INDEX

Abbasi, Ali, 23, 26, 113, 167–70; and Nordic eco-modernity, 108–9, 129
abjection, 34, 43, 58, 62, 78, 122; and the alt-right, 66; and feminism, 66; and transcorporeality, 53–54, 58, 64–67
abortion, 111, 134
activism, environmental, 10–15, 37, 84, 102–3, 178; animal rights, 90
affect, 6, 10, 12, 19, 33–34, 62, 107, 140–41
Agamben, Giorgio, 134
agency, 18, 30–31, 46, 76, 140, 156; and bodily autonomy, 76; non-human, 14, 33–34, 45
Alaimo, Stacy, 5, 30–31, 37, 40, 64, 71, 101, 106, 125
Andersson, Bibi, 146
animacy, 14, 46, 179
animals, 61–62, 82–107
Anthropocene, 6
anthropocentrism, 12, 31, 47, 106, 113, 170
anthropomorphism, 104
Antichrist (dir. von Trier), 25, 184
anxiety, 9–14
Apocalypse Now (dir. Coppola), 166
architecture, 35, 41, 61, 73; as a site of horror, 43–49
archives, 39, 43–45
arthouse films, 24–26, 29
Ash Lad (Askeladden), 166
Aster, Ari, 23, 135, 138–39, 146, 149, 155–56, 171
authoritarianism, 73; and parenting, 56, 67, 72, 76–78
autonomy, 16–17, 19, 31–32, 56, 76, 168; bodily, 122; national, 83–86. See also individualism

Barclay, Bridgitte, 106–7
Bentham, Jeremy, 73
Berggren, Henrik, 16, 19, 22, 31–32, 168, 170
Bergman, Ingmar, 25, 59, 146
Bergson, Henri, 115
biopolitics, 112, 122, 171
blood: and ethnic belonging, 148, 152–53; in horror, 4, 6, 51, 53, 90–91, 98, 103–4, 123
Blood and Soil (Blut und Boden), 117, 139, 148
Blood of the Beasts, The (dir. Franju), 91
body, 18–19; as an emergent phenomenon, 37; female, as threatening, 58–59; and loss of control, 62, 71; and horror, 19–20, 29, 34, 59, 145, 147; porousness of, 30–31, 36–39, 145
body genre, 180
body horror, 34–35, 46
Border (dir. Abbasi), 26, 167–68
Brodén, Daniel, 3
burial, live, 41–43, 74
camp, 26, 87, 98, 106–7
cannibalism, 92, 99, 102
capitalism, 100, 142; and carbon consumption, 3, 6, 31, 71, 95, 102
carbon dependency, 3, 6, 102, 128, 183
Carrie (dir. De Palma), 56, 111
Chalmers, David, 19
Chen, Mel Y., 32, 179
Christensen, Benjamin, 23, 81
Christianity, 60, 137; and social control, 70, 75
Clark, Andy, 19
claustrophobia, 40–41, 89, 97
climate anxiety, 9–14
Clover, Carol J., 19, 83–84, 97–101, 106, 111, 125, 165–67
Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome, 14–15
Cold Prey (dir. Uthaug), 23, 25, 84, 99
collectivity, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 138, 140–44, 159, 162. See also communalism; community
coming-of-age narrative, 56
communalism, 135, 154
community, 15, 21, 140, 150
conservatism: American, 138, 186, 187; and social values, 60–61, 88
contagion, 14, 19, 28–29, 32, 35–39, 48, 51, 52
containment, 8, 28, 53, 168; of the female body, 57–59, 67–75, 77, 79. See also enclosure
creature features, 103
Crime and Punishment (dir. Kaurismäki), 91
crime fiction. See Nordic noir
critique, 2–3, 10, 17, 22, 87, 113, 137, 170; environmental, 99, 107, 111, 125, 183; social, 7, 25–26, 82, 123, 184

Danish Film Institute, 49
Danish People’s Party, 113
Dark Woods (dir. Øie), 25, 99
Dawkins, Richard, 19
Dead Snow (dir. Wirkola), 23, 25, 29, 84
decadence, 115, 184
deep ecology, 8
Deleuze, Giles, 26
diplomacy, 2; environmental, 7, 94, 177
disease. See epidemiological horror; outbreak narrative
Dracula (dir. Browning), 125
Dracula (Stoker), 28
Dreyer, Carl Theodor, 23, 59
Driesch, Hans, 115
dualism, 142; Cartesian, 17, 19, 168
Durkheim, Émile, 21, 138, 162; and liberalism, 142; and social collectives, 143–47; and sociological method, 140–41

Eastern Europe, 28, 112–13, 122, 125, 130, 133, 170. See also labor; migration
eco-cosmopolitanism, 86–87
ecofascism, 22
ecofeminism, 37, 58
ecohorror, 14–15, 19, 109; American vs. Nordic, 168; and body horror, 19–20, 34; definitions of, 9, 32, 106; as distinct from horror, 58, 111; and ecophobia, 14, 34, 47; as a mode, 9, 28; Nordic, 3–7, 9–10, 17, 87, 123, 139, 176; and urbanoia, 101; and social collectives, 21–22; and social critique, 113–14, 164, 166–67, 170–71
ecohumanism, 8, 20, 49, 53, 165, 167
eco-isolationism, 101, 171. See also isolationism
ecology: as distinct from nature, 18; definitions of, 18
eco-modernity, 109, 183
ecophobia, 12–15, 29, 33–34, 42–43, 47, 54, 79, 113
ecoslasher, 22, 83, 97, 99–101, 170. See also slasher films
ecotourism, 88, 94, 100–102
egalitarianism, 8, 16, 61, 82, 134, 152; and access to nature, 114. See also Everyman’s Rights
Eggers, Robert, 167–68
enclosure: as a bodily stance, 46, 54, 57, 168, 170; and body horror, 42–43; and national borders, 53–54; and viral infection, 39–41. See also containment
enmeshment, 5–6, 8, 14, 17–19, 29, 31, 57, 143–45, 171
environmental attitudes, Nordic, 108–9, 125–26, 129, 166–67
environmental policy, Nordic, 9, 114, 167
Epidemic (dir. von Trier), 20, 49, 125, 168; and ecophobia, 33–34, 47; and media critique, 45; and the outbreak narrative, 32, 38–39; and transcorporeal horror, 29–30, 35, 42–43, 52–54
epidemiological horror, 29, 35–36, 41–43. See also outbreak narrative
epistemology, 14, 17, 49, 97, 168
Estok, Simon C., 12, 33
ethno-nationalism, 22–23, 151, 153, 158
ethno-pluralism, 152, 158
Everyman’s Rights, 8, 57–58, 101, 114, 177
exceptionalism, Nordic, 2, 7–8, 38, 59, 109, 114, 168, 170–71
Exorcist, The (dir. Friedkin), 111
exploitation films, 24, 59
exposure: ecological, 29, 37, 101–2, 122, 124–25; and climate activism, 71; and viral infection, 36. See also vulnerability
expressionism, 11
extended mind thesis, 19
extended phenotype, 19
extraction, 3, 95, 102

fairy tales, 166
family, 39, 61, 98, 110, 117, 127, 135–36, 138, 140, 144, 146; “terrible,” 102–3
fantasy, in Nordic cinema, 26
female body, containment of, 58–59, 170; exploitation of, 112
final girl, 83–84, 86, 88, 99, 181
fluidity: and abjection, 62–63, 67; and body horror, 34–35, 38, 41, 43, 48; as environmental force, 6, 48, 53, 79; and media, 53
folk art, 148
folk culture, Swedish, 135; and identity, 139
folkhemmet, 137, 139, 152. See also welfare state
folk horror, 23, 134, 135–38, 152–53, 156, 171; revival of, 185–86
folklore, 136, 164–66
folk medicine, 119
forest: and Nordic environmental attitudes, 165, 183, 188; as a setting in horror, 55–56, 108–10, 120, 167–68, 188
Foucault, Michel, 73
found-footage film, 26
Franju, George, 91
freedom to roam. See Everyman’s Right
Freud, Sigmund, 63
Friday the Thirteenth (dir. McLoughlin), 97
friluftsliv, 56–58, 69, 79, 165
Fury, The (dir. De Palma), 56

Gaia hypothesis, 161
gender, 20; in horror cinema, 84
genre, 9, 23–25, 57, 111; and hybridity, 25
ghosts, 6. See also uncanny, the
globalism, 21–22, 35, 85–87
gore, 51–54, 90–92, 102, 111, 135, 148
Greenpeace, 93–94
Greenspan, Alan, 142
Grønstad, Asbjørn, 131
guilt, environmental, 100–101, 167
gynophobia, 156. See also misogyny

Haeckel, Ernst, 18
Halloween (dir. Carpenter), 84, 97
Hansen, Claes Kastholm, 49–54
Hansen, Gunnar, 88
happiness, 2, 22, 175
Haraway, Donna, 33, 106
haunted houses, 46
Häxan (dir. Christensen), 23, 81
health, 23, 113; and the Nordic countryside, 113–16, 121, 129
Heise, Ursula, 8, 21, 86, 139
Hennefeld, Maggie, 66
heteronormativity, 66
holism, 21–22, 86, 159–62
homo sacer, 134
horror: American, 97–100, 166–68, 170; as a genre, 6, 18; production history in Nordic countries, 23–25, 164; psychological, 110–11; and social life, 147
hospitality, 154
Hour of the Wolf, The (dir. Bergman), 25
humanism, 8, 14, 31, 36, 47, 49, 106, 171. See also ecohumanism
hygge, 2, 110, 127, 175
hypnosis, 51–53
hysteria, 58, 81–82

ice: and landscape in horror, 55, 57, 68–69, 74, 75
Iceland: as an island, 84–86; and national identity, 84–86; tourism in, 83
idealism, 51
immersion, environmental, 5, 127–28, 165
immigration, 151. See also migration
incest, 97, 158
individualism, 6, 15–17, 19, 31–32, 61, 140–44; and abjection, 63. See also statist individualism
industry. See carbon dependency
infection, viral, 35–38, 40, 43, 51; and the transcorporeal body, 45–49
Ingold, Tim, 18–19, 138–39, 156–58; and leaky bodies, 37–38, 40, 64, 67; and sociological theory, 21, 142–43, 145, 147
International Whaling Commission (IWC), 93–95, 102
intra-action, 32–33
irony, 29
islands: and Icelandic cultural identity, 84–85
isolation: in horror films, 110, 150, 153; and national environmental policies, 84–87, 90; and public health emergencies, 40, 47
isolationism, 90, 139, 170. See also eco-isolationism
Iversen, Gunnar, 23, 25, 99

Japan: and the whaling industry, 95
Jaws (dir. Spielberg), 103
Jordskott (dir. Björn), 26, 167
justice, environmental, 129. See also privilege: environmental

Kääpä, Pietari, 22, 25, 100
Kaurismäki, Aki, 91
Kemp, Júlíus, 83
Kingdom, The (dir. von Trier), 3–10, 176
Klimabrøl, 11
Kristeva, Julia, 62–64, 71, 76

labor: and exploitation, 112; and media, 91–93, 103; reproductive, 111–13, 122–25, 133, 154. See also migration; processual media
landscape: Icelandic, 104; Nordic, 108–9; Norwegian, 99, 165
Latour, Bruno, 96
leakiness: and architecture, 43–49; as a condition of the body 19, 37, 40, 44, 64–65, 168
Lebensreform, 116
Let the Right One In (dir. Alfredson), 25, 29
liberalism, classical, 21, 141–42
Locke, John, 142
Lovelock, James, 161
Lugosi, Bela, 125
Lynch, David, 3

Manne, Kate, 68–69, 82
Margulis, Lynn, 18
masculinity, 138, 156; and carbon consumption, 37, 71, 128
material culture, 37, 64–65
material ecocriticism, 26, 32
materialism, 53, 58–59, 61, 116, 138, 142, 176
Matisse, Henri, 157
media, 9, 16, 20, 91–92, 117; and memory, 45; as transcorporeal forms, 45–46, 49
medicine, 3, 5–6, 30, 32, 46–47; and clinical observation, 60, 74, 111; and epistemology, 36, 48–49; and social control, 76–77
medium concept film, 23
memory, cultural, 43–45. See also archives
Men, Women, and Chain Saws (Clover), 83–84, 97
mesh, 44, 155, 176
meshwork, 19, 138, 143, 156–57, 176
metacinema, 29, 45, 46
Midsommar (dir. Aster), 23, 135, 164–65, 171; cinematic influences on, 136, 146, 155–56; and ethno-nationalism, 148–50, 158–59; and folk horror, 136–39, 150; and social collectives, 140–41, 144–45, 162–63; and Swedish politics, 151–53
migration: and horror, 27–29, 110–13, 117–18, 125; and labor, 110, 112, 119–21, 124; and nature-based integration, 125–27, 129; and precarity, 133–34
misogyny, 58–59, 68–69, 123, 170; and abjection, 66; in historical perspective, 81–82; and Nordic film history, 59. See also gynophobia
mode: as distinct from genre, 9, 16. See also ecohorror
monstrosity, 28–29, 167–68
Morton, Timothy, 6, 21, 44, 159
Mossner, Alexa Weik von, 10
Mrozewicz, Anna Estera, 112
multiculturalism, 151–52
Munch, Edvard, 11–13, 53
mutualism. See symbiosis

Næss, Arne, 8
Nash, Roderick, 166
nationalism, 115–16, 151; and environmental policy, 85; in Scandinavian politics, 113
Native Americans, 100
nature: as distinct from culture, 5–6, 8, 14, 28, 47; as distinct from ecology, 6; and freedom, 56–57; harmony with, 57; immersion in, 56; and integration, 125–26; revenge of, 8, 14, 32, 127; in Romanticism, 5, 25, 49
natureculture, 5, 33, 176–77n11
Nazism, 23, 117, 151–53
neoliberalism, 21, 142
Nestingen, Andrew, 23
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 115, 154
Night of the Living Dead (dir. Romero), 89
Nordfjörd, Björn, 84–85
Nordic Council of Ministers, 8, 109, 131, 165, 175
Nordic noir, 2–3, 10, 167
Nosferatu (dir. Murnau), 125
nudity, 127–28; and climate activism, 71. See also exposure

occult film, 111, 125
ontology, 6, 14, 17, 32–33, 101–4, 139, 159–61, 163
organisms: as abject bodies, 64–65; as collectives, 18–19, 138–39, 143, 145, 156, 161; as transcorporeal bodies, 34–35, 37–38, 53, 71, 147
Östlund, Ruben, 131
outbreak narrative, 20, 35–36
outdoor recreation, 55–56. See also friluftsliv

paganism, 135, 137, 154
panopticism, 72–74
parasitism, 113, 120–22, 133, 154
parenting, 55–57
Parvulescu, Anca, 112, 133
pastoralism, 116, 130
paternalism, 57, 58, 82, 170
patriarchy, 59, 66, 68, 75, 79
Persona (dir. Bergman), 25, 120, 146
Phantom Carriage, The (dir. Sjöström), 23
place, 8, 86–87
plague, bubonic, 30, 39–41
Pogorzelski, Pawel, 153, 155
politics: American, 2; Swedish, 151–52
populism, 158; in Scandinavia, 113; in Sweden, 137
pornography, 19
Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (Kristeva), 62–64
precarity. See vulnerability
pregnancy, 110–13, 117, 120
privilege, 171; and abjection, 65–66; environmental, 22–23, 109, 111–12, 129; Nordic, 123, 130
processual media, 91–93, 103
psychiatry, 81
psychic abilities. See telekinesis
Psycho (dir. Hitchcock), 97
psychoanalytic theory, 62–65
Puritanism, 166–68

quarantine, 30, 47, 168
queer desire, 61, 70, 75
queer horror, 20, 56

racialization, 113
racism, 10, 88, 139, 149–50, 153–54, 162; environmental, 22, 139. See also white supremacy
Rainbow Warrior (ship), 93–94
rationalism, 2, 45, 61, 96, 109, 114
Refn, Nicolas Winding, 25
religion, 109, 129, 183. See also Christianity
Reykjavik Whale Watching Massacre (dir. Kemp), 22–23, 26, 83, 139, 164, 170–71; and camp; 106–7; cinematic influences on, 84, 88, 89, 97; and Icelandic identity, 85–87; and the slasher film, 83–84, 97–99, 103–4; and whaling, 90–93, 95–96
ritual, 70, 134–35, 137, 140, 147–50, 153–58, 162, 171
Roberts, Irmin, 155
Romanticism, 7, 17, 23–26, 49, 121; and nationalism, 113–16, 118
Romero, George A., 89
Rosemary’s Baby (dir. Polanski), 111
Rugg, Linda Haverty, 59, 79
rural horror, 25–26, 100, 153, 164, 170
Rust, Stephen A., 9, 106

Sammond, Nicholas, 66
Sanders, Bernie, 2
Sauna (dir. Annila), 25
scale, 22, 38, 86–87; global, 21–22, 35, 86–87
Schreck, Max, 125
Scovell, Adam, 134, 152–53
Scream, The (Munch), 11–13, 53, 178
secularism, Nordic, 60–61, 109, 183
sex, 156; and the slasher film, 88
sexual assault, 88
sexual liberation, 99–100
Seymour, Nicole, 107
Shelley (dir. Abbasi), 23, 108, 139, 149, 154, 164, 170–71; cinematic influences on, 111; and migration, 112–13, 126–27, 129, 133–34; and nationalism, 116–18, 121–22; and Nordic environmentalism, 114–15, 118; and reproduction, 122–25
Sjöström, Victor, 23
Skvirsky, Salomé Aguilera, 91
slasher films, 22, 25, 83–84, 97–101; in Nordic horror, 84, 99–101. See also ecoslasher
social democracy, 16, 112, 131, 152. See also welfare state
social engineering, 22, 148
social theory, 21–22, 138, 141–43
Soles, Carter, 6, 9, 15, 100–101, 106, 166, 170
solidarity, 21–22
solitude, limits of, 86
spectatorship, 149–50
Spencer, Herbert, 21, 141–42, 159
statist individualism, 17, 19, 22, 27, 31–32, 168
Stoker, Bram, 28
Stougaard-Nielsen, Jakob, 3
Stronger, The (Strindberg), 120
suffering, 40, 112–13; female, 59, 79, 81–82
suffocation, 42, 54; and horror, 74–75; and misogynistic violence, 74
surrogacy, 110, 119–20, 122, 124, 129, 133
surveillance: and social control, 68, 72
sustainability, 23, 111, 114, 175
sustainable development, 7, 9, 109, 177
Sweden Democrats (SD), 113, 137, 151–52
Swedish Theory of Love. See statist individualism
symbiosis, 5, 15, 16, 18–19, 139

technology, 9, 108, 118–19
telekinesis, 60, 67–69, 76, 79; and horror, 20, 56
Texas Chainsaw Massacre, The (dir. Hooper), 88, 97
Thatcher, Margaret, 142
Thelma (dir. J. Trier), 20, 55, 120, 122, 146, 164, 170; and abjection, 62–64, 66–67, 78–79; and feminist critique, 59, 68; and friluftsliv, 56–58, 69, 71; and social control, 73–75 and telekinesis, 56
Thunberg, Greta, 10–12, 178
Tidwell, Christy, 6, 9, 15, 35, 106–7
tourism, 83, 86–87, 88, 94–95, 147
Trägårdh, Lars, 16, 19, 22, 31–32, 168, 170
transcendence, relocation of, 109, 183
transcorporeality, 22, 30–31; and abjection, 58, 64–67, 122; and body horror, 20, 34–37, 53–54, 101–4, 123; and containment, 71–72; and enmeshment, 5, 145, 154–55; and viral infection, 45–49; and vulnerability, 128, 131, 168–171
transnationalism, 101–4, 107, 170–71
trauma, 12, 46, 76, 91, 110, 140, 146–47, 156, 162
Trier, Joachim, 20, 55–59, 82
Trier, Lars von, 3, 19, 25, 29–30, 34, 52, 59
Trollhunter (dir. Øvredal), 26

Ullmann, Liv, 146
uncanny, the, 4–5, 63, 127, 146–47, 170
urbanoia, 100–101, 165–67, 170

vampirism, 28–29, 120, 125
Vampyr (dir. Dreyer), 23
Vertigo (dir. Hitchcock), 155
violence: and abjection, 63; environmental, 3, 91, 93, 95, 101–2, 122; and ethno-nationalism, 134–35, 153, 158; in horror films, 25, 98, 106, 150, 170–71; slow, 122; societal, 3, 22; against women, 57, 68–69, 72–73, 77, 82. See also gore
viral infection, 35–36
Virgin Spring (dir. Bergman), 25
viruses, 30, 32, 35–36
vitalism, 113, 115, 149, 154, 157–58, 184
Völkisch movement, 116, 117
Vørsel, Niels, 30–52
voyeurism, 52, 72. See also surveillance
vulnerability, 5, 18, 29, 104, 130, 131, 133–34, 164, 170–71; and climate activism, 71; and masculinity, 131. See also exposure

Wald, Priscilla, 20, 35
welfare state, 1–3, 6, 16; Swedish, 25, 137, 152. See also folkhemmet
werewolf, 28–29
whale watching, 83, 86, 95, 103
whaling, 26, 83–84, 88, 95, 103; history of, 90–96; regulation of, 93–94
What We Become (dir. Mikkelsen), 29
When Animals Dream (dir. Arnby), 29
whiteness, 153–54, 158
white supremacy, 23, 137, 153–54, 159
Wicker Man, The (dir. Hardy), 136, 150, 156
wilderness: as evil, 166; as setting in horror, 99–100, 126–27, 166
Williams, Linda, 9
Witch, The (dir. Eggers), 167–68
witchcraft: in medieval Europe, 81; and misogyny, 79; in Nordic film, 59, 79
Witoszek, Nina, 7, 49, 53, 165
Wizard of Oz, The (dir. Fleming), 14, 138

xenophobia, 28–29, 87, 96, 101, 150–53, 161–62, 171

zombie films, 23, 28–29, 89, 125

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