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INDEX
- Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
- Åberg, Anders Wilhelm, 18
- abjection, 68, 71–73; exaggerated, 103; forced and voluntary, 99; as response to stigmatization, 98
- adulthood: with childhood, 27; Sámi, 28; Swedish, 28
- Ågren, Marja, 75
- Ahmed, Sara, 22, 25, 65; and lining up, 10, 37, 62–63, 96–97, 100
- Alakoski, Susanna, 3, 27, 29, 74–75, 156n4
- Alla vi barn i Bullerbyn (film, dir. Helbom), 87
- Alla vi barn i Bullerbyn (novel, Lindgren): and cozy idyllic childhood, 87
- apology: as resolution for complex histories, 23, 39, 52–53
- August, Pernilla, 91
- Baackmann, Susanne, 76
- Bagher, Reza, 30, 112, 120
- Barker, Jennifer, 61
- Beatles, the, 114, 123; as a queer resistance to growing up, 126
- Bekhta, Natalya, 135
- Berggren, Henrik, 6, 12–13, 74
- Bergman, Ingmar, 41–42, 59
- Bernstein, Robin, 4–5. See also childhood: studies of
- Bhabha, Homi: and mimicry, 21
- Bihttoš (dir. Tailfeathers), 55
- Bildungsroman: postcolonial, 108–9
- Castañeda, Claudia, 26
- child: autonomous, 3, 7, 9, 15, 17–18, 20, 106; competent, 3, 7, 12, 15, 51, 116, 152n33; as construction, 16; as figure of innocence and victimhood, 76, 86; Finnish, 134; gaining civil rights, 15; Indigenous, 25, 110; melodramatic, 40–41; moral, 3, 7, 15, 51, 57, 145; myth of the Swedish, 3; Nordic, 3, 7, 13, 16, 39, 47; paradoxes in the figure of a, 145; in postwar German literature, 76; queer, 11; as representation of not-quiteness, 115; Romani, 17; Sámi, 137; and state individualism, 8; as symbol of citizens, 3, 5; Shirley Temple, 5; Tornedalian, 114, 125, 129; as unexceptional, 18. See also not-quite child, the
- childhood: abstract idea of, 5; anarchy of, 67, 72–74; autonomous, 47; as being and becoming, 15, 23; deviating, 19–20; effigy of, 5; endless, 86–87, 90; exceptional, 107; idealized and unreachable, 15, 17, 70, 86; Indigenous, 7; innocence, 25; and marginality, 25; Nordic, 7; normative, 53; as not-yet, 28; and performance, 5, 18; and pethood, 88–89; privileged, 17; as reorientation, 25; Sámi, 151n15; studies of, 3–5, 26, 148; Swedish, 2–3, 7, 12–13, 15, 17–19, 71, 73, 86, 97, 107, 113–14; traumatic, 86, 91; unsettled, 92–93, 141–42; working-class, 74
- children’s literature, 11
- cleanliness: exaggerated and abject, 86; failure to perform white/Swedish, 97; and order, 85
- colonization, 20, 68; bodily impact of, 56; internalized, 118; progress and modernity in the rhetoric of, 118
- colonial histories, 22–23, 30, 36, 38, 115, 133; entangled, 110, 129, 138; shared, 144–45
- Eastern Europe: and sex trafficking, 19; as temporally othered, 21; as a threat, 20
- Edelman, Lee: reproductive futurism, 9
- Elina: som om jag inte fanns (dir. Härö), 29, 32–33, 36–37; bog as embodiment of not-quiteness in, 45–48; camera placement in, 41; the child aligned with normative linearity in, 53; colonialist attitudes in, 39, 49–50; dangerous liminality in, 48; emotional healing for audiences in, 52; inspiring adult audiences, 40; lighting in, 42–44, 43, 49; melodramatic mode in, 38–39, 49, 51; not-quite child resisting injustice in, 40; performing Nordic child, 47; plot of, 37–38; power structures in, 41; reconciliation as fantasy in, 54; and return to moral certainty, 51; rooting and unrooting identity in, 46; and semi-colonial history, 38; Swedish savior figure in, 49–52; visualizing racialization in, 44
- Elsaesser, Thomas, 39, 53
- Esty, Jed, 115
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, 22
- failure, 25, 84; of childhood, 98; to perform idealized childhood, 67, 98, 104; queer, 28, 30, 66–67, 71, 74, 105; to remember, 68; as traumatic, 72. See also Halberstam, Jack
- Faris, Wendy B., 122. See also magical realism
- Fasselt, Rebecca, 30, 129, 136–37
- Finnish labor migrants, 21, 68, 75; misconceptions toward, 68; and stereotypes, 84; as threat, 83
- Finnish language, 63; in Sweden, 70, 94
- Finnish-speakers, 21. See also Sweden Finns
- Finno-Ugric identity, 22, 103; and inferiority, 131; and racial hierarchies, 131; in Vårt värde, 130
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, 22
- Halberstam, Jack, 28, 67–68, 71–72, 93, 105, 125, 148. See also failure
- Hansson, Per Albin, 5–6
- Härö, Klaus, 38, 40
- Heith, Anne, 36, 109–10, 141. See also Tornedalian culture
- Hennefeld, Maggie, 72–73, 99
- Hirsch, Marianne, 76, 80, 137. See also postmemory
- Hübinette, Tobias, 16–17, 24, 147. See also whiteness
- Hughey, Matthew, 49
- Hunt, Peter, 41
- Hutcheon, Linda, 112
- Huuki, Tuija, 27, 59
- Huyssen, Andreas, 78–79
- IKEA: as essentialized Swedishness, 101–3
- Indigenous studies, 10, 22, 33–34, 57, 59, 152n26
- Ingenbarnsland (Olsson), 25, 29, 67; abject objection in, 73, 99–100; bodily memories of inferiority in, 101; in comparison to Svinalängorna, 70, 99; defecation in, 99–100; disappointment in, 98; embodiment in, 97; exaggerated abject image in, 102–3; failure as subversive in, 93, 104–5; forced Finnish identity in, 94; a good scar in, 100; grotesque in, 71, 93–94; memory in, 79, 80–81; normative “healthy” Swedish bodies in, 103; performing abjection in, 93; performing the anarchic child in, 73; persistence of borders in, 100; plot of, 69–70; racist encounter in, 96–97; references to Pippi Longstocking in, 71, 93, 99; refurnishing the room with IKEA products in, 102; restricted eating in, 103; slippage between anarchy and abject in, 98; trip to England in, 100
- innocence, 5, 76. See also childhood
- invisibility, 33–34, 156n4; erasure, 2, 34–35; in melodrama, 39; of memories, 79–80; passing and assimilation, 2; as powerful and shame-producing, 26; as privilege, 34, 36; and racialization, 24, 33, 36, 47, 95; of Sámi people, 60–61; of Sweden Finns, 68–69, 77, 92; of Tornedalians, 47–48, 50
- irony, 30, 107, 112–13
- Karelian people, 79–80
- Kautokeino Rebellion (dir. Gaup), 55
- Keksi, Antti, 140
- Kernell, Amanda, 29, 54, 56
- Key, Ellen: The Century of the Child, 6–7
- Kidz in da Hood (dir. Gustavsson and Edfelt), 18
- Kieri, Katarina, 25, 30, 106–7, 127
- Kristeva, Julia, 68, 72–73
- Kuokkanen, Rauna, 22, 33. See also Indigenous studies
- Laestadius, Ann-Helen, 147
- Lagerlöf, Selma, 35
- Lilja 4-ever (dir. Moodysson), 19
- Lindgren, Astrid, 87, 99. See also Longstocking, Pippi
- lining up: charged with fear or shame, 63; in colonial spaces, 25; cosmopolitan, 123–27; to escape not-quiteness, 121; failure in, 66, 70, 86, 95, 104, 122; growing up and, 24, 37, 108, 135; hesitance in, 20; performative nature of, 37; rejecting, 65, 104–5, 134, 138, 140; with Swedishness, 36, 45, 73–74, 108, 132, 134–35; with whiteness, 10, 24, 29, 62–63, 127, 148. See also Ahmed, Sara: and lining up
- Longstocking, Pippi, 1, 70–72, 145–46; as autonomous child, 11–14; economy, 74; as emblem of Swedish exceptionalism, 14, 154n43; as feminist icon, 12–14; growing sideways, 14; and individualism, 16; and neoliberal success, 74; as normative and subversive, 12; performing Swedish childhood, 12, 18; as “sovereign man,” 13; and Swedishness, 14; triumphant, 18; vs. Tommy and Annika, 13. See also child; childhood
- Lopez, Alfred J., 21
- Lundborg, Herman, 8–9
- Lundström, Catrin, 16
- Lury, Karen, 47
- magical realism, 30, 107, 115
- Marks, Laura, 60
- Meänkieli, 35, 37, 63, 109, 160n4. See also minority culture; Tornedalians
- Meänmaa, 36, 109–10, 137. See also Tornedalians
- memory: as contested, 76; cultural, 77; entangled, 132; fixed narratives of, 76; fragments of, 80–81; migrant, 76; as multidirectional site of not-quiteness, 76, 79; new forms of, 68, 148; works of, 28
- Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 62
- Mier-Cruz, Benjamin, 8
- migration: labor, 78; proximate, 79; to Sweden, 16
- Million Program, 83; as problem area, 84; as unclean, 84
- minority culture, 22, 31, 64, 108–9, 133, 144; Sámi, 55, 57–59, 61, 63, 65, 108, 110, 115, 118, 130, 137, 147, 162n4; Sweden Finnish, 68, 70, 75–76, 80, 84, 91, 94, 159n86; Tornedalian, 23, 35–36, 43, 49, 107–10, 118, 124–26, 130, 140
- Mohnike, Thomas, 107, 111–12
- Molina, Irene, 83–84
- Moodysson, Lukas, 19
- My Life as a Dog (dir. Hallström), 90
- Myrdal, Alva and Gunnar, 8
- Nattvardsgästerna (dir. Bergman), 42
- Niemi, Mikael, 30, 106–7, 111–12
- Nikolajeva, Maria, 3
- Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (Lagerlöf), 35–36
- not-quite child, the, 3, 23–24, 28, 67; cinematic constructions of, 37, 56–60; melodramatic child and, 41; in northern Sweden, 37; pluralized, 129, 138; racialization of, 95; as recurring figure, 106, 113, 144; as reorienting the child figure, 148; singularity in, 107–8; slippage in the image of, 112; as unexceptional, 116–17. See also sideways growth
- not-quiteness, 20–21; child as a representation of, 28, 115; dangers of, 48, 53; entangled histories of, 86, 141–42; exaggeration of, 107; growing out of, 90–91, 119, 126; and indigeneity, 55; intergenerational, 138; invisible, 47, 69; legacy of, 107; and memory, 76–82; Nordic, 23–26, 33, 154n78; persistence of, 101; queer, 123; resolution to, 49, 53–54; sites of, 25, 82, 88, 94; temporal and spatial materialization of, 89. See also racialization
- parody, 30, 107
- Pathfinder (dir. Gaup), 55
- Peiker, Piret, 108–9
- phenomenology, 24, 27
- pippifeminism, 146
- Play (dir. Östlund), 18–19
- plural voice, 30, 107
- Pohjanen, Bengt, 35–36, 109–10, 140–41. See also minority culture
- Populärmusik från Vittula (film, dir. Bagher), 112; adaptation of prologue in, 112–13; the furnace sequence in, 120–22
- Populärmusik från Vittula (novel, Niemi), 30, 106–7; absurdity in, 107; accelerated growing up in, 119–20; adult narrator’s presence in, 118–19; the Beatles in, 123–25; becoming human in, 117; closer proximity to Swedishness in, 108; colonial education in, 117; critical distance from the child figure in, 113–14, 116; humor in, 107, 125; irony in, 112–14, 118, 123; lining up with cosmopolitan whiteness in, 127; magical realism in, 115–16, 122–23; plot of, 111; prologue of, 111; subversive potential of pop/rock music in, 123–25; temporal synchronicity with global subcultures in, 113–14, 125
- postmemory, 77, 80, 82, 137–38
- privilege, 68, 106–7; awareness of, 26, 31, 113, 142; to be autonomous, 17; to be protected, 17; to pass, 2, 21, 31, 118, 129, 133; space of, 15, 108, 110; to subvert norms, 17; of white minorities, 30, 34, 36, 61, 97, 118. See also whiteness
- Pynnönen, Marja-Liisa, 76. See also minority culture
- racial hierarchies, 2–3, 9, 21, 33, 42, 66, 96–97, 117. See also not-quiteness
- racialization, 20; bodily impact of, 56, 60; histories of, 20–21, 30, 110; indigeneity and, 55; internalized, 11, 56; invisible, 2, 35–36, 95; and social class, 43; visualizing, 29, 33, 44, 59. See also not-quiteness
- Rantonen, Eila, 84, 145
- reorientation, 24–25; of the child, 129, 141, 148; of the child’s gaze, 58; temporal, 28
- reproduction: of family and nation, 8; as meaningful, 10; as oppressive, 10
- Ridanpää, Juha, 112
- Roma people, 97
- Rothberg, Michael, 76, 79. See also memory
- Russian empire: border drawing between Sweden and, 35
- Sameblod/Sami Blood (dir. Kernell), 25, 28–29, 32–33, 36; burning the gákti in, 62; camera movement/framing in, 57–58; gákti as second skin in, 60–61; looking elsewhere in, 57, 58, 65; monuments of Sámi collective memory in, 55; not-quiteness as embodied and felt in, 60; passing for a white Swede in, 61, 64–65; plot of, 54–55; and reproduction, 64; resolution in, 65; scene of gymnastics class in, 143, 145, 148; scenes of lining up in, 62–65; tactile images in, 56, 60–61, 61; visibility and tactility in, 59
- Sámi nieida jojk (dir. Wajstedt), 55
- Sámi people, 34–35; and boarding schools, 22; and colonial politics, 24–25, 35, 65, 109; and history in film, 55; and languages, 63; racialization of, 9, 20–21, 34, 57; and reindeer-herding, 61; whiteness as ambiguous for, 34, 143. See also minority culture
- Sammond, Nicholas, 72–73
- Sanders, Karin, 46
- Sandin, Bengt, 6–8, 11, 15
- Sápmi, 38; and Torne River Valley, 137
- segregation, 35, 63–64
- settler colonialism, 10, 16, 116, 152n26; and assimilation, 42; benign, 22, 33; and boarding schools, 22; and erasure, 65, 118, 132; Nordic, 33; and Swedish hydropower, 33; and violence, 21. See also colonial histories
- sexuality: bad, 19; good and moral, 19
- sideways growth, 11, 46, 68, 71; as joyful liberation and alienation, 99; as privileged, 12, 15. See also not-quite child, the; Stockton, Kathryn Bond
- Smith, Andrea, 10, 152n26
- Social Democratic Party, Sweden, 5–6
- Söderberg, Eva, 12–14, 16
- Sparrooabbán (dir. Suvi West), 55
- State Institute for Race Biology (SIRB), 8
- Stockton, Kathryn Bond, 11, 46, 68, 71, 88, 89, 148. See also sideways growth
- Storfjell, Troy, 57
- Svinalängorna (film, dir. August), 78, 91; cathartic healing in, 92; compared to the novel, 92; Swedish savior figure in, 92; trauma narrative in melodramatic mode in, 91
- Svinalängorna (novel, Alakoski), 26, 28–29, 67; blurred child-animal boundaries in, 88–90; child’s bodily reactions in, 85; cleaning as exaggerated and abject in, 86; cleanliness associated with Swedish homes in, 85; contrasting figure to Pippi Longstocking in, 70–71; counter-narrative to endless playful childhood in, 88; deteriorating every day in, 86; disillusionment in, 70, 82–83; family dog in, 88; gender and nation in, 81; inferiority and shame in, 77; memories of Finland in, 77; migrant hope in, 82–83; multidirectional memory in, 79; plot of, 69; prejudice in, 84; references to idealized child in, 70; Swedish exceptionalism in, 71
- Sweden Finns: culture of, 75–76; diasporic memory of, 81; minority vs. migrant status, 75; recognition as national minority, 75–76; well-integrated, 75. See also minority culture
- Swedish childhood. See childhood
- Swedish exceptionalism, 1, 19, 44; exception to, 18; moral, 78, 95; in Nordic cinema, 18; in self-image of Sweden, 71. See also Longstocking, Pippi
- Swedish film, 17–19, 41–42, 53, 59, 86–87, 90, 92
- Swedish literature, 11, 14, 17, 74–75
- “Swedish theory of love,” 74. See also Swedish welfare state
- Swedish welfare state, 74; architecture of, 24–25; as caring, 53, 74; critique of, 19; as crumbling, 17; developing urban projects of, 67; failure in, 74; as a good home, 6; as neoliberal, 73; rise of neoliberalism in, 93; unsettling, 92
- Taikon, Katarina, 17
- Takolander, Maria Kaaren, 115. See also magical realism
- Temple Black, Shirley, 5
- Thunberg, Greta, 1
- Tornedalians, 20–22, 30, 107–9, 113, 137, 160n4; history of, 35–38; racialization of, 43–44
- Tornio River valley, 35, 38, 107, 140–41; as colonial borderland, 114. See also minority culture
- Trägårdh, Lars, 5–6, 12–13, 74
- transnational adoption, 17, 24. See also not-quite child, the
- trauma, 27, 53; in Svinalängorna, 88
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Tornedalians, Kvens, and Lantalaiset, 22
- Truth Commission on the Indigenous Sámi people, 23
- Tystnaden (dir. Bergman), 59
- Valla Villekulla (dir. Olsson), 14
- Vårt värde (Kieri), 25, 106–7; ambivalence about colonial histories in, 133; ambivalence toward modernity in, 129; blurred lines of puberty and postcolonial time in, 130; entangled memories in, 132–33; Finno-Ugric identity in, 130–32; and first-person plural narrator, 107, 128–29, 134–36; the fusion of waters in, 140; gendered expectations in, 132; multidirectional growing in, 129; nonlinear resistance to growing up in, 140; plot of, 127–28; plural child figure in, 129, 138–41; uncertainty about synchronizing movement in, 134
- Veracini, Lorenzo, 33
- Vikgren, David, 140–41
- we-narrative, 30, 129, 135
- Westberg, Johannes, 143–44
- whiteness: ambiguous identification with, 34–35; hierarchies of, 75, 138; inherited, 10–11; lines of, 24; lining up with, 62, 64, 127; not-quite, 21, 43; performative nature of, 96; proximity to, 22, 108; as Swedishness, 21; as Western-ness, 23, 131
- Williams, Linda, 51
- Wolfe, Patric, 33
- working-class: childhood, 74; literature, 75
- World War II: contrasting memories of, 77; emotional impact of, 68; in Sweden Finnish literature, 76
- Wright, Rochelle, 75
- Wyver, Richey, 24
- yoik, 57