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table of contents
Index
- Ache Lhamo opera, 22
- “Adri Topa” (story), 24-25, 30, 32
- Afanti, 34
- “Alalamo” (song), 136-41; excerpts, 137-38; intertextuality, 140; music video, 137; zurza and, 139-40
- Amdo: cultural production, 57; dialects, 9-10, 102; education in, 105; hospitals in, 79, 87; illiteracy in, 64, 76, 124, 165n4; language purism in, 124; population, 9; sprachbund, 13; traditionalization, 104-5
- animals: comparisons to, avoided in dokwa, 27; living alongside, 110; misfortune of, 29; trickster and, 34
- Anti-Rightist Campaign, 53
- Arik Lenpa, 34
- “Artist, The” (script), 81. See also jyutselpa
- audiences: expectations of, 54, 95-96, 57-58, 62, 64; reaching wider, 76, 77, 104, 121, 144, 145–46, 147. See also specific media, apps, and platforms
- “Careful Village” (fictional community): conversational storytelling, 84, 96; critiques of religion, 82; education in, 83; linguistic critiques in, 89-92; marriage in, 78, 82-83, 86, 88, 91 166n10; metonym, 93-96; and modernity, 82, 87-89, 92-93; popularity of, 77, 96; quoted speech in, 84-85
- “Careful Village’s Bride,” 74
- “Careful Village’s Grassland Dispute,” 67-74, 82-83
- “Careful Village’s Thief,” 75-76
- “Careful Village’s Wedding,” 75–76
- caterpillar fungus, 18-23, 106, 123, 125. See also yartsa gunbu
- CCTV, 119
- Chen Duxiu, 83
- chol kha sum (three Tibetan cultural regions), 10-11, 141-42
- Choné, 123
- Chunwan (TV show), 119
- City Tibetans (album), 129, 131, 136; critique in, 133, 142; excerpts from, 133, 135; video in, 131-32
- clothing: and culture, 107-8, 133-34; modern/Chinese, 3, 18, 69; and poverty, 29; proverb about, 43, 63; styles of, 68-69; of Uncle Buddhist, 127
- Colorful Nomad Camp, The (album), 68, 93
- communicative economy, 94, 139
- contrasto (Tuscan verbal dueling), 22
- Coyote (trickster), 34
- Cultural Revolution, 14-15, 19, 51
- Dai people, 22
- deities: comparisons to, avoided in dokwa, 27; encounters with, 110; invoked in wedding speeches, 91; rituals for, 140
- Dekyi Tsering, 120-21
- Deng Xiaoping, 50, 64
- development: economic, 11, 48; ethnic, 52; national, 122, 165n20; of society, 65; technological, 88, 126
- dokwa (extemporaneous poetry): definitions of, 21-22; importance of a response, 32; keys to performance, 23; narratives about, 24-26, 28-30; poetics of, 30; pronunciations and spellings, 21; and verbal dueling traditions, 22-23
- Dondrup Jya: influence of, 51; and larjya, 59, 60, 66; linguistic critiques, 64-65; major works, 51, 82; and proverbs, 63; references to, 129, 139; vernacular writing of, 63, 165n19
- dozens, the, 22-23, 33
- dranyen (instrument), 126
- Drijya Yangkho (character), 18-21, 42
- Drowa zangmo (Tibetan opera), 54
- Drukmo (King Gesar’s wife), 100, 110
- Dubhe (singer), 62
- dueling, verbal/oral, 22-23, 33, 38, 52; via songs, 21, 28; specific instances, 42
- dunglen (music genre), 62, 126
- ecological conservation, 102, 105, 108-11
- ecological migration, 105
- economies of fortune, 89, 100-101, 110-11
- education: boarding schools, 42, 78, 79, 112-13, 134; and “Great Open the West Campaign,” 105; and harvest season, 18; during Maoist period, 14-15, 39; during post-Mao period, 15, 48, 56-57, 64; Menla Jyab and, 74, 75, 81, 83, 86-89, 91; pastoralist attitudes toward, 78-79, 87; policies, 123, 125, 152; Tibetan-language, 15, 64, 124
- “ethnic identification” project, 12, 64, 161n2
- ethnic pride, 58, 61-62, 65, 66; Menla Jyab’s, 96; and zurza, 151-52. See also larjya
- farming dialects, 9
- fengci, 6, 63; Mao and, 39; as translation for zurza and satire, 39-40, 63
- folksong, 26, 28; meter in Tibetan, 28. See also lushag
- folktales, 2, 33-34, 53-54; collectors of, 40; decreasing place of, 147; reimagining, 148
- footings, discursive, 85
- Four Modernizations (goals), 50, 64, 165n20
- Gansu, 9, 12-14
- garchung (sketches): definition, 103-4; new social critiques in, 115-16, 118; and television, 106
- Gates, Henry Louis, 8, 33-34
- Gendun Chopel, 37-38
- Gesar, King, epic of, 90, 101, 110, 123, 137,140, 146
- “Gesar’s Horse Herder,” 107; and ecological critiques, 108-9; and language purism, 115-16; metonymy in, 109-10; nationalism in, 116; popularity of, 107; social critique in, 111, 113
- Golok, 23-24, 26,56, 79
- Gomang, 1
- Goméla, 23
- “Gonpo Dorje’s Tea Prayer,” 55
- grassland warfare, 70 80
- “Great Leap Forward” (campaign), 14
- “Great Open the West Campaign,” 105-6
- Gungthang Tenpa Dronme, 55
- gushi (stories), 164n12
- gzi, 25
- indirection: definition of, 32-33; in hip-hop, 127-28, 141-43; and zurza, 8
- Inner China, 48, 54, 164n13
- intangible cultural heritage, 113, 116, 138-42; UNESCO program, 106, 123
- intellectuals; in Amdo, 11, 15-16; debates among, 52, 83-84, 104-6; and cultural production, 52, 57-58; and larjya, 58-61; linguistic purism in, 111-13, 121, 124; and nationalism, 116; and zurza, 9
- katsom, 37
- “Katsom to Labrang,” 37-38
- khatak, 68
- kenre, 22
- khabde, 31-32, 42
- Kham region, 9-11, 127, 129, 138, 141
- khamtshar, 33
- khashag: contested origins of, 55; definition of shag, 52; difference from garchung, 103; etymology, 51-52; links to xiangsheng, 52-55, 65; verbal art in, 63, 65; zurza in, 62-63, 65-66, 76
- khatak (silk scarves), 68
- khel, 21
- Khenpo Tsultrim Lodree, 124
- Kuaishou (online platform), 146
- Kumbum Monastery, 14
- kure, 7
- labjyagpa, 7, 33
- Labrang Monastery, 14, 56; monastic community as target of poetic critique, 37-38
- Laji Shan, 23
- Langdarma, King, 94
- language ideology; China’s monoglot, 92; language purism and, 112, 115, 131
- language mixing, 111-12
- larjya, 56, 61, 65, 95; definitions, 58, 61; mirik gi larjya, 58-59; and zurza/satire, 95-97
- laye, 21, 28, 49
- Lhalung Hualdor, 94-95
- Lhasa dialect, 9-12, 22, 39, 54, 56, 122
- Liang Qichao, 84
- Lin Biao, 48, 64
- Lobzang (computing company), 123
- Lobzang Dorje, 54
- Losar Gongtsog, 106, 119
- love songs, 21, 28, 49
- lu, 110
- Ludrub Jyamtso, 129. See also Uncle Buddhist
- Lujya Rati, 148
- lungta, 24, 166n12
- lushag, 21-22, 33, 52
- Ma Sanli, 53
- Makley, Charlene, 9, 12, 14, 16, 56, 82, 88, 112
- Malho Mongolian Autonomous County, 23, 170
- marriage, 83, 88. See also “Careful Village’s Bride”
- Mangra County, 1, 81
- May Fourth Movement, 84
- Menla Jyab, 9, 21, 67-80; critiques of religious clerics, 82-83; early years, 80-81; physical deformity, 80-81; pseudoynms, 81
- metonymic referentiality, 110, 139
- minzu shibie, 12
- modernity, 7, 24, 88-89, 93, 96-97, 115, 141
- Monguor people, 13
- My Golden Homeland (album), 113
- Namlha Bum, 21-22, 144-45
- narrated/narrative event, 86-87
- nationalism; music and, 126; Tibetan cultural, 116-18, 143; and tradition, 105;
- national pride, 58-61, 62. See also larjya
- ndrokhkel (nomad dialects), 9
- “new people,” 84
- “new prose style,” 84
- “New Ten Virtues, the” (movement), 125
- “New Thinkers” (movement), 83-84; critiques of, 84; parallels with May Fourth Movement, 105
- New Youth (magazine), 83-84
- Pakmo Drashe, 67, 83-84, 87, 94, 105
- Panchen Lama, the, 60, 165n6
- parody, 10, 22, 33, 36, 92
- Pema Bhum, 14, 83
- Pema Tsetan, 125
- phalké (vernacular language), 55
- Phuntsog Tashi, 56
- Pig’s Head Soothsayer, The (TV show), 105
- pride. See larjya
- proverbs (tamhwé), 21, 65
- Putonghua standard Chinese, 14, 92, 112, 142
- radio, 51, 53; comedy broadcasts, 55-6, 76-77, 104, 106
- rap music. See hip-hop; shuochang; zheematam
- Rebgong, 7, 23, 122
- Reform and Opening Up period, 15, 55-56
- religion: and Cultural Revolution, 14; Menla Jyab on, 83, 88, 93; restricted in popular media, 140; Sinicization of, 123; and Tibetan identity, 10, 148; “Uncle Horse Herder” and, 101
- reported speech, 85, 88
- riddles, 21
- ronghkel (farming dialects), 9
- Rudé Tramo (album), 68, 93
- Ruyong Riglo (character), 18-21, 41-42
- Salar people, 13, 161n5
- Samlo sarwa. See “New Thinkers”
- satire, 6-7, 38-41, 53, 63, 95-97,114, 151; as Chinese fengci, 39; government support, 41; theory, 8; Yan’an talks, 39
- Scott, James C., 130
- Secretary Wangchen (character), 45-48, 50, 66
- [Sengcham] Drukmo, 100, 110
- Serta Larung Gar, 124
- Shakya, Tsering, 57, 130
- Shar Kalden Jyamtso, 8, 38, 82
- shengtai baohu, 102, 108. See also ecological conservation
- Shépa speech tradition, 123
- Shidé Nyima, 105, 119 [Q AU: “y” added on 105 & glossary, deleted on 119]
- Shokdung (author-intellectual), 83-84
- shuochang (speaking singing), 121, 167n1 (ch5). See also hip-hop
- Sichuan, 9, 12, 16, 22, 124
- signifying, 8, 33-34, 40
- Sinophobic purism, 112
- social ills, 82-83, 87
- Sokdzong, 23. See also Malho
- Soktruk Sherab, 105
- speeches: tamshel, 21; wedding, 27, 91
- “Studying Tibetan” (script): excerpts from, 43-50; lack of scholarly attention to, 51, 163n9; proverbs in, 65; zurza in, 64, 66
- Suoci (writer), 54–55
- tamhwé (proverbs), 21, 65
- tamshel (speeches), 21
- tangka paintings, 69
- television: and garchung, 104-5, 106-7, 119; ownership in Amdo, 76; Tibetan terms for, 111; and xiangsheng, 55-56
- tellability, 106, 107
- Tibetan sign language, 130
- Tibetophone: intellectuals, 51; media, 77
- traditional formulae, 129-30
- Tri Ralpachen, 69, 165n2
- tricksters: narratives, 35-36; theoretical approaches to, 34, 166n7; Tibetan intellectuals as, 17, 82, 84, 147-49. See also Uncle Tonpa
- Trika County, 1
- tsampa (food), 127, 130
- “Tsampa” (song), 141; excerpts from, 128, 131; music video, 127-28; social critique in, 129-30, 142
- Tsekhog County, 141, 162n6
- Tsering Döndrup, 82
- tsétar, 34
- tséwa (play), 7
- Tsolho Nationalities Normal School, 15, 81
- Tsultrim Lodree, Khenpo, 124
- Valley of Heroes (film), 124
- verbal dueling. See dueling, verbal/oral
- vernacular language, 55, 165n19
- “Vowels and Consonants” (song), 120-21
- Zalejya (character in “Careful Village” series), 74, 86, 96
- zhadgar (comedic plays), 103. See also garchung
- zheematam: Chinese shuochang and, 121; links to world hip-hop, 126. See also hip-hop
- zheng nengliang (positive energy), 126
- Zhonghua minzu (Chinese nation-race), 12
- Ziling, 1, 11, 15, 23, 59, 67, 80-81, 119, 136-38. See also Xining
- Zonthar Gyal, 125
- zurza, 6-8; and access to media, 40, 62, 97, 116, 142; audience expectations of, 95-96; changes to, 142; definitions, 6-8; as expressive resource, 64-65, 107, 142; and fengci, 40, 63; government support for, 41; and indirection, 8, 33-34, 127, 140; and signifiying, 33, 40; social critique in, 77, 93; and tricksters, 34, 37-38; zurza ye/doing zurza, 6, 8, 20, 34, 65, 95-6, 136, 142-43