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The Scholar and the State: Fiction as Political Discourse in Late Imperial China: Index

The Scholar and the State: Fiction as Political Discourse in Late Imperial China
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table of contents
  1. Cover Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. A Note on Chinese Romanization
  8. Introduction
  9. 1. A Rugged Partnership: The Intellectual Elite and the Imperial State
  10. 2. Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The Mencian View of Political Sovereignty
  11. 3. The Scholar-Lover in Erotic Fiction: A Power Game of Selection
  12. 4. The Scholars: Trudging Out of a Textual Swamp
  13. 5. The Stone in Dream of the Red Chamber: Unfit to Repair the Azure Sky
  14. Coda: Out of the Imperial Shadow
  15. Notes
  16. Glossary of Chinese Characters
  17. Selected Bibliography
  18. Index

Index

Ames, Roger T., 181n12

An Lushan, 158

Analects (Lunyu), 149, 209n16, 219n24

Aristotle, 6

Aroma (Hua Xiren), 143, 163

Bai Juyi (772–846), 201n33 , 212n53, 224n50

Bai Xindao (d. 1397), 40

Bakhtin, M.M., 97, 226n3

Bao Shuya, 20

Bao Zheng, 66, 197n86

Baohe Palace, 88

Beijing, 114, 115–118, 133

Bo Yi, 53, 115

Book of Documents, 123; Old Text portion of, 123

boshi dizi, 57, 195n65

Bourdieu, Pierre, 173

boxue hongci, 23, 152, 185n37

Brokaw, Cynthia J., 199n11

Brook, Timothy, 203n46, 226n12

Buddhism, 3, 70, 122

butian (mending heaven), 140, 143, 169; as metaphor for government service, 143–144, 146, 169, 218n20

Cai Qizun, 73, 93

Cao Cao, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63, 193n49

Cao Huan, 62

Cao Nai, 71, 83, 199n15

Cao Pi, 62

Cao Wanshu, 86

Cao Xueqin (ca. 1715–64), 136, 138, 140, 141, 142, 167, 172, 216n1, 223n46

Cao Yin (1658–1712), 167, 225n64

Carnal Prayer Mat, The (Rou putuan), 13, 86–91; Li Yu’s authorship of, 206n65

chaju, 57, 195n66

Chen Jitai, 221n36

Chen Ping, 56

Chen Que (1604–77), 122, 214n70

Cheng brothers, 30, 32, 102, 122

Cheng Tingzuo (1691–1767), 127, 128

Cheng Yi (1033–1107), 156, 223n47

Cheng Yizhong, 192n43

Chenghua (emperor of the Ming), 121

Chen-Zhu school, 9, 10, 23, 30, 32, 100, 122, 124, 132, 165

Chi Hengshan, 117, 129, 133

Chow, Kai-wing, 199n10

Christian church, 11

Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo zhi), 34, 44, 45, 49, 52, 58. See also Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Chronicle of Zuo (Zuo zhuan), 30

Chunqiu, 21

Cixi (empress dowager of the Qing), 200n29

Classified Anecdotes of the Qing Dynasty (Qing bai lei chao), 139, 204n50, 217n12

Collection of Commentaries on Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu chuanshuo huizuan), 24

Collection of Commentaries on the Book of Poetry (Shijing chuanshuo huizuan), 24

Complete Collection of Writings on Nature and Principle (Xingli Daquan), 23

Complete Works of Master Zhu (Zhuzi quanshu), 24

Comprehensive Elucidations on the Book of Changes (Zhouyi zhezhong), 24

Confucianism, 3, 10, 21, 24, 49, 57, 100–101, 107; as orthodox ideology, 21, 24, 172; attitude toward women, 96; project of, 18

Confucius, 10, 17, 19, 20, 24, 31, 41, 59, 101, 102, 122, 163, 192n33; as “commoner king,” 20

Crab Flower Club (Haitang She), 153

Creation of the Gods (Fengshen yanyi), 66

Crimson Pearl (Jiangzhu Xiancao), 153, 157, 165

Dai Mingshi (1653–1713), 127, 214n66

Dai Zhen (1724–77), 31

dao, 17, 18, 32, 111–112, 119

dao learning (daoxue), 10, 17, 23, 67, 179

dao zun yu shi, 102

Daoism, 3, 70, 106, 122, 138

daotong, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 20, 26, 28, 33, 39, 67, 97, 100, 101–103, 111, 112, 113, 118, 136, 138; decline of, 139, 174, 179; evolution of, 182n17; imperial state’s appropriation of, 22–26, 172–173; partnership with zhengtong, 17–19, 67, 169, 171; power balance with zhengtong, 21, 112; rivalry with state power, 102

Daoyan (Yao Guangxiao, 1335–1418), 42

de Bary, William T., 28

dejun xingdao, 26, 27, 28, 172, 187n49

Deng Yu, 56

Diagram of the Great Ultimate (Taiji tu), 123

Divine Luminescent Page (Shengying Shizhe), 153, 157, 163, 165

Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong), 149

Dong Qichang (1555–1636), 152

Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BCE), 21

Dong Zhuo, 46

Dongfang Shuo (154–93 BCE), 21, 212n53

Dream of the Red Chamber (Honglou meng), 14, 75, 136–169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 179; alternative titles of, 219n25; gengchen edition of, 141, 218n15, 219nn25, 27, 222n40; jiaxu edition of, 140, 141, 153, 166, 217n14, 219nn25, 27; Qi xu ben, 219n25; typographic editions of, 218n15, 219n25, 222n40

Du Fu (712–770), 134

Du Shaoqing, 114, 115, 118, 123–124, 128, 129, 134, 135, 168, 174

Du Shengqing, 110

Duan Ganmu, 102, 105, 210n31

Duan Yucai (1735–1815), 31

Duke Huan of the Qi, 20, 21, 58

Duke Miao (of the Lu), 59, 102

Duke of Ningguo (Ningguo Gong), 147

Duke of Rongguo (Rongguo Gong), 147

Duke Zhou, 31, 41

eight-legged essay (bagu wen), 57, 90, 110, 118–122, 131, 149; as synecdoche for the examination system, 119; anthologies of, 119–121, 214n65, 214n66; form divorced from content in, 124; in the Ming, 119, 121, 196n67; in the Qing, 119–121, 124–125; prioritized over belletristic writing, 125–126, 214n79, 216n90, 220n30, 221n36; ties to other prose forms, 213n63

Elman, Benjamin A., 42, 67, 192n32, 214n66, 221n32

Emperor Wu (of the Han), 21, 57

Eptein, Maram, 221n37

eremitism, 104, 106

erotic scholar-lover, 67, 69, 70, 74, 80–82, 83, 86, 92, 93, 94, 96, 171

eroticism, fictional, 13, 198n2, 198nn3, 4, 205n54

Essential Meanings of the Works on Human Nature and Principle (Xingli jingyi), 24

ether (qi), 157, 223n47

Evidential Studies (kaojuxue), 31, 123–124, 187n66

Examination for Women, An (Nükaike zhuan), 80–82, 202n42

examination, metropolitan, 40, 95, 123, 125, 207n70. See also examinations, civil service

examination, palace, 88, 90, 95, 97, 207n70, 208n86. See also examinations, civil service

examination, prefectural, 78. See also examinations, civil service

examination, provincial, 95, 109, 118, 120, 124, 125, 168. See also examinations, civil service

examinations, civil service, 3, 4, 9, 11, 16, 29, 58, 78, 94, 98, 106, 109, 125, 149, 171; and commercial market for fiction, 176–177, 226n11; as analogous to sexual act, 79; as “culture booster,” 175–176; as interface between literati and state, 9, 67; as lifeline of imperial state, 94–95; as metaphor in fictional eroticism, 13, 68–79, 86, 89–97; body search in, 200n20; empowering efficacy of, 78; evolution of, 57; examiner and candidates in, 207n73; grading system in, 89, 207n70; in the Ming, 220n32; metaphors for success in, 205n57; moral status of, 73; simulated, 80–82. See also examination, metropolitan; examination, palace; examination, prefectural; examination, provincial

Exhortation to Studies (Quan xue wen), 16, 173

Fan Jin, 208, 124

Fan Zhongyan (989–1052), 112

Fang Bao (1668–1749), 120

Fang Xiaoru (1357–1402), 41, 191n32, 197n78. See also Jianwen martyrs

Fang Yizhi (1611–71), 30

Fanli (Statement of general principles), 14, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 148, 154, 155, 157, 161, 165, 218n14

Fei Xiaotong, 18, 28, 182n17

Feng Menglong, 4, 70, 174–175, 178

fenshu kengru, 20

filial piety, 106, 148

Five Classics (wujing), 23, 149

flower adjudication (hua’an), 80, 204n50

Flying Swallow (Zhao Feiyan), 158

Foucault, Michel, 8, 9, 11, 183n26

Four Books (sishu), 23, 38, 149, 150

Fourth Sister Lin (Lin Siniang), 150

Gadamer, Han Georg, 181n9

Gao Qi (1336–74), 126, 127

Ge Quan, 182n13

Geng Yan, 56

Goddess of Disenchantment (Jinghuan Xianzi), 147, 153, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 165, 167, 225n57

gong, 113

gongming (rank and fame), 103–104, 107, 108, 115, 120, 128, 131, 133, 134, 166

gongming fugue, 103

Gongyang, 21

government service, 5, 6, 14, 19, 27, 28, 32, 96, 138, 140, 153, 165, 167–169, 171–174, 176, 179; as authoritative discourse, 175–176; as Confucian ideal, 17–19, 143; privileged over other professions, 151–152. See also examinations, civil service

Gramsci, Antonio, 8

Grand Announcement (Dagao), 24

Grand Collection of the Four Books (Sishu Daquan), 42

Grandmother Jia, 147, 148, 158

Great Collection of the Four Treasuries (Siku quanshu), 23

Great Compendium of the Yongle (Yongle dadian), 23

Great Learning (Daxue), 18, 122, 149

Great Prospect Garden (Daguanyuan), 142, 150, 160, 161

Gu Yanwu, 24, 29, 31, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 120, 227n20

Guan Yu, 45, 50, 58, 61, 62; worship of, 199n18; Yunchang, 45

Guan Zhong (d. 645 BCE), 20

Guangwu (emperor of Eastern Han), 106

Gui Youguang (1506–71), 31

Gui Zhuang (1613–73), 175

guo, 112, 113

Guo Kangsong, 31

Guo Tieshan, 219

Han (dynasty), 20, 57, 125

Han (ethnic group), 23

Han Fei (d. 233 BCE), 20

Han Yu (768–824), 182n17, 213n63

Hanan, Patrick, 87, 198n8, 207n65

Hawkes, David, 154, 163

He Xinyin (1517–79), 28

Hegel, Robert, 177, 188n5, 207n65, 216n96, 227n15

Herder, 6

History as Mirror to Aid Governance (Zizhi tongjian), 52

Hong-niang, 158

Hongwu (emperor of the Ming), 10, 13, 39, 40, 121, 126, 127; See also Zhu Yuanzhang

Hongzhi (emperor of the Ming), 121

Hsia, C. T., 181n1, 209n2, 216n91

Hu Wei (1633–1714), 123

Hu Weiyong (?-1380), 40, 64–65

Hua Tuo, 50, 193n50

Huang Qiang, 207n65

Huang Tingjian (1045–1106), 144

Huang Zongxi (1610–95), 24, 29, 64, 79, 107, 113, 114, 117, 118, 227n20

Hui Dong (1696–1758), 31

Huizong (emperor of the Northern Song), 74

Illusory Land of Great Void (Taixu Huanjing), 156, 157, 163, 164; Jia Baoyu’s dream visit to, 159–162, 162–164, 167

Imperial Academy (Guozijian), 24, 40–41, 191n27

imperial state, 8, 35, 118–128, 126; and the eight-legged essay, 118–122, 124–125; appropriation of daotong, 8; manipulation of examination curriculum, 35, 123. See also zhengtong

Imperially Authorized Edition of Essays on the Four Books (Qingding Sishuwen), 120–121

Ji Chang, 116

Ji Kang (224–263), 106

Ji Ping, 63

Ji Yun (1724–1805), 75

Jia Baoyu, 14, 75, 136, 138, 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 170–171, 174, 180; antipathy for examination learning, 148–150; dream visit to Illusory Land of Great Void, 155–161; dream visit to Paradise of Truth, 161; dreams and illusions of, 154–155; as fiction maker, 153, 165; and the jade, 220n27, 221n40; and Jia Yucun, 146–147; qing-li conflict, influenced by, 166; scenarios of qing, exposed to, 164–166; sexual initiation of, 162–164; and Stone, 219n27, 221n40; talent for versification, 150–151, 152–153; in “triplex parallel,” 148; and Zhen Baoyu, 167–169

Jia Diru, 150, 151, 166

Jia Kui (174–228), 32

Jia Yuanchun, 75

Jia Yucun, 146–147, 149

Jia Zheng, 142, 148, 150, 151, 152, 170

Jia Zhongming (b. 1343), 36, 37

Jiajing (emperor of the Ming), 24, 121

Jiang Daqi (Yongyuzi), 35, 37

Jiang Gan, 48

Jiang Ziya, 56, 66

Jiangnan, 23, 116

Jianmei, 163

Jianwen (emperor of the Ming), 41

Jianwen martyrs, 41, 191n32

Jiao Hong (1540–1620), 31

Jiaqing (emperor of the Qing) 31

Jie, 42

Jin Shengtan (1718–84), 176, 226n10

Jin Wenzheng (d. 1382), 40

Jing Lanjiang, 126

Jing Yuan, 134

Journey to the West (Xiyou ji), 5

Ju Xianfu, 121, 126

juemin xingdao, 27

Jung, C.G, 6

Kangxi (emperor of the Qing), 10, 23, 24, 25, 76, 95, 100, 124, 127, 136, 138, 167, 185n37; as “standard bearer of the daotong,” 25

King, Gail, 190n17

King Wen (of the Zhou), 17, 21, 41, 66, 103, 117

King Wu (of the Zhou), 17, 66, 103

King Wu’s Expedition against King Zhou (Wu Wang fa Zhou ji), 66

King Xuan (of the Qi), 38

Ko, Dorothy, 204n50

Kong Rong, 49

Kong Yingda (574–648), 156

Kuang Chaoren, 108, 111, 120, 121, 124

Kuhn, Philip, 137–138

Lady Yang (Yang Yuhuan), 158, 224n55

Latter Seven Scholars (houqizi), 152

Laws of the Mind in the Sages’ Learning (Shengxue xinfa), 23, 185n32

ledgers of merits and demerits (gongguoge), 70–71, 72–73, 85, 96

Ledger of Merits and Demerits Regarding the Ten Precepts (Shi jie gongguoge), 70–71

Ledger of Merits and Demerits to Warn the World (Jingshi gongguoge), 70–71

Leng Zixing, 146

li (moral principle), 12, 29, 112; relationship to qing, 165, 166

Li Bai (701–762), 134, 201n33, 212n53

Li Baichuan (ca. 1720–71), 138

Li Chen, 217n13

Li Gong (1659–1733), 30, 99, 107, 128–129, 215n88; influence on Wu Jingzi, 215n86

Li Guangdi (1642–1718), 25

Li Lüyuan (1707–90), 138

Li Shanchang (1314–90), 64

Li Shizhen (1518–93), 30

Li Si (d. 208 BCE), 20

Li Wa, 74, 200n23

Li, Wai-yee, 141, 222nn41, 43

Li Yu (1611–80), 13, 74–75, 78, 84–91, 176

li yue bing nong, 99, 129, 131, 133

Li Yuerui (1862–1927), 217n7

Li Zhi (1527–1602), 28, 57, 69, 176

Liang Qichao (1873–1929), 23, 31, 227n20

Liang Zhangju (1775–1849), 119, 213n63, 215n79

Liangzhi, 27

lijia, 22

Lin Daiyu, 148, 157, 163

Lin, Shuen-fu, 98, 159

literary inquisition, 11, 24, 31–32; during the Yongzheng reign, 215n83

literati, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 25, 28, 32, 78, 103, 118, 171; in Qianlong period, 138–140; speech rights of, 12; and textual culture, 14, 99, 118–122, 128; women, compared to, 78–79, 202nn34, 35. See also shi (intellectual elite)

Liu Bang (emperor of the Han), 20, 49, 184nn19, 20

Liu Bei, 34, 43, 45, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60–63, 66; and sworn brothers, 60–63, 197n77; three visits to Zhuge Liang, 53–54, 66; Xuande, 46

Liu Cunren (Ts’un-yan Liu), 190n17, 207n65

Liu Ji (1311–75), 105

Liu Sanwu (1319–1400), 39, 40

Liu Xiang, 158

Liu Xie, 62

Liu Zhu, 127

Liu Zongzhou (1578–1645), 22

Liuxia Hui, 115

liyin, 115, 212n53

Lone Peak (Gufeng Zhanglao), 87

Louie, Kam, 200n18

Lü Kun (1536–1618), 29, 112

Lü Liuliang (1629–83), 101, 102, 119–120, 214n66

Lu Su, 48

Lu Xiaojie (Miss Lu), 125

Lu Xinhou, 127

Lu Xun, 206n65

Lü Zaisheng, 85

Lu Zhishen, 130

Lukacs, Georg, 5

Luo Guanzhong, 36, 37

Lu-Wang school, 122

Ma Chunshang, 108, 110–111, 120, 121, 122, 125, 127, 133

Ma Rong (79–166), 32

McLaren, Anne E., 190n16

McMahon, Keith, 198n2, 205n54

Mair, Victor, 223n44

Male Mother Meng Thrice Changes His Residence, A (Nan Mengmu jiaohe sanqian), 85

Manchu, 22, 23, 25, 100, 112, 123, 125

Mao, Nathan, 207n65

Mao Yanshou, 77

Mao Zonggang (1632–1709), 43, 47, 62, 176, 193n48, 194n54, 196n76

Marquis Wen (of the Wei), 102

Meeting in Xiangyang (Xiangyang hui), 52

Mencius, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 31, 39, 52–53, 59, 60, 101, 102, 104, 115, 163, 210n19; ideal of benevolent governance, 42–43; ideal of political sovereignty, 13, 35, 43, 65, 66; mother of, 206n60

Mencius (Mengzi), 13, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 59, 63, 65, 104, 122, 149, 192n37; early Ming suppression of, 13, 23, 35, 41–42; expurgated version of, 39, 42, 46; restoration of complete version of, 42.

Ming (dynasty), 3, 7, 10, 13, 21, 23, 28, 30, 36, 38–42, 57, 58, 64, 70, 71, 95, 125, 152; downfall of, 22, 30; early decades of, 38–42; eight-legged essay in, 119, 121

Ming wenhai, 118

Ming yi dai fang lu, 113

Ming-Qing transition, 29, 30, 79

mingshi, 109

Miyazaki, Ichisada, 88

Muses, 160

Nanjing, 100, 114, 115–118, 129, 131, 133, 134, 212n57

Naquin, Susan, 139, 175, 182n16, 185n36

nei sheng, 18

nei sheng wai wang, 18, 184n10

neo-Confucianism, 12, 24, 31, 32, 70, 100, 122, 156; as foundation of examination curriculum, 24, 120; mistrust of human desires, 70; textual crisis of, 122–125

New Historicism, 6

Ni Shuangfeng, 132

Nian Gengyao (d. 1726), 100, 209n11

Niu Buyi, 110

Niu Pulang, 110, 111

Northern Song (dynasty), 7, 22, 26

Nüwa, 143, 154, 165, 169

Oboi regency, 23

O-erh-tai (1680–1745), 125, 137, 173

Ouyang Xiu (1007–72), 212n53, 213n63

Pan Pingge (1610–77), 122

Pang Tong, 50

Paradise of Truth (Zhenru Fudi), 157

Pei Songzhi (372–451), 53, 194n57

Ping Shan Leng Yan, 4

ping tianxia, 143

Ping Shaobao (Marshal Ping), 129–130, 132

Plaks, Andrew, 38, 194n58

Plum in the Golden Vase (Jin Ping Mei), 68

Poetry Classic (Shijing), 149

Popular Stories of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi pinghua), 44, 52, 56, 58. See also Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Pretense Became Reality in the Seven-Pine Garden (Qisongyuan nongjia chengzhen), 152

Previously Unrecorded Account of the Daye Reign (Daye shiyi ji), 68, 198n3

Prince of Wu’an (Wu’an Wang), 72, 73

Pu Songling (1640–1715), 178

qijia, 143

Qian Daxi (1728–1804), 31

Qian Mingshi (1660–1730), 100–101, 209n11

Qian Mu (1895–1990), 32, 172, 215n88

Qian Tang (d. 1394), 39; confrontation with Zhu Yuanzhang, 191n22

Qian-Jia Han learning (Han xue), 31

Qianlong (emperor of the Qing), 10, 23, 24, 31, 120, 125, 138–139, 152, 173, 217n7; return to the Three Generations, 136–138

Qin (dynasty), 20,

Qin (state), 22, 102

Qin Shi (Qin Keqing), 158, 159, 164, 225n60; name of, 225n59

Qing (dynasty), 3, 7, 10, 15, 21, 24, 32, 70, 71, 76, 95, 103, 112, 119–120, 152; eight-legged essay in, 119–121, 124–125; High Qing, 23, 139

qing, 12, 164, 165, 166, 225n60; different scenarios of, 164–165; as fiction-making material, 165; relationship to li, 165, 166

Qu Yuan (340?-278 BCE), 78, 202n34

Rawski, Evelyn, 139, 175, 182n16, 185n36

Record of Being Awakened from Befuddlement by the Cardinal Principles (Dayi juemi lu), 101

Record of Learning the New (Zhixin lu), 101

Red Cliffs, 45, 48, 50, 56, 62

Red Inkstone (Zhiyanzhai), 142, 146, 159, 160, 165, 167, 217n14, 220n29, 225nn58, 61

Registers of Heroes (Yingxiong pu), 4

Registry of Ghosts (Luguibu), 58

Renzong (emperor of the Song), 110, 111

Richards, I. A., 208n81

Ricoeur, Paul, 93, 97

ritualism, 99, 114

Roddy, Stephen J., 99, 119, 130, 211n33

Romance of the Embroidered Screen (Xiu ping yuan), 82–83, 94, 204n51

Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo yanyi), 4, 13, 34–66, 171, 177; 1522 edition of (Sanguozhi tongsu yanyi), 35–36, 188n8, 189n15, 190n17, 190nn19, 20, 193nn44, 48, 196n69; pro-Shu and anti-Wei stance in, 63; simplified version (jianben) of, 4; and Three Kingdoms variety plays (sanguo zaju), 55–56; Wanjuanlou edition of, 189n8; zhizhuan editions of, 38, 190n17. See also Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Popular Stories of the Three Kingdoms, Three Kingdoms variety plays

Ropp, Paul, 211n49

Ruan Ji (210–263), 106

rushi, 106, 117

Sacred Edict (Shengyu), 24

Sacred Edict for General Admonitions (Shengyu guangxun), 24

Sacred Edict in Six Maxims (Shengyu liuyan), 24

San yan, 4

scholar-beauty (caizi jiaren) fiction, 68, 203n42

scholar-courtesan romance, 80–82, 203n45

scholars, selection of, 13, 75, 171; compared with selection of women 77–78, 79, 81–82, 86, 87–88, 92–94

Scholars, The (Rulin waishi), 13–14, 96, 98–135, 139, 140, 152, 168, 172, 174, 179, 204n50; narrative structure of, 98–100, 216n91; Qixingtang edition of, 103, 128; Woxian Caotang edition of, 103, 114, 126

Sequel to the Registry of Ghosts (Luguibu xubian), 36, 37, 189nn12, 13

Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove (zhulin qixian), 106

Shadow of the Peach Blossoms (Taohua ying), 83–84, 94, 205n53

Shang (dynasty), 26

Shang Wei, 99, 131, 132, 213n57

Shen Defu (1578–1642), 22, 79, 200n20

Shen Qiongzhi, 130

Shenzong (emperor of the Ming), 27. See also Wanli

Shenzong (emperor of the Northern Song), 26

shi (intellectual elite), 7, 8, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 60, 78, 179; as upholders of the daotong, 20; balance of power with political state, 20–22; compared to women, 78–79; origin of the term, 7; relationship with political power, 9, 22, 172. See also literati; daotong

shi (political power), 7, 8, 17, 112; relationship with intellectual elite, 9, 22, 172. See also zhengtong

shidafu (intellectual elite), 7; origin of the term, 7

Shitou ji, 14

Shu (kingdom), 47, 60

Shu-ho-te (1711–77), 125

Shun, 17, 31, 61, 103, 137

Shunzhi (emperor of the Qing), 24

si, 113

Sima Yan, 62

Skybright (Qingwen), 150

Song (dynasty), 21, 57, 95, 122

Song Lian (1310–81), 40, 105; death of, 191n25

Song Na (d. 1390), 40

Song Yingxing (1587–?), 30

Southern Song (dynasty), 7, 22

Spring and Autumn period, 17, 101, 179

Stone, 14, 136, 144, 146, 148, 153–154, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 166, 169; and Jia Baoyu, 219n27

Stories Old and New (Gujin xiaoshuo), 174

Story of the Lord of Perfect Satisfaction (Ruyijun zhuan), 68, 198n4

Story of the Stone (Shitou ji), 145, 154, 155, 157, 159, 161, 162, 168

Story of the Stone (Shitou ji), 145. See also Dream of the Red Chamber

Strange Tales from Liaozhai (Liaozhai zhiyi), 178

Struve, Lynn A., 185n35

Sui (dynasty), 9, 95

Sun Ce, 47

Sun Kaidi, 206n65

Sun Quan, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 56, 60

Sun Wukong, 5, 133

symbolic order, 14, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178

symbolic violence, 173

Tai Bo, 99, 116, 118, 128, 129, 131, 215n85

taixu (great void), 156, 157, 223n46

Taizhou school, 28, 69, 70

Taizong (emperor of the Tang), 9, 79, 95, 137, 208n83

Taizu (emperor of the Song), 64, 197n79

Tan Shaowen, 138

Tanchun, 153

Tang, 17, 21, 22, 103

Tang (dynasty), 9, 57, 95, 122, 125

Tang Ying (1470–1523), 70

Tang Zhen (1630–1704), 29

Tang Zongzhen (General Tang), 130, 132

Tao Qian, 46, 62

Tao Yuanming (376–427), 115

Three Generations, 137, 138

Three Kingdoms period, 13, 26, 57

Three Kingdoms variety plays (Sanguo zayu), 55–56, 58, 195n62. See also Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Tian Feng, 47

Tianhuazang Zhuren (Owner of the Depository of Heavenly Flowers), 4

tianxia, 99, 112, 113, 129, 178

tianzi, 99, 112, 113, 178

tingzhang, 22

Tower for Stroking Clouds (Fu yun lou), 85

Tower of Summer Pleasure (Xia yi lou), 84–85

Tower of the Returned Crane (He gui ji), 74–75, 78, 84

Tower of Winning the Contest (Duo jin lou), 84

Trace of the Immortals on a Green Land (Lüye xianzong), 138

Tu Wei-ming, 8, 19

tuoxuren, 139

Twelve Beauties from Jinling (Jinling shi’er chai), 159

Unofficial History of Yang Taizhen, An (Yang Taizhen waizhuan), 68, 198n3

Unofficial History of Zhao Feiyan, An (Zhao Feiyan waizhuan), 68, 198n3

Vanitas (Kongkong Daoren), 145, 154, 162

vernacular fiction, 3–15; as “action,” 11; as channel for venting personal grievances, 5; and exodus of literati from government service, 178–180; as late chapter of the shi-shi relationship, 12; preparing writers of, 177; pre-Qin xiaoshuo, compared to, 175; in sociopolitical reality, 7; and Western novel, 5, 174, 177, 226n4; written vernacular as literary language in, 177–178

Vesperus (Weiyang Sheng), 87–91

wai wang, 18, 26

Wan Sida (1633–83), 17

Wang Anshi (1021–86), 26, 27, 57, 201n33; and the eight-legged essay, 57, 196n67, 212n53, 213n63

Wang Dingbao, 183n33

Wang Fuzhi (1619–92), 107, 156, 223n48, 227n20

Wang Gen (1483–1541), 28

Wang Guangyang (?–1379)

Wang Hui, 126, 127

Wang Maitao, 71

Wang Mian, 103–107, 108, 110, 114, 134, 210n33

Wang Niansun (1744–1832), 31

Wang Shizhen (1526–90), 152, 207n73, 214n79

Wang Xuetai, 139

Wang Yangming (1472–1528), 27, 28, 29, 30, 178, 226n11, 227n20

Wang Yinzhi (1766–1834), 31

Wang Yuhui, 131–133

Wang Zhaojun, 77–78, 201nn32, 33

Wang Zhu, 183n1

Wang Zi’an, 178

Wanli (emperor of the Ming), 27, 65, 134, 208n86

Warning Light for the Wrong Path (Qi lu deng), 138

Warring States period, 101

Water Margins (Shuihu zhuan), 4, 38, 118, 130, 131, 177, 216n96, 227n16; Rongyutang edition of, 3–4; simplified version (jianben) of, 4, 38

Watt, Ian, 177

Wei (kingdom), 47

Wei Su, 104, 105

Wei Tishan, 120, 121

Wei Yuqing, 83–84

Wen Chou, 47

Wen Ruyu, 138

Wen Yanbo (1006–97), 22

Wenmu shanfang ji, 116

White, Hayden, 12

Wilhelm, Hellmut, 202n34

Window Sets a Ruse to Get a Bridegroom and Several Beauties Join Their Efforts to Seize a Talented Scholar, A (Guafu sheji zhui xinlang, zhongmei qixin duo caizi), 85–86

women, selection of, 13, 75–78, 278 200n30; compared with selection of scholars, 77–78, 79, 81–82, 86, 87–88, 92–94

Wong, Timothy, 104, 209n3

World-Illuminating Cup, The (Zhaoshibei), 152

Wu (kingdom), 47, 62

Wu Han (1909–69), 21

Wu Jingzi (1701–54), 13, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 113, 116, 120, 125, 128, 172; as influenced by Gu Yanwu and Huang Zongxi, 211n49; ties to Yan Yuan and Li Gong, 215n86

Wu Shu, 132

Wu Zetian, 68, 95, 158, 223n50

Wu Zuxiang, 188n2

Wuzong (emperor of the Ming), 27, 41

Xi Shi, 158

Xia, 26

xianliang fangzheng, 21

Xiao Yunxian, 129, 131, 132

xiaoshuo, 12, 174–175

Xie Liu, 105, 210n31

Ximen Qing, 68

Xu Chu, 49

Xu Da (1332–85), 64

Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), 30

Xu Ke (1869–1928), 139

Xu Shen (58–149), 32

Xu Shu, 50, 51, 53, 54

Xu Wei (1521–93), 217n10

Xu Xiake (1586–1641), 30

Xu You, 47, 48

xuanxiu, 76

Xue Aocao, 68

Xue Baochai, 143, 163

Xue Pan, 143

Xun Yu, 49

Xunzi, 19

Yan Buke, 182n13

Yan Gongsheng (Senior Licentiate Yan), 96, 109, 111

Yan Hui (521–481 BCE), 134

Yan Liang, 47

Yan Ruoqu (1638–1704), 31, 122

Yan Yuan (1635–1704), 30, 31, 99, 107, 128–129, 215n88; influence on Wu Jingzi, 215n86

Yan Ziling, 106

Yang Minglang (late Ming), 4

Yang Shen (1488–1559), 31

Yang Weizhen (1296–1370), 78

Yao, 17, 31, 62, 103, 137

Yi Yin, 56

Ying Zheng (King of the Qin), 20

Yongle (emperor of the Ming), 10, 23, 121. See also Zhu Di

Yongzheng (emperor of the Qing), 10, 24, 25, 26, 79, 100–103, 120, 127, 136, 138, 215n83

You Ruilang, 85

Yu, 17, 26, 62, 103, 137

Yu, Anthony, 149, 155, 220n31

Yu Chaogui, 190n17

Yu Kai (d. 1382), 40

Yu Mengbai, 80, 81

Yu Pingbo (1900–90), 218n19

Yu Xiangdou (fl. 1596), 226n12

Yu Yingshi, 11, 17, 22, 27, 111, 182n17, 184n27, 224n55, 226n11

Yu Yude, 114, 115, 117, 134

Yuan (dynasty), 9, 36

Yuan Hongdao (1568–1610), 69

Yuan Shao, 47, 48, 49, 61

Yue (state), 22

Yue Fei (1103–42), 79, 218n20

Yue Lin (d. 1394), 40

Yue Zhongqi (1686–1754), 79, 101

zaixiang, 64–66

Zeng Jing (1679–1735), 25, 26, 79, 101–102, 186n45, 186n47

Zeng shen (505–436 BCE), 122, 134

Zhang Dai (1597–1679), 69

Zhang Fei, 58, 61, 62

Zhang Guofeng, 212n49

Zhang Jun (1097–1164), 218n20

Zhang Juzheng (1525–82), 27, 65

Zhang Liang, 49, 56

Zhang Shangde (Xiuranzi), 35

Zhang Tingyu (1672–1755), 137

Zhang Wenhu (1808–85), 104, 108, 211n35, 211n41

Zhang Xin (d. 1397), 40

Zhang Xuecheng (1738–1801), 34

Zhang Zai (1020–77), 156, 157, 223n47

Zhao Fushan, 72

Zhao, Henry Y. H., 144

Zhao Xuezhai, 109, 126

Zhao Yi (1727–1814), 185n29

Zhao Yun, 60

Zhao Yunke, 83

Zhen Baoyu, 166; and Jia Baoyu, 167–169

Zhen Shiyin, 153, 154

Zheng Xie (1693–1765), 217n10

Zheng Xuan (127–200), 32

Zheng Zhenduo (1898–1958), 189n11, 190n16

Zhengde (emperor of the Ming), 121

zhengqi, 148

zhengtong, 10, 18, 20, 21, 33, 67; appropriation of daotong, 22–26; partnership with daotong, 17–19, 67, 169, 171; power balance with daotong, 21, 112; rivalry with daotong, 102

Zhenzong (emperor of the Song), 16,

Zhi Jianfeng, 216

zhiguo, 143

zhong, 148

Zhou (ancient tyrannical ruler), 42

Zhou (dynasty), 26

Zhou Dunyi (1017–73), 123

Zhou Jialu, 192n43

Zhou Jin, 108, 125, 152, 153

Zhou Yu, 47, 55

Zhou Zhaoxin, 188n2, 192n43, 196n74

Zhu Di, 10, 23, 63. See also Yongle

Zhu Xi (1130–1200), 25, 30, 32, 43, 70, 102, 122, 123–124, 156, 223n48

Zhu Yuanzhang, 13, 22, 24, 27, 38, 39, 40, 41, 53, 59, 63, 64, 78, 95, 105, 173; suppression of Mencius, 23, 38–40; treatment of literati, 39–41. See also Hongwu

Zhu Yunming (1460–1526), 39, 70

Zhuang Shaoguang, 114, 115, 117, 127, 131

Zhuangzi, 156, 222n44

Zhuge Liang, 26, 35, 52, 53–61, 66, 171, 186n48, 194nn57, 59, 196nn74, 76; in the novel and in popular three Kingdoms tradition compared, 55–56; Kongming, 45

Zhuge Liang Attacks [Cao Cao’s] Camp in Bowang with Fire (Zhuge Liang Bowang shaotun), 55

Zi Si (483–02 BCE), 59, 102

Zou Yang (2nd cent. BCE), 78, 202n35

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