Index
Ames, Roger T., 181n12
An Lushan, 158
Analects (Lunyu), 149, 209n16, 219n24
Aristotle, 6
Bai Juyi (772–846), 201n33 , 212n53, 224n50
Bai Xindao (d. 1397), 40
Bao Shuya, 20
Baohe Palace, 88
Book of Documents, 123; Old Text portion of, 123
Bourdieu, Pierre, 173
Brokaw, Cynthia J., 199n11
Brook, Timothy, 203n46, 226n12
butian (mending heaven), 140, 143, 169; as metaphor for government service, 143–144, 146, 169, 218n20
Cao Cao, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63, 193n49
Cao Huan, 62
Cao Pi, 62
Cao Wanshu, 86
Cao Xueqin (ca. 1715–64), 136, 138, 140, 141, 142, 167, 172, 216n1, 223n46
Cao Yin (1658–1712), 167, 225n64
Carnal Prayer Mat, The (Rou putuan), 13, 86–91; Li Yu’s authorship of, 206n65
Chen Jitai, 221n36
Chen Ping, 56
Chen Que (1604–77), 122, 214n70
Cheng brothers, 30, 32, 102, 122
Cheng Tingzuo (1691–1767), 127, 128
Cheng Yi (1033–1107), 156, 223n47
Cheng Yizhong, 192n43
Chenghua (emperor of the Ming), 121
Chen-Zhu school, 9, 10, 23, 30, 32, 100, 122, 124, 132, 165
Chow, Kai-wing, 199n10
Christian church, 11
Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo zhi), 34, 44, 45, 49, 52, 58. See also Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Chronicle of Zuo (Zuo zhuan), 30
Chunqiu, 21
Cixi (empress dowager of the Qing), 200n29
Classified Anecdotes of the Qing Dynasty (Qing bai lei chao), 139, 204n50, 217n12
Collection of Commentaries on Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu chuanshuo huizuan), 24
Collection of Commentaries on the Book of Poetry (Shijing chuanshuo huizuan), 24
Complete Collection of Writings on Nature and Principle (Xingli Daquan), 23
Complete Works of Master Zhu (Zhuzi quanshu), 24
Comprehensive Elucidations on the Book of Changes (Zhouyi zhezhong), 24
Confucianism, 3, 10, 21, 24, 49, 57, 100–101, 107; as orthodox ideology, 21, 24, 172; attitude toward women, 96; project of, 18
Confucius, 10, 17, 19, 20, 24, 31, 41, 59, 101, 102, 122, 163, 192n33; as “commoner king,” 20
Crab Flower Club (Haitang She), 153
Creation of the Gods (Fengshen yanyi), 66
Crimson Pearl (Jiangzhu Xiancao), 153, 157, 165
Dai Mingshi (1653–1713), 127, 214n66
Dai Zhen (1724–77), 31
dao learning (daoxue), 10, 17, 23, 67, 179
dao zun yu shi, 102
daotong, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 20, 26, 28, 33, 39, 67, 97, 100, 101–103, 111, 112, 113, 118, 136, 138; decline of, 139, 174, 179; evolution of, 182n17; imperial state’s appropriation of, 22–26, 172–173; partnership with zhengtong, 17–19, 67, 169, 171; power balance with zhengtong, 21, 112; rivalry with state power, 102
Daoyan (Yao Guangxiao, 1335–1418), 42
de Bary, William T., 28
dejun xingdao, 26, 27, 28, 172, 187n49
Deng Yu, 56
Diagram of the Great Ultimate (Taiji tu), 123
Divine Luminescent Page (Shengying Shizhe), 153, 157, 163, 165
Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong), 149
Dong Qichang (1555–1636), 152
Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BCE), 21
Dong Zhuo, 46
Dongfang Shuo (154–93 BCE), 21, 212n53
Dream of the Red Chamber (Honglou meng), 14, 75, 136–169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 179; alternative titles of, 219n25; gengchen edition of, 141, 218n15, 219nn25, 27, 222n40; jiaxu edition of, 140, 141, 153, 166, 217n14, 219nn25, 27; Qi xu ben, 219n25; typographic editions of, 218n15, 219n25, 222n40
Du Fu (712–770), 134
Du Shaoqing, 114, 115, 118, 123–124, 128, 129, 134, 135, 168, 174
Du Shengqing, 110
Duan Yucai (1735–1815), 31
Duke Huan of the Qi, 20, 21, 58
Duke Miao (of the Lu), 59, 102
Duke of Ningguo (Ningguo Gong), 147
Duke of Rongguo (Rongguo Gong), 147
eight-legged essay (bagu wen), 57, 90, 110, 118–122, 131, 149; as synecdoche for the examination system, 119; anthologies of, 119–121, 214n65, 214n66; form divorced from content in, 124; in the Ming, 119, 121, 196n67; in the Qing, 119–121, 124–125; prioritized over belletristic writing, 125–126, 214n79, 216n90, 220n30, 221n36; ties to other prose forms, 213n63
Elman, Benjamin A., 42, 67, 192n32, 214n66, 221n32
Emperor Wu (of the Han), 21, 57
Eptein, Maram, 221n37
erotic scholar-lover, 67, 69, 70, 74, 80–82, 83, 86, 92, 93, 94, 96, 171
eroticism, fictional, 13, 198n2, 198nn3, 4, 205n54
Essential Meanings of the Works on Human Nature and Principle (Xingli jingyi), 24
Evidential Studies (kaojuxue), 31, 123–124, 187n66
Examination for Women, An (Nükaike zhuan), 80–82, 202n42
examination, metropolitan, 40, 95, 123, 125, 207n70. See also examinations, civil service
examination, palace, 88, 90, 95, 97, 207n70, 208n86. See also examinations, civil service
examination, prefectural, 78. See also examinations, civil service
examination, provincial, 95, 109, 118, 120, 124, 125, 168. See also examinations, civil service
examinations, civil service, 3, 4, 9, 11, 16, 29, 58, 78, 94, 98, 106, 109, 125, 149, 171; and commercial market for fiction, 176–177, 226n11; as analogous to sexual act, 79; as “culture booster,” 175–176; as interface between literati and state, 9, 67; as lifeline of imperial state, 94–95; as metaphor in fictional eroticism, 13, 68–79, 86, 89–97; body search in, 200n20; empowering efficacy of, 78; evolution of, 57; examiner and candidates in, 207n73; grading system in, 89, 207n70; in the Ming, 220n32; metaphors for success in, 205n57; moral status of, 73; simulated, 80–82. See also examination, metropolitan; examination, palace; examination, prefectural; examination, provincial
Exhortation to Studies (Quan xue wen), 16, 173
Fan Zhongyan (989–1052), 112
Fang Bao (1668–1749), 120
Fang Xiaoru (1357–1402), 41, 191n32, 197n78. See also Jianwen martyrs
Fang Yizhi (1611–71), 30
Fanli (Statement of general principles), 14, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 148, 154, 155, 157, 161, 165, 218n14
Feng Menglong, 4, 70, 174–175, 178
fenshu kengru, 20
Five Classics (wujing), 23, 149
flower adjudication (hua’an), 80, 204n50
Flying Swallow (Zhao Feiyan), 158
Foucault, Michel, 8, 9, 11, 183n26
Four Books (sishu), 23, 38, 149, 150
Fourth Sister Lin (Lin Siniang), 150
Gadamer, Han Georg, 181n9
Ge Quan, 182n13
Geng Yan, 56
Goddess of Disenchantment (Jinghuan Xianzi), 147, 153, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 165, 167, 225n57
gong, 113
gongming (rank and fame), 103–104, 107, 108, 115, 120, 128, 131, 133, 134, 166
gongming fugue, 103
Gongyang, 21
government service, 5, 6, 14, 19, 27, 28, 32, 96, 138, 140, 153, 165, 167–169, 171–174, 176, 179; as authoritative discourse, 175–176; as Confucian ideal, 17–19, 143; privileged over other professions, 151–152. See also examinations, civil service
Gramsci, Antonio, 8
Grand Announcement (Dagao), 24
Grand Collection of the Four Books (Sishu Daquan), 42
Grandmother Jia, 147, 148, 158
Great Collection of the Four Treasuries (Siku quanshu), 23
Great Compendium of the Yongle (Yongle dadian), 23
Great Learning (Daxue), 18, 122, 149
Great Prospect Garden (Daguanyuan), 142, 150, 160, 161
Gu Yanwu, 24, 29, 31, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 120, 227n20
Guan Yu, 45, 50, 58, 61, 62; worship of, 199n18; Yunchang, 45
Guan Zhong (d. 645 BCE), 20
Guangwu (emperor of Eastern Han), 106
Gui Youguang (1506–71), 31
Gui Zhuang (1613–73), 175
Guo Kangsong, 31
Guo Tieshan, 219
Han (ethnic group), 23
Han Yu (768–824), 182n17, 213n63
Hanan, Patrick, 87, 198n8, 207n65
He Xinyin (1517–79), 28
Hegel, Robert, 177, 188n5, 207n65, 216n96, 227n15
Herder, 6
History as Mirror to Aid Governance (Zizhi tongjian), 52
Hong-niang, 158
Hongwu (emperor of the Ming), 10, 13, 39, 40, 121, 126, 127; See also Zhu Yuanzhang
Hongzhi (emperor of the Ming), 121
Hsia, C. T., 181n1, 209n2, 216n91
Hu Wei (1633–1714), 123
Hu Weiyong (?-1380), 40, 64–65
Huang Qiang, 207n65
Huang Tingjian (1045–1106), 144
Huang Zongxi (1610–95), 24, 29, 64, 79, 107, 113, 114, 117, 118, 227n20
Hui Dong (1696–1758), 31
Huizong (emperor of the Northern Song), 74
Illusory Land of Great Void (Taixu Huanjing), 156, 157, 163, 164; Jia Baoyu’s dream visit to, 159–162, 162–164, 167
Imperial Academy (Guozijian), 24, 40–41, 191n27
imperial state, 8, 35, 118–128, 126; and the eight-legged essay, 118–122, 124–125; appropriation of daotong, 8; manipulation of examination curriculum, 35, 123. See also zhengtong
Imperially Authorized Edition of Essays on the Four Books (Qingding Sishuwen), 120–121
Ji Chang, 116
Ji Kang (224–263), 106
Ji Ping, 63
Ji Yun (1724–1805), 75
Jia Baoyu, 14, 75, 136, 138, 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 170–171, 174, 180; antipathy for examination learning, 148–150; dream visit to Illusory Land of Great Void, 155–161; dream visit to Paradise of Truth, 161; dreams and illusions of, 154–155; as fiction maker, 153, 165; and the jade, 220n27, 221n40; and Jia Yucun, 146–147; qing-li conflict, influenced by, 166; scenarios of qing, exposed to, 164–166; sexual initiation of, 162–164; and Stone, 219n27, 221n40; talent for versification, 150–151, 152–153; in “triplex parallel,” 148; and Zhen Baoyu, 167–169
Jia Kui (174–228), 32
Jia Yuanchun, 75
Jia Zheng, 142, 148, 150, 151, 152, 170
Jia Zhongming (b. 1343), 36, 37
Jiajing (emperor of the Ming), 24, 121
Jiang Gan, 48
Jianmei, 163
Jianwen (emperor of the Ming), 41
Jiao Hong (1540–1620), 31
Jiaqing (emperor of the Qing) 31
Jie, 42
Jin Shengtan (1718–84), 176, 226n10
Jin Wenzheng (d. 1382), 40
Jing Lanjiang, 126
Jing Yuan, 134
Journey to the West (Xiyou ji), 5
juemin xingdao, 27
Jung, C.G, 6
Kangxi (emperor of the Qing), 10, 23, 24, 25, 76, 95, 100, 124, 127, 136, 138, 167, 185n37; as “standard bearer of the daotong,” 25
King, Gail, 190n17
King Wen (of the Zhou), 17, 21, 41, 66, 103, 117
King Wu (of the Zhou), 17, 66, 103
King Wu’s Expedition against King Zhou (Wu Wang fa Zhou ji), 66
King Xuan (of the Qi), 38
Ko, Dorothy, 204n50
Kong Rong, 49
Kong Yingda (574–648), 156
Kuang Chaoren, 108, 111, 120, 121, 124
Lady Yang (Yang Yuhuan), 158, 224n55
Latter Seven Scholars (houqizi), 152
Laws of the Mind in the Sages’ Learning (Shengxue xinfa), 23, 185n32
ledgers of merits and demerits (gongguoge), 70–71, 72–73, 85, 96
Ledger of Merits and Demerits Regarding the Ten Precepts (Shi jie gongguoge), 70–71
Ledger of Merits and Demerits to Warn the World (Jingshi gongguoge), 70–71
Leng Zixing, 146
li (moral principle), 12, 29, 112; relationship to qing, 165, 166
Li Bai (701–762), 134, 201n33, 212n53
Li Baichuan (ca. 1720–71), 138
Li Chen, 217n13
Li Gong (1659–1733), 30, 99, 107, 128–129, 215n88; influence on Wu Jingzi, 215n86
Li Guangdi (1642–1718), 25
Li Lüyuan (1707–90), 138
Li Shanchang (1314–90), 64
Li Shizhen (1518–93), 30
Li Yu (1611–80), 13, 74–75, 78, 84–91, 176
li yue bing nong, 99, 129, 131, 133
Li Yuerui (1862–1927), 217n7
Li Zhi (1527–1602), 28, 57, 69, 176
Liang Qichao (1873–1929), 23, 31, 227n20
Liang Zhangju (1775–1849), 119, 213n63, 215n79
Liangzhi, 27
lijia, 22
literary inquisition, 11, 24, 31–32; during the Yongzheng reign, 215n83
literati, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 25, 28, 32, 78, 103, 118, 171; in Qianlong period, 138–140; speech rights of, 12; and textual culture, 14, 99, 118–122, 128; women, compared to, 78–79, 202nn34, 35. See also shi (intellectual elite)
Liu Bang (emperor of the Han), 20, 49, 184nn19, 20
Liu Bei, 34, 43, 45, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60–63, 66; and sworn brothers, 60–63, 197n77; three visits to Zhuge Liang, 53–54, 66; Xuande, 46
Liu Cunren (Ts’un-yan Liu), 190n17, 207n65
Liu Ji (1311–75), 105
Liu Xiang, 158
Liu Xie, 62
Liu Zhu, 127
Liu Zongzhou (1578–1645), 22
Liuxia Hui, 115
Lone Peak (Gufeng Zhanglao), 87
Louie, Kam, 200n18
Lü Liuliang (1629–83), 101, 102, 119–120, 214n66
Lu Su, 48
Lu Xiaojie (Miss Lu), 125
Lu Xinhou, 127
Lu Xun, 206n65
Lü Zaisheng, 85
Lu Zhishen, 130
Lukacs, Georg, 5
Lu-Wang school, 122
Ma Chunshang, 108, 110–111, 120, 121, 122, 125, 127, 133
Ma Rong (79–166), 32
McLaren, Anne E., 190n16
Mair, Victor, 223n44
Male Mother Meng Thrice Changes His Residence, A (Nan Mengmu jiaohe sanqian), 85
Manchu, 22, 23, 25, 100, 112, 123, 125
Mao, Nathan, 207n65
Mao Yanshou, 77
Mao Zonggang (1632–1709), 43, 47, 62, 176, 193n48, 194n54, 196n76
Marquis Wen (of the Wei), 102
Meeting in Xiangyang (Xiangyang hui), 52
Mencius, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 31, 39, 52–53, 59, 60, 101, 102, 104, 115, 163, 210n19; ideal of benevolent governance, 42–43; ideal of political sovereignty, 13, 35, 43, 65, 66; mother of, 206n60
Mencius (Mengzi), 13, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 59, 63, 65, 104, 122, 149, 192n37; early Ming suppression of, 13, 23, 35, 41–42; expurgated version of, 39, 42, 46; restoration of complete version of, 42.
Ming (dynasty), 3, 7, 10, 13, 21, 23, 28, 30, 36, 38–42, 57, 58, 64, 70, 71, 95, 125, 152; downfall of, 22, 30; early decades of, 38–42; eight-legged essay in, 119, 121
Ming wenhai, 118
Ming yi dai fang lu, 113
Ming-Qing transition, 29, 30, 79
mingshi, 109
Miyazaki, Ichisada, 88
Muses, 160
Nanjing, 100, 114, 115–118, 129, 131, 133, 134, 212n57
Naquin, Susan, 139, 175, 182n16, 185n36
nei sheng, 18
nei sheng wai wang, 18, 184n10
neo-Confucianism, 12, 24, 31, 32, 70, 100, 122, 156; as foundation of examination curriculum, 24, 120; mistrust of human desires, 70; textual crisis of, 122–125
New Historicism, 6
Ni Shuangfeng, 132
Nian Gengyao (d. 1726), 100, 209n11
Niu Buyi, 110
Northern Song (dynasty), 7, 22, 26
Oboi regency, 23
O-erh-tai (1680–1745), 125, 137, 173
Ouyang Xiu (1007–72), 212n53, 213n63
Pan Pingge (1610–77), 122
Pang Tong, 50
Paradise of Truth (Zhenru Fudi), 157
Pei Songzhi (372–451), 53, 194n57
Ping Shan Leng Yan, 4
ping tianxia, 143
Ping Shaobao (Marshal Ping), 129–130, 132
Plum in the Golden Vase (Jin Ping Mei), 68
Poetry Classic (Shijing), 149
Popular Stories of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi pinghua), 44, 52, 56, 58. See also Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Pretense Became Reality in the Seven-Pine Garden (Qisongyuan nongjia chengzhen), 152
Previously Unrecorded Account of the Daye Reign (Daye shiyi ji), 68, 198n3
Prince of Wu’an (Wu’an Wang), 72, 73
Pu Songling (1640–1715), 178
qijia, 143
Qian Daxi (1728–1804), 31
Qian Mingshi (1660–1730), 100–101, 209n11
Qian Mu (1895–1990), 32, 172, 215n88
Qian Tang (d. 1394), 39; confrontation with Zhu Yuanzhang, 191n22
Qian-Jia Han learning (Han xue), 31
Qianlong (emperor of the Qing), 10, 23, 24, 31, 120, 125, 138–139, 152, 173, 217n7; return to the Three Generations, 136–138
Qin (dynasty), 20,
Qin Shi (Qin Keqing), 158, 159, 164, 225n60; name of, 225n59
Qing (dynasty), 3, 7, 10, 15, 21, 24, 32, 70, 71, 76, 95, 103, 112, 119–120, 152; eight-legged essay in, 119–121, 124–125; High Qing, 23, 139
qing, 12, 164, 165, 166, 225n60; different scenarios of, 164–165; as fiction-making material, 165; relationship to li, 165, 166
Qu Yuan (340?-278 BCE), 78, 202n34
Rawski, Evelyn, 139, 175, 182n16, 185n36
Record of Being Awakened from Befuddlement by the Cardinal Principles (Dayi juemi lu), 101
Record of Learning the New (Zhixin lu), 101
Red Cliffs, 45, 48, 50, 56, 62
Red Inkstone (Zhiyanzhai), 142, 146, 159, 160, 165, 167, 217n14, 220n29, 225nn58, 61
Registers of Heroes (Yingxiong pu), 4
Registry of Ghosts (Luguibu), 58
Renzong (emperor of the Song), 110, 111
Richards, I. A., 208n81
Roddy, Stephen J., 99, 119, 130, 211n33
Romance of the Embroidered Screen (Xiu ping yuan), 82–83, 94, 204n51
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo yanyi), 4, 13, 34–66, 171, 177; 1522 edition of (Sanguozhi tongsu yanyi), 35–36, 188n8, 189n15, 190n17, 190nn19, 20, 193nn44, 48, 196n69; pro-Shu and anti-Wei stance in, 63; simplified version (jianben) of, 4; and Three Kingdoms variety plays (sanguo zaju), 55–56; Wanjuanlou edition of, 189n8; zhizhuan editions of, 38, 190n17. See also Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Popular Stories of the Three Kingdoms, Three Kingdoms variety plays
Ropp, Paul, 211n49
Ruan Ji (210–263), 106
Sacred Edict (Shengyu), 24
Sacred Edict for General Admonitions (Shengyu guangxun), 24
Sacred Edict in Six Maxims (Shengyu liuyan), 24
San yan, 4
scholar-beauty (caizi jiaren) fiction, 68, 203n42
scholar-courtesan romance, 80–82, 203n45
scholars, selection of, 13, 75, 171; compared with selection of women 77–78, 79, 81–82, 86, 87–88, 92–94
Scholars, The (Rulin waishi), 13–14, 96, 98–135, 139, 140, 152, 168, 172, 174, 179, 204n50; narrative structure of, 98–100, 216n91; Qixingtang edition of, 103, 128; Woxian Caotang edition of, 103, 114, 126
Sequel to the Registry of Ghosts (Luguibu xubian), 36, 37, 189nn12, 13
Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove (zhulin qixian), 106
Shadow of the Peach Blossoms (Taohua ying), 83–84, 94, 205n53
Shang (dynasty), 26
Shang Wei, 99, 131, 132, 213n57
Shen Defu (1578–1642), 22, 79, 200n20
Shen Qiongzhi, 130
Shenzong (emperor of the Ming), 27. See also Wanli
Shenzong (emperor of the Northern Song), 26
shi (intellectual elite), 7, 8, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 60, 78, 179; as upholders of the daotong, 20; balance of power with political state, 20–22; compared to women, 78–79; origin of the term, 7; relationship with political power, 9, 22, 172. See also literati; daotong
shi (political power), 7, 8, 17, 112; relationship with intellectual elite, 9, 22, 172. See also zhengtong
shidafu (intellectual elite), 7; origin of the term, 7
Shitou ji, 14
Shu-ho-te (1711–77), 125
Shunzhi (emperor of the Qing), 24
si, 113
Sima Yan, 62
Skybright (Qingwen), 150
Song (dynasty), 21, 57, 95, 122
Song Lian (1310–81), 40, 105; death of, 191n25
Song Na (d. 1390), 40
Song Yingxing (1587–?), 30
Southern Song (dynasty), 7, 22
Spring and Autumn period, 17, 101, 179
Stone, 14, 136, 144, 146, 148, 153–154, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 166, 169; and Jia Baoyu, 219n27
Stories Old and New (Gujin xiaoshuo), 174
Story of the Lord of Perfect Satisfaction (Ruyijun zhuan), 68, 198n4
Story of the Stone (Shitou ji), 145, 154, 155, 157, 159, 161, 162, 168
Story of the Stone (Shitou ji), 145. See also Dream of the Red Chamber
Strange Tales from Liaozhai (Liaozhai zhiyi), 178
Struve, Lynn A., 185n35
Sun Ce, 47
Sun Kaidi, 206n65
Sun Quan, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 56, 60
symbolic order, 14, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178
symbolic violence, 173
Tai Bo, 99, 116, 118, 128, 129, 131, 215n85
taixu (great void), 156, 157, 223n46
Taizong (emperor of the Tang), 9, 79, 95, 137, 208n83
Taizu (emperor of the Song), 64, 197n79
Tan Shaowen, 138
Tanchun, 153
Tang (dynasty), 9, 57, 95, 122, 125
Tang Ying (1470–1523), 70
Tang Zhen (1630–1704), 29
Tang Zongzhen (General Tang), 130, 132
Tao Yuanming (376–427), 115
Three Kingdoms period, 13, 26, 57
Three Kingdoms variety plays (Sanguo zayu), 55–56, 58, 195n62. See also Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Tian Feng, 47
Tianhuazang Zhuren (Owner of the Depository of Heavenly Flowers), 4
tianxia, 99, 112, 113, 129, 178
tingzhang, 22
Tower for Stroking Clouds (Fu yun lou), 85
Tower of Summer Pleasure (Xia yi lou), 84–85
Tower of the Returned Crane (He gui ji), 74–75, 78, 84
Tower of Winning the Contest (Duo jin lou), 84
Trace of the Immortals on a Green Land (Lüye xianzong), 138
tuoxuren, 139
Twelve Beauties from Jinling (Jinling shi’er chai), 159
Unofficial History of Yang Taizhen, An (Yang Taizhen waizhuan), 68, 198n3
Unofficial History of Zhao Feiyan, An (Zhao Feiyan waizhuan), 68, 198n3
Vanitas (Kongkong Daoren), 145, 154, 162
vernacular fiction, 3–15; as “action,” 11; as channel for venting personal grievances, 5; and exodus of literati from government service, 178–180; as late chapter of the shi-shi relationship, 12; preparing writers of, 177; pre-Qin xiaoshuo, compared to, 175; in sociopolitical reality, 7; and Western novel, 5, 174, 177, 226n4; written vernacular as literary language in, 177–178
Vesperus (Weiyang Sheng), 87–91
Wan Sida (1633–83), 17
Wang Anshi (1021–86), 26, 27, 57, 201n33; and the eight-legged essay, 57, 196n67, 212n53, 213n63
Wang Dingbao, 183n33
Wang Fuzhi (1619–92), 107, 156, 223n48, 227n20
Wang Gen (1483–1541), 28
Wang Guangyang (?–1379)
Wang Maitao, 71
Wang Mian, 103–107, 108, 110, 114, 134, 210n33
Wang Niansun (1744–1832), 31
Wang Shizhen (1526–90), 152, 207n73, 214n79
Wang Xuetai, 139
Wang Yangming (1472–1528), 27, 28, 29, 30, 178, 226n11, 227n20
Wang Yinzhi (1766–1834), 31
Wang Zhaojun, 77–78, 201nn32, 33
Wang Zhu, 183n1
Wang Zi’an, 178
Wanli (emperor of the Ming), 27, 65, 134, 208n86
Warning Light for the Wrong Path (Qi lu deng), 138
Warring States period, 101
Water Margins (Shuihu zhuan), 4, 38, 118, 130, 131, 177, 216n96, 227n16; Rongyutang edition of, 3–4; simplified version (jianben) of, 4, 38
Watt, Ian, 177
Wei (kingdom), 47
Wen Chou, 47
Wen Ruyu, 138
Wen Yanbo (1006–97), 22
Wenmu shanfang ji, 116
White, Hayden, 12
Wilhelm, Hellmut, 202n34
Window Sets a Ruse to Get a Bridegroom and Several Beauties Join Their Efforts to Seize a Talented Scholar, A (Guafu sheji zhui xinlang, zhongmei qixin duo caizi), 85–86
women, selection of, 13, 75–78, 278 200n30; compared with selection of scholars, 77–78, 79, 81–82, 86, 87–88, 92–94
World-Illuminating Cup, The (Zhaoshibei), 152
Wu Han (1909–69), 21
Wu Jingzi (1701–54), 13, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 113, 116, 120, 125, 128, 172; as influenced by Gu Yanwu and Huang Zongxi, 211n49; ties to Yan Yuan and Li Gong, 215n86
Wu Shu, 132
Wu Zetian, 68, 95, 158, 223n50
Wu Zuxiang, 188n2
Wuzong (emperor of the Ming), 27, 41
Xi Shi, 158
Xia, 26
xianliang fangzheng, 21
Ximen Qing, 68
Xu Chu, 49
Xu Da (1332–85), 64
Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), 30
Xu Ke (1869–1928), 139
Xu Shen (58–149), 32
Xu Wei (1521–93), 217n10
Xu Xiake (1586–1641), 30
xuanxiu, 76
Xue Aocao, 68
Xue Pan, 143
Xun Yu, 49
Xunzi, 19
Yan Buke, 182n13
Yan Gongsheng (Senior Licentiate Yan), 96, 109, 111
Yan Hui (521–481 BCE), 134
Yan Liang, 47
Yan Ruoqu (1638–1704), 31, 122
Yan Yuan (1635–1704), 30, 31, 99, 107, 128–129, 215n88; influence on Wu Jingzi, 215n86
Yan Ziling, 106
Yang Minglang (late Ming), 4
Yang Shen (1488–1559), 31
Yang Weizhen (1296–1370), 78
Yi Yin, 56
Ying Zheng (King of the Qin), 20
Yongle (emperor of the Ming), 10, 23, 121. See also Zhu Di
Yongzheng (emperor of the Qing), 10, 24, 25, 26, 79, 100–103, 120, 127, 136, 138, 215n83
You Ruilang, 85
Yu Chaogui, 190n17
Yu Kai (d. 1382), 40
Yu Pingbo (1900–90), 218n19
Yu Xiangdou (fl. 1596), 226n12
Yu Yingshi, 11, 17, 22, 27, 111, 182n17, 184n27, 224n55, 226n11
Yuan Hongdao (1568–1610), 69
Yue (state), 22
Yue Lin (d. 1394), 40
Yue Zhongqi (1686–1754), 79, 101
Zeng Jing (1679–1735), 25, 26, 79, 101–102, 186n45, 186n47
Zeng shen (505–436 BCE), 122, 134
Zhang Dai (1597–1679), 69
Zhang Guofeng, 212n49
Zhang Jun (1097–1164), 218n20
Zhang Juzheng (1525–82), 27, 65
Zhang Shangde (Xiuranzi), 35
Zhang Tingyu (1672–1755), 137
Zhang Wenhu (1808–85), 104, 108, 211n35, 211n41
Zhang Xin (d. 1397), 40
Zhang Xuecheng (1738–1801), 34
Zhang Zai (1020–77), 156, 157, 223n47
Zhao Fushan, 72
Zhao, Henry Y. H., 144
Zhao Yi (1727–1814), 185n29
Zhao Yun, 60
Zhao Yunke, 83
Zhen Baoyu, 166; and Jia Baoyu, 167–169
Zheng Xie (1693–1765), 217n10
Zheng Xuan (127–200), 32
Zheng Zhenduo (1898–1958), 189n11, 190n16
Zhengde (emperor of the Ming), 121
zhengqi, 148
zhengtong, 10, 18, 20, 21, 33, 67; appropriation of daotong, 22–26; partnership with daotong, 17–19, 67, 169, 171; power balance with daotong, 21, 112; rivalry with daotong, 102
Zhenzong (emperor of the Song), 16,
Zhi Jianfeng, 216
zhiguo, 143
zhong, 148
Zhou (ancient tyrannical ruler), 42
Zhou (dynasty), 26
Zhou Dunyi (1017–73), 123
Zhou Jialu, 192n43
Zhou Zhaoxin, 188n2, 192n43, 196n74
Zhu Di, 10, 23, 63. See also Yongle
Zhu Xi (1130–1200), 25, 30, 32, 43, 70, 102, 122, 123–124, 156, 223n48
Zhu Yuanzhang, 13, 22, 24, 27, 38, 39, 40, 41, 53, 59, 63, 64, 78, 95, 105, 173; suppression of Mencius, 23, 38–40; treatment of literati, 39–41. See also Hongwu
Zhu Yunming (1460–1526), 39, 70
Zhuang Shaoguang, 114, 115, 117, 127, 131
Zhuge Liang, 26, 35, 52, 53–61, 66, 171, 186n48, 194nn57, 59, 196nn74, 76; in the novel and in popular three Kingdoms tradition compared, 55–56; Kongming, 45
Zhuge Liang Attacks [Cao Cao’s] Camp in Bowang with Fire (Zhuge Liang Bowang shaotun), 55