sukthankar Committee, 242n6
Supreme Court, 3, 18, 59, 102, 107, 113–15, 131, 169–70; Inter-state River Water Disputes Act and, 244n16; interstate water disputes and, 13, 96, 99, 111; Mullaperiyar Dam conflict and, 131, 133–34, 135, 137; river-interlinking project and, 87, 94, 242n9
Swain, Ashok, 109
Swajaldhara Guidelines (2002), 84, 89

Tamil Nadu Centre for Public Interest Litigation, 170
Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development and Management) Act (2003), 93–94, 160, 165
Tamil Nadu Labour Department, 204–5
Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission, 211
Tamil Nadu Public Works Department. See Public Works Department (PWD)
Tamil Nadu Public Works Department Association of Engineers, 249n14
Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board (TNSCB), 153, 188–89
Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF), 91–92, 154, 178, 180, 248n30
Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation, 70
Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL), 24, 92, 178–79
Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation Project, 76, 79, 89, 145–46, 147, 183. See also Water Resources Consolidation Projects (WRCPs)
Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD), 147, 148fig, 160, 162–64, 181, 248n31
Telangana, 100map, 129, 244n19
Telugu Ganga Project, 102, 121–25, 126map, 127–29, 131–32, 213, 244n24
Telugu speakers, 103–4, 121, 215
Tiwari, Piyush, 87
towns, small, 88, 142, 178–82, 248n31. See also rural areas
tribal groups, Narmada dam effects on, 75
tribunals, 96, 99, 111, 131. See also Cauvery Water Tribunal; Krishna Water Tribunal
tube well irrigation, 166

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 58, 67, 90, 157, 159
upward mobility, 65–66, 202, 208–9, 212
urban areas and urbanization, 3–5, 71, 83, 110, 148–49, 137, 169, 183, 187, 188fig., 206, 225, 234–37; competing and conflicting demands of rural areas and, 9, 67; interstate water disputes and, 99, 134; in Tamil Nadu, 17, 149table. See also Chennai; irrigation; metropolitan cities; poor people
urban governance, 6, 24–28, 141
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT), 88
urban local bodies (ULBs), 83–85, 87–88, 91–92, 178–81, 229, 242n6
user fees, 176, 177, 180–81. See also cost recovery; revenue collection; water charges; water metering
Uttar Pradesh, 64–65, 89, 91

Vaddiraju, Anil Kumar, 6
Vaishnav, Milan, 18, 200
Veeranam Lake, 168
Vijayan, Pinarayi, 136
Village Water and Sanitation Committees, 182
violent protests, 106–7, 118. See also protests and protest movements

Wade, Robert, 64
Washbrook, David, 37–38
Washington Consensus, ix, 229
Water and Sanitation Program–South Asia (WSP-SA), World Bank, 77, 78
water body maintenance, 60, 87, 226
water charges, 48–49, 90. See also cost recovery; revenue collection; user fees; water metering
water disputes: colonial PWD’s role and legacy in, 32, 50–51; politicization of, 115–16; postcolonial water governance and, 56–57. See also Cauvery (Kaveri) River dispute; interstate water disputes; Mullaperiyar Dam conflict
water governance, 4, 31–32, 49, 54–55, 85, 210, 231–33, 236–37; developmental state and, 55–63; postliberalization era and, 10–16; reforms and, 73–81, 239n4; World Bank and, 70. See also drinking water; groundwater; integrated water management; irrigation; politics of water
water mafias, 177
water markets, 15, 157, 159, 166–68, 171–72, 225; inequalities of class, caste, and gender and, 182–86
water metering, 176–77. See also cost recovery; revenue collection; user fees; water charges
water rates. See revenue collection
Water Regulatory Authority (WRA), 86
Water Resources Consolidation Projects (WRCPs), 77, 79, 90–91, 161. See also Chennai’s water bureaucracy reforms; Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation Project
Water Resources Organisation (WRO), 90, 147–48, 148fig., 151–54, 162–63, 206
water scarcity: in Chennai, 58, 94, 132–42, 171, 176. See also droughts; famine
water services, 71, 74–77, 80, 176–77
water sharing, 53, 121–22
water tankers, 172–73, 173fig., 207, 230
water tanks, 38–39, 41, 45–46, 49–50, 59–60
Water Users’ Associations (WUAs), 69, 80, 83, 92–93 181, 242n14; gendered social norms and, 185–86; participatory irrigation management and, 88–89, 145–46
Weber, Max, 232
welfare of the people. See public interest; public welfare
wetlands development, 144, 151, 152–53, 246n6
women, 79, 184–86, 209, 249n15
World Bank, 3, 24–25, 69–70, 71–81, 86, 163–64, 15–76, 184–85, 229; Tamil Nadu and, 89–90; water sector funding by, 17, 145–46, 180
WRO. See Water Resources Organisation (WRO)

zamindars, 38, 50

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