Index

A
agriculture, 37, 73–74, 78, 80, 87, 127
Alleviating Poverty through Relocation (Ch. Yidi Fupin Banqian), 44, 48, 121, 127
Amdo (region), 5, 121, 127; language, 128, 146
Artificial Rain Project, 43, 45, 121

B
’Ba’ rdzong. See Tongde (T: ’Ba’ rdzong)
Banqian Jinmu. See Grazing Ban Resettlement (Ch: Banqian Jinmu)
Baohuqu Guanli Sheshi yu Nengli Jianshe. See Construction of Nature Reserve Area Management Facilities and Capacities (Ch. Baohuqu Guanli Sheshi yu Nengli Jianshe)
backwardness (Ch: luohou), 17, 18, 20, 108, 117, 129, 141; backward lifestyle, 8, 84; backward livelihood, 8, 111
Beautiful China (Ch: Meili Zhongguo), 39
Beautiful Countryside (Ch. Meili Xiangcun), 37, 96, 121
Belt and Road Initiative (Ch: Yi Dai Yi Lu), 22, 23
Bon rgya. See Wangjia (T: Bon rgya)
Brag dkar spel. See Xinghai (T: Brag dkar spel)
broadcasting, 16, 22, 54, 89
’brog pa. See pastoralist
’Bru dkar. See Zhigeri (T: ’Bru dkar)
Buddhism. See religion

C
caterpillar, black, 93; fungus, 12, 102; caterpillar fungus as economic security, 113, 118; caterpillar fungus harvest, 80, 95, 96, 99, 111, 140; caterpillar fungus trade, 78, 101, 140
Chab cha. See Gonghe (T: Chab cha)
chengzhenhua. See urbanization (Ch: chengzhenhua)
civilizing (Ch: wenminghua), 6, 7, 11, 17, 27, 129
climate change, 30, 32
collectivization, 32, 130
colonialism, 17
communes. See people’s communes
Communist Party of China, 3, 130; Communist Party school resettlement site, 75, 76, 83, 85, 87
Construction of Nature Reserve Area Management Facilities and Capacities (Ch. Baohuqu Guanli Sheshi yu Nengli Jianshe), 42, 121
cooperatives, 4, 5, 108, 111, 119
corruption, 5, 24, 59; pursuit of, 12
county, 5, 56, 133; sedentarization, 11, 52, 55

D
Da’e (T: sTag mgo), 51
dairy products. See milk
Dar lag. See Dari (T: Dar lag)
Dari (T: Dar lag), 50, 121, 141
decollectivization, 32
Deng Xiaoping, 19, 130
desertification, 32, 41, 55, 110, 123, 134
development (Ch. fazhan), 7, 17–26; Development and Reform Commission, 48, 54; economic, 3; how to measure, 8; of industry, 59; orchestrated, 6, 9; policies, 4, 14, 27–31, 34; “with Chinese characteristics,” 16
dMe shul. See Maixiu (T: dMe shul)
dPyi sa. See Xibusha (T: dPyi sa)
droma (Potentilla anserina), 101
dung. See yak dung
Duofudun (T: sTobs ldan), 12, 46, 88–96, 136, 141, 142
Duohemao (T: rDo dkar mo), 38, 39, 75, 76, 83, 84, 142
Duolong (T: rDo lung), 75, 76, 84, 89
E
earth banks, 34; Putting in Order Black Earth Banks (Ch: Heitutan Zhili), 40, 41
ecological degradation, 7, 9
Ecological Protection and Construction, 40–45
Ecological Resettlement (Ch: Shengtai Yimin), 31, 40–45, 47, 52–53, 54–59, 60, 76, 78–81, 82–103, 106
education, 58, 59, 71, 96, 105, 111, 116, 139, 140, 146
Eight-Seven Poverty Alleviation Reinforcement Plan, 54
enclosure, grassland, 34, 40, 41, 73, 118, 122, 129
environment, protection of, 30–31
erosion, 9, 30, 33, 34, 51, 55, 74, 103, 104
ethnicity, 17; ethnic minorities, 20, 25; tourism, 12, 112
exclosure, 51, 53, 112

F
farming. See agriculture
fazhan. See development (Ch. fazhan)
fencing, 32, 33, 40, 41, 43, 47, 51, 71–74, 142, 147
Five-Year Plan, 9, 130; Eleventh, 28, 78, 127, 147; Tenth, 22, 137; Twelfth, 82

G
Gaige Kaifang. See Reform and Opening (Ch: Gaige Kaifang)
Gansu Province, 20, 21, 36, 50, 56, 75, 77, 85, 122
globalization, 7, 9, 136
Golmud, 22, 36
Gonghe (T: Chab cha), 53, 122
government, 23, 87, 92, 94, 110, 114, 117, 129; assistance, 29, 47, 51, 58, 60, 64, 69, 85, 93; development plan of, 17, 63, 71–72, 78, 100, 112–13, 139; investment, 22, 40, 48, 61, 70, 75–77, 104, 136; local, 68, 89; nongovernmental, 49, 95; policy, 14, 15, 32, 33, 103, 107, 115; provincial, 12, 35, 49; report, 97–98, 140; representatives, 52, 53, 57. See also state
grassland, 12, 30, 98, 100, 103–4; capacity, 52, 73; degradation of, 31–35, 75, 79; distribution, 47, 108; ecosystem, 9, 92; management, 5, 31, 48, 50–53, 71–74, 93, 118; resting, 34, 51, 52, 54; restoration of, 22, 54–55; summer, 11, 71–72; usage rights, 19, 33, 53, 55, 71, 72, 81, 94, 119, 134; winter, 11, 32, 63, 64, 71–72, 104, 136
Grazing Ban Resettlement (Ch: Banqian Jinmu), 41, 47, 50, 51, 52–59, 78, 122, 138
Great Opening of the West (Ch: Xibu da Kaifa), 6, 12–14, 17–26, 28, 118, 127–28, 130, 131; environmental protection and, 31, 50; investment, 40, 70; sedentarization, 75, 118
greenhouse, 76, 89, 101, 113; double-use, 54, 56, 75, 100
Guanxiu (T: mGon shul), forest, 39, 122, 141
Guinan (T: Mang ra), 38, 53, 83, 116, 122, 138
Guoluo (T: mGo log), 35, 36, 50; income, 141; sedentarization, 61, 63–65, 79; subsidy, 52; tax, 134

H
Hainan (T: mTsho lho), 35, 36, 37; fencing, 51; sedentarization, 61; subsidy, 52, 138
Haixi (T: mTsho nub), 35, 36, 61
Han, 23, 85, 96, 146; migrants, 25, 26, 57, 69; society, 116
harmonious society (Ch: Hexie Shehui), 23, 25, 114–17, 115
health care, 22, 54, 56, 100, 111
Heitutan Zhili. See earth banks
Henan (T: Sog po), 39, 68; sedentarization, 57, 102–3, 144
herding. See pastoralism
Heri (T: Hor), 38, 141, 142; farming, 73; sedentarization, 75, 76, 77, 80, 83, 99–102; subsidy, 106
Hexie Shehui. See harmonious society (Ch: Hexie Shehui)
Hongyuan (T: rKa khog), 34, 51, 60, 63–7
Hor. See Heri (T: Hor)
Household Responsibility System (Ch: Jiating Lianchan Chengbao Zeren Zhi), 6, 33, 47, 123
Hu Jintao, 114
Huangnan (T: rMa lho), 36, 68; income, 141; livestock reduction, 78; Sanjiangyuan, 35, 37; sedentarization, 61, 67, 77, 144; subsidy, 52
Hui. See Muslims

I
industry, 18, 31, 59; animal husbandry, 110; tourism, 23, 113
infrastructure, 8, 18, 19, 29, 111, 128; development of, 20–22, 24, 28, 34, 69–70, 110; networks, 16, 114, 116
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 20, 21, 50

J
Jiang Zemin, 20, 129, 131
Jiating Lianchan Chengbao Zeren Zhi. See Household Responsibility System (Ch: Jiating Lianchan Chengbao Zeren Zhi)
Jihua Shengyu. See One-Child Policy (Ch: Jihua Shengyu)
Jingzhun Fupin. See Targeted Poverty Alleviation (Ch: Jingzhun Fupin)

K
Kekexili, 39
Korea. See South Korea

L
labtse, 116
Laka, resettlement site, 75, 76, 82, 85, 88, 89, 123
Lhasa, 21, 22, 57
livestock, 87, 92; fattening, 98; products, 108, 111; protection, 108; reduction, 33, 52–59, 78, 94, 98, 138, 138, 142
Longzang (T: Lung bzang), 5, 76, 84, 89, 90, 123
Lung bzang. See Longzang (T: Lung bzang)
luohou. See backwardness (Ch: luohou)
M
Maduo (T: rMa stod), 39; resettlement, 78–81, 86, 116
Maixiu (T: dMe shul), 39, 46, 68, 87, 90, 123, 141; forest, 12, 84, 89
Mang ra. See Guinan (T: Mang ra)
Mao Zedong: campaigns, 130; era, 129; post Mao, 27
Maqin (T: rMa chen), 38, 57, 67; caterpillar fungus, 140; sedentarization, 63–65, 83, 104, 136
mass resettlement, 47, 58. See also sedentarization
Meili Xiangcun. See Beautiful Countryside (Ch. Meili Xiangcun)
Meili Zhongguo. See Beautiful China (Ch: Meili Zhongguo)
Mekong River, 13, 35, 36, 123, 135
mGo log. See Guoluo (T: mGo log)
mGon shul. See Guanxiu (T: mGon shul)
migration, 32, 57, 116; “Ecological Migration,” 54; economic, 23, 24; to encourage integration, 26; resettlement, 49, 55, 133
milk: consumption, 99, 101, 111; products for sale or exchange, 88, 90; tea, 94
mining, 12, 24, 31, 93
minzu tuanjie. See unity of the nationalities (Ch: minzu tuanjie)
modernization (Ch: xiandaihua), 69, 113, 116, 117, 128, 134; of education, 71; funds, 75; modern commodities, 6, 65; modern society, 8, 95, 103, 111; of pastoralism, 108, 110; through sedentarization, 5, 6, 7, 28, 115, 118, 127; as state policy, 3, 12, 17–18, 37, 84, 105, 147
mTso lho. See Hainan (T: mTsho lho)
mTsho nub. See Haixi (T: mTsho nub)
Muslims, 142; Chinese Muslims, 85; Hui, 20, 21, 96, 142; Salar, 142

N
nation-building, 8, 23
New Village Movement (Korean: Saemaul Undong), 27
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 20, 21, 50, 54
Ningxiu (T: Nyin shul), 38, 62, 75, 77, 83, 84, 97–99, 123, 136, 142, 143
Nomadic Settlement (Ch: You Mumin Dingju), 42–43, 59–67, 83, 103–7, 111, 138, 147; comfortable living, 110; mass sedentarization, 47, 95; population control, 30, 114
nomads. See pastoralists
Nyin shul. See Ningxiu (T: Nyin shul)

O
Ochotona curzoniae. See plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae)
One-Child Policy (Ch: Jihua Shengyu), 123; family planning, 73
Opening of the West (Ch: Xibu Kaifa), campaign, 18
organic food, 108

P
pastoralism: areas, 12; banning, 9; elimination of, 117; as environmental threat, 7, 8, 31–35, 118; mobile, 6; patterns of, 71–74
pastoralists, 6, 35, 127; alternative employment, 113; discontent with governmental support, 115; disputes among, 30; experiences of, 34; income, 111–12; lifestyle, 31, 47; livelihood improvement of, 4, 5; as obstacles to progress, 28, 110; as passive recipients of “development,” 28; as policy recipients, 109; population, xii, 73. See also pastoralism; sedentarization
pasture. See grassland
people’s communes, 5, 6, 19, 32, 71, 73, 142
plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), 32, 55, 80, 93, 123; elimination of, 31, 34, 41, 135
policy, 7, 17, 30, 109, 128, 129; achievements of, 8; agriculture, 74; development, xi, 19–23, 35, 40–44, 110; environmental, 9, 50–53, 74; family planning, 73; fencing, 72; grassland, 32–33, 35, 138; implementation, 48, 107, 137; outcomes, 4, 24–26, 119; policymaking, xii, 109; sedentarization, 49, 54–63, 86, 113
population, control, 73, 114
Potentilla anserine. See droma (Potentilla anserine)
poverty: alleviation of, 3, 9, 23, 28–29, 48, 52, 133; and land distribution, 47; line, 4, 29, 133; through resettlement, 5, 54, 57, 82–85, 111; Sanjiangyuan, 39
Prevention of Rodent Harm (Ch: Shuhai Fazhi), 31, 34, 40, 41, 124, 135
Project to Increase Living Comfort (Ch: Wenbao Gongcheng), 47, 123
Putting in Order Black Earth Banks (Ch: Heitutan Zhili). See earth banks

Q
Qinghai Province, 6, 13, 14, 20, 28, 35–39, 46–67, 72, 93, 116

R
railway, 16, 22
rDo dkar mo. See Duohemao (T: rDo dkar mo)
rDo lung. See Duolong (T: rDo lung)
reform, 17, 18, 23; Development and Reform Commission, 48, 54, 103; land reform, 6, 32, 34, 71; “unbalanced development,” 19, 130
Reform and Opening (Ch: Gaige Kaifang), 27
religion, 132; public spaces, 116; rituals, 111, 116
relocation, 9, 46, 48–49, 54, 76, 93, 82–108, 133, 137; costs for, 75; to relieve pressure on the grasslands, 59, 80; supra-regional, 55. See also resettlement; sedentarization
resettlement, 47, 58. See also sedentarization
Returning Farmland to Forest (Ch: Tuigeng Huanlin), 22, 31, 41, 50, 124, 133, 137
Returning Farmland to Grassland (Ch: Tuigeng Huancao), 22, 31, 41, 50, 124, 138
Returning Pastureland to Forest (Ch: Tuimu Huanlin), 50, 124
Returning Pastureland to Grassland (Ch: (Tuimu Huancao), 31, 40–41, 45, 50–59, 74, 76, 78, 110, 137, 138
rKa khog. See Hongyuan (T: rKa khog)
rMa chen. See Maqin (T: rMa chen)
rMa lho. See Huangnan (T: rMa lho)
rMa stod. See Maduo (T: rMa stod)
rTse khog. See Zeku (T: rTse khog)

S
Saemaul Undong. See New Village Movement (Korean: Saemaul Undong)
Sanjiangyuan National Park (Ch: Sanjiangyuan Guojia Gongyuan), 39
school attendance, 58, 80, 81, 85, 90, 102, 139, 140
sedentarization, 8, 14, 19, 27–28, 29, 41–44, 45, 46–67, 82–108; enforcing development through, 75–78; failure of, 14, 24, 114, 115; forced resettlement, 7; mass, 4, 7, 27, 47, 82, 114, 117; resettlement, 40, 78–81, 116, 133; settlement, 14, 133. See also relocation; resettlement
self-immolation, 26
Set of Four (Ch: Sipeitao), 47, 60, 124, 136
settlement. See under sedentarization
sheep. See livestock
sheep unit (Ch: yang danwei), 78, 98, 133, 142, 143
Shehui Zhuyi Xin Nongcun. See Socialist New Countryside (Ch: Shehui Zhuyi Xin Nongcun)
Shengtai Yimin. See Ecological Resettlement (Ch: Shengtai Yimin)
Shuhai Fazhi. See Prevention of Rodent Harm (Ch: Shuhai Fazhi)
Sichuan Province, 20, 21, 34, 36, 50, 51, 63, 65, 77, 127
Sipeitao. See Set of Four (Ch: Sipeitao)
Small Town Constructions (Ch: Xiaocheng Zhen Jianshe), 42, 44, 45, 47, 59, 124
Socialist New Countryside (Ch: Shehui Zhuyi Xin Nongcun), 27, 28, 132
Sog po. See Henan (T: Sog po)
South Korea, 20, 27
stone carving, 12, 99–101
sTag mo. See Da’e (T: sTag mgo)
state, 3, 16, 19, 27, 31, 49, 96, 101, 113; assistance, 3, 8, 22, 28, 63–65, 90, 106, 112, 131; economy, 23; interest, 12; policy, 7, 17, 37, 115; state-induced development, xi, 6, 109, 114, 119, 128; state-owned land, 33, 56, 134. See also government
sTobs ldan. See Duofudun (T: sTobs ldan)
stupa, 116
subsidy, 29, 41, 48, 51, 55, 69, 78, 80, 85, 106; to alleviate poverty, 22, 28, 65; card, 52; direct, 25; distribution, 53, 93, 100, 107, 113–14, 116; grain, 52; income, 4, 98, 111, 112; indirect, 25
surveillance, 7, 114
sustainability, 24, 118; income sources, 110; of livelihood, 3, 8, 18, 95; of pastureland use, 32–33

T
Targeted Poverty Alleviation (Ch: Jingzhun Fupin), 3, 4, 5, 29, 44, 46, 108, 124, 129
tax, 69, 111, 134
tent, black, 72; living in, 136; white cotton, 72
Three Rivers’ Headwaters Preservation Zone, 35–45, 135; Sanjiangyuan, 35–45, 49, 91; Sanjiangyuan office, 54, 77, 82, 113; Sanjiangyuan policy, 78, 89; sedentariaztion in, 46, 102, 116, 129, 133; SNNR, 35–45, 48, 49, 51, 59, 82, 84, 137
Tibet Autonomous Region, 20, 21, 22, 36, 50
Tibetan Plateau, 3, 4, 5, 7, 58, 110; deterioration on, 6, 104; development of, 9, 22, 117–18; ecosystem of, 35; pastoralism and, 32
Tongde (T: ’Ba’ rdzong), 38, 53, 78, 79, 83, 124, 144
Tongren, 12, 38, 61, 68, 69, 141; Longwu, 124, 141; Rebgong, 124; resettlement sites, 75–78, 82, 83, 84, 85–88, 91, 94
tourism, 12, 16, 19, 39, 113, 116; as development strategy, 37, 59, 62, 78, 112, 131; ecotourism, 23
township, 35, 52, 70, 115, 129, 142; government, 29, 53, 65, 134; residents, 4; sedentarization, 56, 58, 82, 84, 90–94, 103; xiang, 46
Tuigeng Huancao. See Returning Farmland to Grassland (Ch: Tuigeng Huancao)
Tuigeng Huanlin. See Returning Farmland to Forest (Ch: Tuigeng Huanlin)
Tuimu Huancao. See Returning Pastureland to Grassland (Ch: (Tuimu Huancao)
Tuimu Huanlin. See Returning Pastureland to Forest (Ch: Tuimu Huanlin)

U
underdevelopment. See backwardness (Ch: luohou)
unity of the nationalities (Ch: minzu tuanjie), 12
urbanization (Ch: chengzhenhua), 24, 28, 31, 59, 116; adaptation, 94, 98, 111; sedentarization, 7, 106; urban environment, 6, 37, 113; urban livelihood, 29, 56, 62, 85, 95; urban population, 9; urban status, 8, 46, 87

V
vocational training, 56, 78, 95, 96, 100, 112, 146

W
Wangjia (T: Bon rgya), 38, 73, 74, 80, 83, 124, 141, 142
Water Tower of China (Ch: Zhonghua Shuita) 35, 124
Wenbao Gongcheng. See Project to Increase Living Comfort (Ch: Wenbao Gongcheng)
wenminghua. See civilizing (Ch: wenminghua)
wildlife: competing with domestic herds, 99; conservation, 34; habitats, 35–36, 109; killing, 34; protection, 42, 54

X
xiandaihua. See modernization (Ch: xiandaihua)
Xiaocheng Zhen Jianshe. See Small Town Constructions (Ch: Xiaocheng Zhen Jianshe)
Xibu Kaifa. See Opening of the West (Ch: Xibu Kaifa)
Xibu da Kaifa. See Great Opening of the West (Ch: Xibu da Kaifa)
Xibusha (T: dPyi sa), 38, 39, 76, 83, 125, 136, 141, 142
Xi Jinping, 3, 39
Xinghai (T: Brag dkar spel), 53, 125
Xining, 22, 36, 38, 59, 83, 85; “summer capital,” 131
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 20, 21, 22, 36, 50

Y
yak: hair, 72; herder, 16; wild, 37; wool, 72. See livestock
yak dung, 94; collecting and selling, 101; for heating, 100
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, 20
yang danwei. See sheep unit (Ch: yang danwei)
Yangzi River, 13, 22, 30, 31, 35, 36, 125, 135
Yellow River, 13, 30, 31, 36, 54, 125, 135, 141
Yi Dai Yi Lu. See Belt and Road Initiative (Ch: Yi Dai Yi Lu)
Yidi Fupin Banqian. See Alleviating Poverty through Relocation (Ch. Yidi Fupin Banqian)
You Mumin Dingju. See Nomadic Settlement (Ch: You Mumin Dingju)
Yul shul. See Yushu (T: Yul shul)
Yushu (T: Yul shul), 22, 35, 36, 52, 61, 125, 141
Z
Zeku (T: rTse khog), 5, 12–15, 21, 39, 40, 48, 53, 58–59, 68–81, 82–108
Zequ, 59, 68, 125, 142
Zhigeri (T: ’Bru dkar), 75, 97, 143
zone: buffer, 37–39, 44, 51; core, 37–39, 44, 51, 82, 84, 137, 144; experimental, 37–39, 44, 51

Index 163

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