Index

Page references in italics indicate images.

Abbott, Jeff, 72, 208
Abya Yala (American continent), 71, 193
Accord for the Countryside (2003, Mexico), 163, 169
acetylcholinesterase, x
activists, 5, 240; academics as, 29, 51; environmental, 164; food movement, xvii, 59, 177, 269–70n115; Indigenous, 94, 176, 216, 220, 238; mothers as, xx, xxix, xviii; peasant, 47–48; and trade issue, 5, 152
Acuron, 64
ADM (Archer-Daniels-Midland), 38, 39, 138, 147, 162, 309n88
aerial spraying, 13, 43, 115, 122, 176
Africa: “Africanized” bees, 175; corn imports, 184; GM crops in, 150; industrial agriculture in, 114; maize in, 67, 114, 178, 246; Rockefeller Foundation and, 105; velvet bean and, 252; Via Campesina and, 48; World Bank and, 20; WTO and, 5
African Americans, 90, 105
AgBioChatter, 121
AgBioWorld, 165
Agent Orange, xii, xiv–xv, 56, 59, 62, 110, 257n9
Agoutiville (Guatemala), 93, 99, 101, 118
agrarian studies, xxvi, 31, 35, 45, 51
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act, US/Public Law 480 (PL-480, 1954), xxxi, 38, 39, 117
agriculture: agropoly, 57; Big Ag, xiv, 13; birth of, 68; climate-wise, 18–24; commodification of, 102; corporate capture of, 55; global information network, 119–21; globalization of, 47; industrial, 7, 9, 13, 15, 20, 21, 102–27, 139, 232, 233; no-till, 20, 21, 164, 232; risk coverage, 135–36. See also agroecology; climate change; farms; genetically modified crops; Green Revolution; seeds; subsidies; and individual brands and chemicals, crops, and methods
AGROBIO, 169
agroecology, xxv, 7, 8, 24; compared with industrial farms and, 46; defined, 21–22, 222; father of, 157; food sovereignty and, 222; gender and, 69, 238; GM and, 52; Maya-led, 221; Mexico as international model for, 158, 177, 179, 185, 186, 188, 238; peer learning and, 236; principles, 219; rebuilding systems after colonial holocausts, 75; Soviet Union and, 44. See also Via Campesina
“aid,” 32; banana companies and, 55; corporate food regime and, 38–39, 44; El Salvador Family Agriculture Program and, 148; GM contamination and, 150, 191–92, 193, 195; pesticides peddled as, 43, 102; US begins exporting technical aid, 38; USDA donating, to Global South, 119–21; US intervention in Guatemala’s agrarian politics and, 44, 102, 114, 117, 119–21, 133, 150, 191–92, 193; US sells, during Cold War, 9, 38, 114, 117, 119, 133
Ajmaq (Maya calendar), 143
Alegría, Rafael, 47
Alemán, Miguel, 106–7
Alinsky, Saul, 240
Alliance for Progress, 114, 133
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), xv, xxxi
Alta Verapaz (Guatemala), 25, 79, 121, 206
altitude, maize growing and, 23, 75, 76, 96, 102, 158, 227
Alvarado, Pedro, 8, 36, 156, 188, 229
Alvarez-Buylla, Elena, 158, 178, 179, 183
amaranth, 77, 84, 100, 130, 158, 245–47
American Chamber of Commerce, 148
American Chemical Paint Company, 110
American Seed Trade Association (ASTA), 154
ammonia, 56, 109, 252–53
ampicillin, 151
Amstutz, Dan, 56
Anasazi, 74
ancestral authorities, Indigenous Guatemalan, 273n7; Monsanto Law and, 8, 195, 207, 219, 220, 220, 222–23; Monsanto Law 2.0 and, 195, 225, 228
Ancestral Authorities of Iximuleuw, 225
ANEC, 185, 187–88, 299n195
Anglería, Pedro Mártir de, 89
Anonymous Guatemala, xvi, 207, 211, 212, 225
antioxidants, 14
ants, ix–x; as metaphor 254–55; origin stories of, 73–74; 254–55
Arbenz, Jacobo, 114; as agricultural modernizer, 132–33
Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM), 38, 39, 138, 147, 162, 309n88
Arenas Barrera, José Luis, “the Tiger of Ixcán,” 116
Arévalo, Bernardo, 195, 223, 237
Arévalo, Juan José, 132, 223
Argentina, 40, 90, 125, 126, 234, 245, 291n138
Arias, Oscar, 144
ASOREMA (National Association of Natural Resource and Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations), 202
AstraZeneca, 63
Asturias, Miguel Angel: Hombres de Maíz (Men of Maize), 128, 255
atrazine, 58, 63, 64, 272n171
autism, xv, 60
Autonomous University of Campeche, 176
Aventis, 149, 150, 192, 290–91n124–25
avocados, 102, 158
Aztecs/Aztec Empire: amaranth and, 245; Cortés and, 36, 158; language, 24–25; “La Noche Triste,” 156; maize deities, 79, 80, 89; maize origin stories, 73, 74, 79, 80, 85; tortillas and, 85, 86; tribute system of, 129–30
Babo, Miguel, 87
Babo, Yolanda, 87
Badger, Stephen, 95
Baldetti, Roxana, 212
Barnes, Carl, 76
Barnes and Noble, 16
BASF, 57, 58, 109, 125, 270n138
Baud, William, 38
Bayer, xxi, 31, 57–61, 58, 121; agricultural markets of developing countries and, 23; Aventis and, 149; buys Monsanto, xxi, 31, 57, 190, 243–44; experimental rice strain leaked by, 151; Extendimax package of dicamba-resistant crops, 61; glyphosate/Roundup and, xxi, 61, 124, 177, 183, 243–44; HETP and, 111; National Farm Council and, 181–82; seed companies acquired, 59
Bayh-Dole Act (1980), 55, 284n108
Beadle, George, 72
beans, intercropped maize and, 2, 30, 35–36, 56–57, 77, 84; tepary, 239, 239
beekeepers, 158, 175–77
bees, 1, 2, 6, 111, 187, 248. See also Melipona bees
Belize, x, 1, 25, 254, 258n1; deforestation in, 176; GM crops in (2011), 6–7; maize milpas in, 1–3, 77; maize origin stories in, 71, 79; maize song in, 93–94; research site locations in, 27; 2,4-D in, xii
Benicia School District, xx
Bennett, Alan, 95, 96
Benson, Peter, 43
beta carotene, 244
betterseed.org, 154
Biden administration, 10
Big Government, 242
Bimbo, 138
Binger, Pat, 153
bins, maize storage, x, 133, 147
biodiversity, x, 8, 21, 34, 56, 96, 166, 289n93, 306n2; Guatemala’s, 196, 202, 220
biodynamic, 13
BioN2, 95
biopiracy, 32, 42, 94–97, 200
Biosecurity Law for Genetically Modified Organisms (Mexico 2003), 169
Bismarck, ND, 233
Bitter Fruit (Schlesinger), 43–44
Bivings Group, 165
black market, 124, 147, 193, 235, 302n23
blight, corn, 19, 127, 233, 262n77, 263n82, 280n11
blueberries, 14
b’oj (a fermented drink), 91
Bolivia, 50, 51, 71, 75, 176, 192, 289n76
Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo, 246
Borlaug, Norman, 106–7, 120, 168, 183
Bosch, Robert van den, 112
Botany of Desire (Pollan), 8–9
bovine growth hormone, 123, 169, 285n128
Bowman, Vernon, 123, 124, 125
Boyer, Herbert, 121
Bradford, William, 81
Brandt, Marisa, 174, 297n130
Bremer, Paul, 56
Bretton Woods, 134
British Empire, 37–38, 41, 53, 129
British Petroleum, 16
Brown, Lester, 10
Brown, William, 65, 66
Bt technology/crops, 21, 122, 149, 150, 276n97, 284n109; European corn borer and, 163–64; Guatemala and, 193; Mexico and, 183, 184; World Bank GEF proposals and, 305n105. See also individual crops
BtXtra, 192
Bufete para Pueblos Indígenas, 218, 220, 220
b’uluk, 91, 91
Bush (George H. W.) administration, 137
Bush (George W.) administration, 146, 233
Butler, Smedley D., 189–90
Butz, Earl, 9, 17, 259n10, 262n78
cacao, 77, 88, 100, 254
CAFOs (factory animal farms), 14
CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement), 40, 129, 140–43, 145, 146, 147, 289n93; fertilizer distribution as weapon, 114; food regimes and, 41, 42, 43, 45; militarized aspects of industrial agriculture during, xii, xvii–xviii, 15, 32, 76–77, 103, 109–12, 126, 253. See also Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement
Cahokia Mounds, 74
calcium carbonate, x, 84
Calderón, Felipe, 163, 169
Calgene, 121, 284n108
California: EPA reclassifies glyphosate in, xx, 60; farming in, 261; GMO labeling in, xviii; land grant universities, 111; MTBE prohibition, 146; paraquat lawsuits, 252; Roundup health research, 183; tortilla flour markets and, 161
calories, 258n30; corn transformation into, 10; diets and, 162; “flex” crops and, 90; food production levels and, 18; food regimes and, 37; food security and, 50; globalization and, 43; per hectare, 56, 244; maize, per seed planted, 275n59; Mexican consumption of maize and, 183; Mexico and self-sufficiency in, 140; petrochemicals and corn, 9, 248; Pollan’s critiques of industrial agriculture, 13
Camaal, Bernardo, 175
Camacho, Manuel, 105
Camp Detrick, 110
Canada, xii; Canadian Health Coalition, 233; corn blight in, 19; diabetes in, 140; forktivism in, 231; GM wheat defeated in, 33, 231–35; maize origin stories and, 74, 75; NAFTA and, 137, 146, 152, 183–84; Supreme Court, xiii, 4; 2,4-D bans in, xii, xiii, 62, 183–84; and US corn imports, 148; Via Campesina and, 48, 53; Wheat Board, 233. See also First Nations of Canada; Schmeiser, Percy; United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement
Canary Islands, 37
Canby, Peter, 24, 262–63n79
cancer, 41, 56, 281n46; Agent Orange and, 257n9; atrazine and, 63; capitalism as, 247; chemotherapy, xi, xii, xxviii, 14, 249, 252, 253; costs of, 46, 136; DDT and, 112; dioxin and, 110, 281n47; Grandia and, xi–xii, xviii, xix, xxii, xxviii, 14, 28, 54; herbal science and, 247, 249, 252–53, 310n111; inflammation and, 249, 252–53; occupational chemicals and, 59; pesticides and, xi–xii, 111–12; Roundup health research and, xix, xx, 59–60, 61, 183; 2,4-D health research and, xi–xii, xv, 62, 110–11, 257n7
Candelaria Caves, Alta Verapaz, 79
candlemaking, traditional, 1–2
cannabidiol (CBD), 19, 248, 249
Cannabis sativa, 248
canola, 4, 6, 122, 124, 232
capitalism, 35, 44, 50, 114, 148, 226; alternative to, within Indigenous economies, 240–41, 247; corporate driven, 35, 54–55, 189–90, 241, 265n16; disaster, 56; feminist modes of production and, 242; industrial, 37
Caranci, Ernest, 61
carbon emissions, 16, 20, 45, 246, 259n19, 262n66; “footprint” as concept, 16; sequestration in soils, 22
Cárdenas, Lázaro, 132, 159
CARE, 39–40
Cargill, 38–40, 54, 56, 138, 147, 153, 160
Cargill, W. W., 39
Caribbean Basin Initiative, 140
Carnegie, Andrew, 54
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000), 164, 302n39; CONAP and, 216; Guatemala signs (2004), 194; Nagoya Protocol/Kuala Lumpur addendum, 96, 196–97, 306n2; takes effect in Guatemala (2005), 195; tribal governments and, 53
Carver, George Washington, 104
Cary, David, Jr., 92–93
Caste War Rebellion (1847–1901), 175
Castillo Armas, Carlos, 116, 133
Castro, Juan, xxvii, 218, 222
Catholicism, 49, 88, 89, 115, 175, 203–4, 282n65
cattle in Guatemala, 100–101, 115, 131, 133; carbon emissions of, 16, 259n17; and threat to subsistence crops, 32, 131, 133, 156. See also feedlots
caudillos, 131–32
Ceiba NGO, 192
centeotzintli (sacred maize), 77
Center for Food Safety, xv, xix, 62, 124, 149
Central America, 22, 29, 86, 105; amaranth and, 245; banana companies in, 55–56; Common Market, 142; corn yields in, 136–37; food aid to, 150; independence from Spain, 130–31; Roundup and, xxi; tortilla flour markets, 161. See also individual nations
Central American Free Trade Agreement. See CAFTA
Cerezo Arévalo, Marco Vinicio, 202
Chan Santa Cruz, 175
Chapela, Ignacio, xi, 63, 164–66, 167, 178
Chapingo National Agricultural School, 106
Chapter 11 NAFTA disputes, 146, 290n103, 184
Charles III, King, 52
Chavez, Lolita, 204
Chayanov, Alexandr, The Theory of Peasant Economy, 44–45, 287n62
ChemChina, xvii, 31, 57, 58, 63–64
chemical weapons, 32, 253
chemotherapy, xi, xii, xxviii, 14, 249, 252, 253
Cheney, Dick, 143
Cherokee Indians, 76, 81, 239, 248–49
Chicago Board of Trade, 34–35, 186
chili peppers, 77, 130, 158
China, xvii, 37, 67, 90, 140, 148, 267n53, 268–69n89; agricultural research spending, 64; ChemChina, xvii, 31, 57, 58, 63–64; Chinese medicine, 250; industrial farming and, 64; maize domestication and, 89
Chiquin, Cristina, 209, 304n79
chlorpyrifos, xvii
CHOMP (choosing health on my plate), 14, 235
Christianity, 52, 89, 116, 184, 242, 246. See also Catholicism
Chullpi maize, 76
Church of the Word, 116
CIA, 43–44, 55, 114, 116, 132–33, 190
Cihuacóatl, serpent lady, 80
“circle of poison,” 43, 266–67n53
civil disobedience, xii, xvi, 41, 190, 195, 197, 242; pitchfork as symbol of, xvii, 33, 230–31
Clapp, Jennifer, 151
class: cross-class unity, 237; elites, 12, 49, 105, 113, 131, 133, 141, 177, 190, 214, 242; middle, 202, 212, 250; peasant, 35, 44–45; working, 37–38, 42
climate change, 7, 35, 39; agroecology and, 21–22
“climate-smart,” 18–19, 24
climate-wise agriculture, 8, 18–24; food prices and, 39; food regimes and, 41, 42, 186; GM seeds/crops and, 18, 19, 20–21, 22–23, 64, 102, 229; hybrid crops and, 18–19; meat production and, 15–16; polycropped milpa and, 56, 67; Q’eqchi’ farmers and, 133; resilience, 18, 23, 31, 41, 42, 56, 185–86, 244; seed conservation/traditional ecological knowledge and, 19, 21–24, 31, 66, 67, 72, 158, 174, 229, 240, 244, 247. See also carbon emissions
Clinton administration, xvii, 123, 137
clover, 250
cms-T gene, 19
Coe, Sophie, 82, 86
coffee, 15, 34, 101, 116, 120; aerial spraying on, plantations, 43; dandelion roots as alternative to, 250–51; food regimes and, 37; Q’eqchi’ farmers and, 131; Zapatista farmers and, 174
Cohen, Stanley, 121
Cold War, 32, 45, 104, 114; “aid” used as weapon in, 9, 38, 114, 117, 119, 133
Colgate and Company, 90
collective food relations, 98
collectivization, 44, 64
College of Agronomic Engineers (Guatemala), 200
colonialism: cane sugar and, 11, 37–38, 42; food regimes and, 36–38, 40, 41, 42; food sovereignty and, 50; GM corn and, 235; Green Revolution and, 114; Indigenous women during, 32, 82, 86; maize sustains Indigenous peoples of Americas through, 69, 75; maize traverses world via colonial voyages, 67, 89–90; mercantile, 36–37, 42; municipal edicts, 130; neocolonialism, 40, 94, 96, 224; Popol Vuh and, 128, 253; settler narratives, 11, 39, 81; settlers, 90, 102, 176, 233, 268n87. See also decolonization
Colorado: GM food labeling in, xviii
Colorado potato beetle, 112
Columbian exchange, 78, 246
Columbus, Christopher, 37, 89, 128, 246
Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), 166, 167, 169
Committee of Peasant Unity (CUC), 192, 201, 268
commodities: “aid” and, 133; empire and, 36; geopolitics and, 43–44; market/futures, 39, 40, 92, 109, 135; US deregulation of, 39. See also dumping, commodity/corn
Commodities Future Trading Commission (CFTC), 40
commodity index funds (CIFS), 39
communism, 38, 44, 105, 109, 114, 267n66
CONACYT/ CONAHCYT (National Council of Science and Technology), 179, 183
conjunctural analysis, 26, 240, 249, 286n10
conservatives: dietary legacies, 131; progressive causes aligned with, 242, 308n47; rural elites, 49, 131
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), 107, 113
Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), 96; conference of parties on, 170, 306n2
Coordination of Rural Organizations (CLOC), 46
Copeland, Nicholas, 115, 222, 242
corn, hybrid/commodity: on the cob, xxiv, 76–77, 209, 258n2; cornification, 9–16; cornstarch, 90; derivatives, 10; flint, 75, 76, 77, 83; flour, 76; futures, 31, 34–35; juxtaposition with maize, x, 92, 127; supplanting maize with, 129–34; sweet, 76, 77, 275; uses of, 10, 90–91; yields, 10, 103–4, 107–9, 112, 115, 118–19, 121, 126, 136–37, 164, 182, 191, 193, 238; Zea mays, x, 129. See also blight, corn; calories; Cold War; corporations; dent corn; dumping, commodity/corn; exports; food regimes; genetically modified crops; Green Revolution; high-fructose corn syrup; hybrid corn; imports; meat production; oil; subsidies; and individual brand names, trade agreements, and varieties
Corn Belt Dent germplasm, 19
Corn Refiners Association (CRA), 143, 260n26
corporations: biopiracy and, 32, 94–97; capture of agriculture, 55; corporate farms, 9, 21; corporate food regime, 38–41, 42, 156–57; decorporatization, 55, 241; diplomatic pressures applied on behalf of, xxxi, 33, 43–44, 119–21, 142, 144, 151, 190, 194–95, 197–98, 213–18, 220, 305n105; “kinship,” 31; legal bullying by, 23, 53, 124, 145–46; legal personhood of, 35–36, 42, 53–55, 209; and mergers, xvii, 31, 54, 56–64, 126, 244, 270n138, 272n176; origins of modern, 53–55; research and development costs of, 22, 64, 124, 231; social responsibility of, 54; suing governments under trade agreements, xii, xiii, 40, 145–46, 153–54, 183; and “three evil stepsisters,” 31, 36, 56–64; tribal governments countersue, 53; university collusion with, xi, xiv, 12, 23, 63, 94–97, 111, 120–21, 135, 136, 165, 284n108. See also genetically modified crops; patents; subsidies; and individual trade agreements
corruption, xii; Cargill and, 39; cigarette health harms and, 299n195; GM contamination and, 167, 169; judicial, 145; social movements in Guatemala confront, xvi–xvii, 8, 33, 190, 195, 211–14, 223, 225–27
Cortés, Hernán, 36, 81, 130, 156
Costa Rica, 71, 141, 142, 143–44, 146, 161, 289n93
Council of Canadians, 233
cover crops, 100, 251, 310n105
COVID-19 pandemic, xiv, xxiv, 152, 186; Guatemala and, 190, 214, 217–19. See also Long COVID
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology, 22–23, 62, 64, 216
Cristiani, Alfredo, 191, 301
Cristiani, Antonio, 191, 198; company sold to Monsanto, 59, 234
CropLife International, 55, 181, 217
Crop Protection Institute, 111
culinary traditions, 7, 15, 69, 76, 97, 126; women’s role in sustaining, 11, 81–82, 86
cultivars, 65, 69, 74, 96, 174, 244, 247, 250
Cultural Conservancy, 239
Curry, Helen, 65, 66, 262–63n79
Cux, Sebastián, 73, 247, 254
dairy, 10, 18, 130, 135, 141–42, 285n128
Dakota people, 80–81, 276n78
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, xii
dandelion, 110, 250–51, 253, 310n99
Daniels, Josephus, 105
Danta Pyramid (Guatemala), 74
Davis Farmers Market, 12
Davis Food Co-op, 13
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), 60, 111–12, 115
debt, farm, 9; geopolitical forms of, 38, 114, 134, 162; Mexican default on, 137; 159; peonage, 78, 127, 131, 252; resistance movement, 162
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (UNDRIP), 33, 51, 144
decolonization, 55, 98, 114, 210, 221, 222, 241
decorporatization, 30, 55, 241
“defense of territory” discourse, 222–23
Definitive Global Rejection of GM Wheat (pledge), 234
deforestation, 20–21, 34, 176
Dekalb Seed Company, 61
de Landa, Diego, 82
DeLay, Tom, 143
Delta & Pine Land, 124–25
democracy mobilizations. See Maya: Guatemalan democracy mobilizations
dent corn, 19, 76, 90–91, 185; yellow, 90–91, 138, 139, 147, 182
detasseling, 18–19, 103, 107
diabetes, xxi, 43, 60, 140, 247, 249
dialectical diets, 42–44, 266–67n53
diálogo de saberes (dialogue of knowledge), 49, 179
Diamond, Jared, 129
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 121
Diaz, Porfirio, 131, 132, 159, 175
dicamba, 58, 61
DICONSA distributor network, 161, 163, 166, 295n82
dignified science, 168, 178–79, 184
Diné weavers, 248
diversity, maize: conservation of, 23, 35, 77, 83, 94, 139, 156–57, 160, 167, 168, 174, 184; contemporary state of, 75, 78; Guatemala and, 78, 83, 118, 189, 192, 236; Indigenous people and, 94; Mexico and, 104, 156–57, 160, 167, 168, 174, 184; in milpas, 66–67; women and, 83
Dominican Republic, 79, 141–42, 150, 199
Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA), xxxi, 40, 54, 200, 303n65; commodity corn and, 136, 147–48, 260n26; corporate benefits, 145–46; de-ratifying, 210; Fast Track 142–43; hypothetical future profits, 146–47; investor- state disputes, 146; land speculation with, 133; opposition to, 303n65; origins of, 141–44, 152–53, 260n26; small farmers and, 129; tricks within, 140, 142, 144–47; UPOV and, 144, 289n93
dough, maize (masa), 63, 82, 83, 101, 161, 162, 246
Douglas, Mary, 243, 248
Dow Chemical, 58, 61–62, 308n51; Agent Orange and, xiv, 56, 62, 110; AgroSc TC1507 and, 150; as chemical weapons manufacturer, xiv, 32, 56, 62, 110; chlorpyrifos and, xvii; Corteva Division of, 62, 65; Enlist and, xiv–xv, 62; merger with DuPont, 31, 57, 58, 61–62, 64, 104, 170; NAFTA and, xii, xiii, 183–84; Pioneer and, 170; Pruitt and, xvii; 2,4-D and, xii, xiii, xvi, 62, 110, 183–84, 250, 271n158
drift damage, xv, 61
Droll, Sir Richard, 59, 110
drought resistance, 21, 22, 23, 108, 126, 133, 234, 239, 247
dumping, commodity/corn, 4, 10, 17, 29–30, 287n42; Cargill and, 40; farm gate prices in US and, 38; Guatemala and, 133, 135, 137, 142, 147, 148, 149; HFCS, 11; Mexico and, 41, 139, 157, 161; small farming and, 46; trade agreements and, 54, 120, 133, 135, 137, 138, 142, 234–35
DuPont, 54, 61–62, 104, 106, 125, 170, 310n111; merger with Dow Chemical, 31, 57, 58, 61–62, 64, 104, 170
Dyer, George, 167
Earth Summit (1992): “precautionary principle,” 144
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, 248
Edelman, Marc, xxvi, 240–41, 267n66
“educational” model of social transformation, 17–18
ejido (common municipal farming) lands, 138, 159, 161, 176, 180
El Barzón, 162
El Campo No Aguanta Más (the countryside can bear no more), xxxi, 162–63, 169
El Salvador, ix, 142, 143, 147, 148, 170, 191, 216
enclosures, 37; as land grabbing, xii, 132, 214
endocrine systems, xxi, 59, 60, 63, 250
Enerall, 180
Enlist, xiv–xv, 62
Enogen, 63
environmental externalities, 136
environmental health, xvii–xviii, 7, 45, 62, 146
Environmental Protection Agency, xxxi; CropLife and, 181; Enlist and, xiv–xv, 62; food labeling and, xviii; indirect farm subsidies and, 136; Monsanto revolving door with leadership of, 123, 169, 259n10; Pruitt and, xvii; review of pesticides by, 60; Roundup and, xx, 60, 61; StarLink and, 149; 2,4-D and, 61, 62
environmental racism, 14, 43, 266–67n53, 311n155
epidemiological transition, 42–43
Erosion, Technology, and Concentration Group (ETC Group), 51, 168
Espacio, 97
Espinosa, Alejandro, 156–57
Esteva, Gustavo, 162–63
ethanol, 10, 39, 43, 63, 139, 153, 163, 248, 251
European corn borer, 163–64
European Union: glyphosate relicensing, xxi, 183; GM contamination and, 150, 192, 233, 234, 252; Maya organic honey exports to, 176, 183; pesticide bans, xix, 43, 258n31; small farms in, 48
everyday practices of resurgence, 98
evolutionary gardens, 72
exports: corn, 10, 132, 135, 138, 139, 147, 181, 184; DR-CAFTA and, 140, 142, 147–48, 260; GM seeds, 198; Green Revolution and, 114, 117; herbicides, 64, 252; HFCS, 11, 260; honey, 175–76; maize, 90; Maya farmers and, 93, 114, 117; NAFTA and, 138–39; pesticide, 43, 179; Spanish colonies and, 89; technical aid, 38; waste, 146; wheat, 234
Extendimax, 61
EZLN. See Zapatista Army of National Liberation
fair trade, 52
Falwell, Jerry, 116
famines: colonial, 131; Irish, 102, 127; Maya, 128, 134, 190; Ukrainian, 44
Farm Bill (US), 9–10; of 1996, 38; of 2018, 248; as “boring” topic, 129, 241
farmers market, 11–12, 13, 17, 230–31
farming. See agriculture
farms: average size of, 9; corporate, 9, 21; factory animal, xxiv, 14; family, 12, 46; machinery for, 46, 103, 108, 113, 136, 256. See also small farms
farm-to-fork, 11, 230–31
farmworkers, xvii, 14, 15, 43, 136
FAS. See US Foreign Agricultural Service
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 110, 149
Federal Law of Vegetable Varieties (Mexico), 154
feed crops, 18, 59, 64, 260n20
feedlots, 10, 18, 246, 259n17
Fenzi, Marianna, 66
Ferguson, James, 43
Ferrara-Cerrato, Ronald, 94–95
Ferrari, Bruno, 169
Ferrell, John, 105
Fertile Crescent, 68, 273
fertilizers, xxiii, 23; Agoutiville villagers and, 101; alternatives to, 100, 250–51, 310n105; chemical cropping and, 238; Green Revolution and, 103, 115, 119; Guatemalan use of, 282n74; hybrid seeds and, 108, 109; industrial farming costs and, 46; maize and, 95; Maya farmers and, 114–15, 119, 283n82; Maya genocide and, 114; Mexican Agricultural Program and, 105; munitions factories repurpose ammonia into, 56, 109; nitrogen runoff, 136; petroleum, 136; prices, 147; soil carbon and, 20; Suarez plan and, 185; subsidies, 139. See also olotón maize
“Fifty Simple Things You Can Do to Save the Earth,” 16
financialization of food, 35, 39
First Nations of Canada, 53, 122, 146
Fischer, Ted, 43
Fisher, Linda J., 123
flatbread (piki), 84
Flavr Savr tomato, 121–22, 284n108
flax, 234
flex crop, 90, 133
flint corn, 75, 76, 77, 83
flour corn, 76
Focus on the Global South, 51
Folgar, Amilcar Alvaro, 200
Food First, 51
food miles, 13, 15, 16
food production circuits, 40
food regimes, 31, 36–44, 42, 48; First—European colonial empire (1870s–World War II), 36–38, 41, 42; Second—Cold War (1940s–1970s), 9, 36, 38, 42, 44, 55; Third—Corporate (1980s–present), 36, 38–41, 42, 55, 156–57, 241; Fourth—Climate Resilience, 41, 42, 185–86; corporations and, 53–64; dialectical diets and, 42–44; northern food movement and, 52–53; peasantry and, 44–46; Via Campesina and, 46–52
food security, 38, 42, 50, 115, 117, 132, 134, 159, 184, 224
food sovereignty, xxxi, 33, 52, 55, 155, 157–58, 184, 188, 200, 242; agroecology and, 222; Caribbean Basin Initiative and, 140; defined, 50; Maya food sovereignty leaders, 227; Mexico reasserts, 157–58, 184, 188, 237; Native American conceptions of, xxiii, 50, 53, 97–98; origins of, 31, 50, 51, 53, 157. See also National Network for the Defense of Guatemala’s Food Sovereignty
food waste, 14
foodways, 32, 36, 130, 158. See also culinary traditions
Forbes, 162, 234
Ford, Henry, 38, 54, 103, 265–66n23
Ford Foundation, 32, 54, 103, 107
Ford Motor Corporation, 113, 265–66n23, 282n65
forktivism, xvii, 12–13, 33, 230–31; Pollan and, 11–12
Fort Collins, CO, 65
Forum in Defense of Maize, 166–67
Fosdick, Raymond, 105
Freedom of Information Act, 141, 153
Freese, Bill, 124
free trade, 5, 135, 147, 214. See also individual trade agreements
Free Trade Agreement of the Americas, 140
Friedmann, Harriet, 36, 249
Friends of the Earth, 149, 150, 192
fuel: agrofuel, 9, 21, 46, 53, 133, 136; biofuel, 248, 250; jet, 10
Fulbright Scholarship, xiii
fungicides, 109, 110, 149, 164
Fussell, Betty, 82
Galemba, Rebecca, 147
Galileo University, 201
Gandhi, Mahatma, 41
gardens, xxiii–xxiv, 11, 17, 41, 237; evolutionary, 72; millennials rediscover, 221; Native American, 239; Roundup use on, 61, 62; Victory, 238
Garoz, Byron, 211, 218
Gaspé Peninsula (Quebec), 75
gender, 20, 35, 49, 81–87, 88, 238. See also women
Genentech, 121
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), xxxi, 4, 134–35
genetically modified crops: “accidental” growing of, 151; “accidental” travel of seeds, 235; “aid” and, 150, 191–92, 193, 195; bans on, xv–xvi, xvii, xxi, 6–7, 64, 120, 122, 157, 163–64, 177, 181, 190, 192, 197–98, 237; climate change and, 18–24; contamination scandals, xi, 4, 6–7, 29, 40, 53, 68, 127, 133, 149–51, 153, 157, 159–60, 163–68, 170–71, 173–74, 176, 178–79, 183, 185, 192–93, 197, 217, 222, 229, 233–35, 303n65; CRISPR technology, 22–23, 62, 64, 216; defeat of GM wheat, 33, 231–35; deforestation and, 20–21; FDA rubber-stamps, 121; gene revolution/origins of, 16, 32–33, 52–53, 54, 121–27, 237; genetic use restriction technology, 124–25; hunger and, 18, 120, 126, 229; productivity of, xiv, 64; R&D costs, 22, 64, 124, 231; second-generation seeds, 124–25; seed development costs, 21; stacked traits, 19, 23, 62, 125, 248; terms, 32; yield and, 22, 23, 125, 164, 191, 193. See also Belize; Bt technology/crops; China; labels, food; patents; pollen; and individual brands, companies, corporations, crops, nations, and products
genocide, xvi, 88, 114, 117, 206, 212, 283n82
Gerardi, Bishop Juan José, 203–4
Germany, xxi, 111, 183, 251, 258n31
ghostwriting, xx, 57, 59
Giammattei, Alejandro, 214, 273n7
gift economies, 239
Gladwell, Malcolm, on underdogs, 243
glass gem maize, 76
Global Agriculture Information Network (GAIN), 120, 181, 194
Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture, 20
Global Environmental Facility, xxxi, 194, 196, 197, 198, 216, 217, 305n105
globalization, 3, 36, 43, 47, 48, 134
Global North, 5, 7; farmer movements in, 48; GM in, 52, 235, 237; overproduction of cheap commodity foods and, 135; pesticides and, 43; women in, 238
Global Seed Vault (Norway), 66, 239
Global South: agroecological projects, 21; average annual energy consumption, 15; banned pesticide exports to, 179; epidemiological transition, 42–43; GM regulation, 18, 20, 52, 235, 244; small farmers, 23, 24, 48; tariff protections in, 135; USDA “aid” to, 119
glycemic index, 76
glyphosate: children and, xx, 178; as endocrine disruptor, 59; EPA approves, 60; EU relicenses, xxi, 183; Germany bans, 183; lymphomas and leukemias correlated with, xi–xii, xix; Mexico and, 8, 179, 180–81, 183, 184; resistance to, 20, 126; soil, persistence in, 122; undone science, 183; water supply/urine testing, 176, 178. See also Roundup
Godinez, Mario, 192, 200, 202–3
golden rice, 21, 244–45
González, Ramón, 43
Goodman, Major, 66, 96
Gore, Al, 16, 123
GRAIN, 51
Grant, Hugh (Monsanto CEO), 169
Great Plains, US, 112, 231, 232
Green Corn Ceremony, 81
greenhouse gas emissions, 16, 20, 259n17
Greenpeace Mexico, 164, 169, 170, 233, 244
Green Revolution, xiv, 20, 37, 94, 101–19, 127, 129, 157, 171, 252–53; contrast with gene revolution, 32, 52–53, 54, 99, 101–2, 121, 126, 190; crop loss before and after, 113; fertilizers and, 109–12; global agriculture information network and, 119–21; Guatemala and, 114–19, 190, 191, 221, 243; hybrids and, 107–9; inequalities and impoverishment induced by, 53; legacies of, 112–14; Mexico and, 104, 113, 114, 157, 171; militarized, 102–12; name, 38
grinding maize, 80, 81, 84, 85, 89, 90, 132; diesel mills, 82, 83, 101
Gruma Corporation, 161–62
Guatemala: Agriculture Ministry, 191, 195, 198, 200, 202, 211, 216, 217, 218, 224; Alliance of Ancestral [Maya] Authorities of Sololá, 219; Alvarado’s invasion (1524) of, 36, 156, 229; and anticorruption movement, 190–229; attempts to deregulate GM crops, 211; ban on GM crops, xv–xvi, 120, 122, 190, 198, 237; biodiversity of, 196; cattle, 100–101, 115, 131, 133; CIA and, 43–44, 55, 114, 132–33, 190; civil war in, 1, 78, 99, 101, 103, 117–18, 191, 203, 206, 207, 213, 214, 219; Committee of National Reconstruction, 117; CONAP and, xxxi, 196, 197, 198, 199, 216–17; Congress of, xv–xvi, 8, 120, 144, 189, 191, 196, 199, 202–3, 207, 209–13, 220, 223–25, 227; and conservation of maize varieties, 78; Constitutional Court of, 195, 203, 206, 207, 218, 219, 223, 223, 227; Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial and Finance Associations, 217; and corn imports, 29, 132, 133, 136, 147–48; corruption in, xii, xvi–xvii, 8, 33, 35, 190, 194–95, 210–14, 221, 223, 225–27; customs agreement with Honduras, 216; debt peonage, 131–32; dietary legacies in, 131; economic inequality in, 189; fertilizer distribution in, 114, 283n82; Flavr Savr seeds and, 121–22; food “aid” to, 117, 133, 149, 192; food sovereignty and, 221–22; Foreign Agricultural Service and, 120, 190, 198, 214–17, 220; gene revolution and, 121–22, 190; GM contamination in, xii, 29, 133, 149–51, 192, 193, 196–97, 217, 219, 222, 229, 233, 235; Green Revolution in, 114–19, 189; INDECA, 117; Integrated Rural Development Law, 211; International Labor Organization Convention 169 and, 144; International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and, 145; Intersectoral Technical Commission on Biotechnology, 198; Law for Biodiversity and Ancestral Knowledge, 195, 220–21; legalizes GM corn, 29; legislative bill no. 6086, 8; and liberal dictatorship of Ubico, 131–32; linguistic areas of, 26, 26; Madre Selva, 192; maize diversity in, 189; malnourishment in, 189; Maya genocide, xvi, 114, 117–18, 206, 212–13; migrant workers in US, 40; “Monsanto Law”/Law for the Protection of New Plant Varieties, xv–xvi, 199–210, 204, 205, 208; Monsanto Law 2.0, 223–27, 224, 226; Morales presidency, 213–14; Movimiento Semilla, 8, 223; National Committee for Biosafety Coordination, 196; National Council on Science and Technology, 198; October revolution, 44, 223; Patriot Party, xvi, 199, 202, 209, 213, 303n65; Peace Accords, 147; presidential elections, 213–14, 223, 224; prices for domestically grown corn and maize, 136; public agricultural research in, 189; research sites, 27; “rifles and beans” policy, 117; Seed Movement, 213, 223, 225, 237; Technical Committee of Agricultural Biotechnology, 195, 216–17; “technical rule” RT65.06.01:18, 216; time line, 195; UN Cartagena Protocol and, 194; UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, 144; UNEP/GEF projects, 194–98; UN Food and Agriculture Organization Resolution 5-89 on Phytogenic Resources, 145; United Fruit and, 43–44; UN International Commission Against Impunity and, xvi–xvii, 211, 212, 213; UPOV 1991 and, 145; US “aid” and agrarian affairs, 44, 102, 114–21, 133, 150, 191–92, 193; US Embassy, 119, 120–21, 142, 144, 190, 194, 195, 197–98, 213–14, 215, 217–18, 305n105; vagrancy laws, 131–32. See also Guatemalan geography; Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology; Iximulew; National Network for the Defense of Guatemala’s Food Sovereignty; and individual place-names
Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages (ALMG), 26, 31–32
Guatemalan broom palm (Cryosophila stauracantha), 249
Guatemalan FAS, 120, 151, 190, 198, 214–15, 216–17, 220
Guatemalan geography: Chiquimula, 150, 217; Cuchumatanes mountain range, 106; development poles, 118; Guatemala City, 150, 191, 200, 202–3, 205, 207, 212, 219–20, 224, 225–27, 229; Huehuetenago, 72, 172, 192, 197, 209; Ixcán, 116; Iximuleuw, 225, 236; Izabal, 25, 93, 99, 101, 118; Sololá, 206–7, 219, 225, 273; “the territories,” 221, 306n109; topography of protest in, 28; “tortilla basket,” 25; Totonicapán, 207, 225. See also Alta Verapaz
Guilá Naquitz Cave (Oaxaca), 70–71
Guna stories, 71
Haber, Franz, 109
Häberli, Christian, 184
Hallberg, Thomas Boone, 94–95
Hardemans, 60
Harding, Warren G., 104
Harken Energy, 146
Harrar, J. George, 106
Harvard University, 137
Haudenosaunee Confederacy, 76, 80, 240
Hayes, Tyrone, 63
Hedonal, xii. See also 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
heirloom as modern, 65, 76, 98, 186
hemp, 248–49, 250
herbal medicine, 2, 6, 99, 100, 119, 221, 247–53; weeds curing ailments caused by, 249
herbicides: Acuron, 64; atrazine, 58, 63, 64; bans, xii, 183–84; children and, xix–xx; China and production of, 64; drift, 61; Enlist crop system and, xx; Green Revolution and, xiv; guts of farm animals and, 183; home use, xiii, xxi, 56, 60–62, 110, 257n7; legal liability for toxicity of, 31; Mayan beekeeping and, 176; Mexico and, 164, 174; military research and, 56, 109–11, 253; most-used, in Guatemala, xi–xii; paraquat, xi, 3, 63, 100, 252; Q’eqchi’ and, 3, 6; residue on food, xix, 122, 178, 181, 183–84; resistance to, 20, 21, 23, 122, 232, 234–35, 247, 248; US increase in use, 20; weed irony, 249. See also cancer; Roundup; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Herculex, 150, 192, 215
Hernández-Ávila, Inés, 87
Hernández Xolocotzi, Efraím, 65, 109, 157, 179
HETP (hexaethyl tetraphosphate), 111
Hi-Bred Corn, 104
high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), xxxi, 8, 10–11, 17–18, 40, 42, 91, 99
Holmes, Seth, 43
Holpechen, Campeche, 176
hominy, 84
Honduras, 161; CAFTA and, 142, 143; GM corn and, 29, 191, 193, 198, 215–16, 217, 235; Honduras-Guatemala customs agreement, 29, 215–16, 235; Monsanto and, 191; teosintes in, 69, 217, 235
Hoover, Herbert, 119
Hopi, 75, 76, 84
howler monkey, 34
Hudson, Quebec: ban on use of “cosmetic” pesticides, xii–xiii
Huista habitat, 72
hunger: aid and, 40; GM crops and, 18, 120, 126, 229; Guatemala and, 189, 227, 229; meat consumption and, 15; obesity and, 42; small farming and, 46. See also famines
Hurricane Mitch (1988), 22
Hurricane Stan (2005), 120
hybrid corn: GM corn and, 19, 23, 193, 290–91n124; “hybrid” term, 107, 280n11; origins of, 18–19, 68, 77, 103–10, 112, 116; pesticides and, 109–10; Q’eqchi’ farmers and, 76, 101, 118–19; recycling seeds as resistance, 119; “seven-week corn,” 76, 118; yields, x, 23, 83
hybridization, teosintes and maize, 70, 72
IG Farben, 111
Iltis, Hugh, 70, 71, 273n3
“imagined community” of nation-states, 50
imports, 4, 90, 140; Chinese corn, 64; GM and, 6–7, 150, 153, 157–58, 163–68, 182, 196, 233; Guatemalan corn, 132, 136; Indigenous consumption of Spanish, 130; local food and, 15; Mexican corn, 138–40, 147–48, 150, 153, 157–60, 163–68, 174, 178–82, 185–86; PCBS, 146; pesticide residues and, 43
Incas, 74, 102
Inconvenient Truth, An (film), 16
Indigenous & Peasant Union Movement (MSICG), 203
Indigenous peoples, xxii, xxiv, 4, 157; of the Americas (Abya Yala), 193; ancestral authorities, 8, 195, 207, 219, 220, 220, 222–23, 225, 228, 273n7; capitalism alternative within economies of, 240; cattle encroachment onto lands of, 133; colonial-style thefts of knowledge of, 32, 94–97; food regimes and, 42; Guatemala as apartheid state and, 189–90; and inequality in Mexico, 161; maize and, 32, 65, 66, 67, 69, 74–75, 78, 81, 84, 86; movements in Guatemala, 8, 33, 49, 196–229, 204, 205, 208, 237; movements in Mexico, xxviii, 8, 33, 51, 94–97, 137, 157, 158, 163–84, 172, 173, 186–87, 222, 241, 288n68; open-pollinated varieties and, 21; plantation land grabs and, 131–32; Pollan and, 11; poverty among, 46; proto-maize plants and, 32; resistance to GM crops, 163–84, 172, 173, 176, 196–229, 204, 205, 208; rights holders, 55; Spanish invasion of Americas and, 32, 36, 76, 78, 130–31. See also Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People; and individual languages, organizations, and tribal nations
industrialization, 37, 38, 90, 103, 114, 139, 232
infertility, xxi, 250
inflammation, xx, 247, 249, 252, 253
insecticides, ix–x, xix, 20, 101, 109, 110, carbamate toxicity 111; formulations with lead and arsenic, 111; regulation of, 60. See also pesticides
Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (ICTA, Guatemala), xxxi, 116, 118, 193, 201, 221, 303n58
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI, Mexico), xxxi, 132, 159
intellectual property laws, 47, 144, 145, 198
Inter-American Affairs, 105
interest rates, 9, 162, 287n43
intergenerational knowledge, 3, 66, 69–70, 118
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), xxxi, 60, 62
International Forum on Globalization, 3
International Labor Organization Convention, 169, 145, 176
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), xxxi, 32, 107, 113, 119, 168
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 137, 159
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 145
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), xxxi, 144–45, 154, 210, 223, 289n93
introgression, possibility of, 165, 279n149
inulin, 251
Iowa State Fair, 104
Iowa State University, 104, 106
Iraq: seed vault, 273n196; US invasion of (2003), 56
Ireland, 102, 127
Iroquois Confederacy, 84
irrigation: ancient farmers and, 238; hybrid crops and, 108, 109; Mexican policies and, 160–61, 164, 186; small farmers and, 186; subsidies and, 135, 139; tepary bean and, 239; yields and, 23, 75, 164
Irwin, June, xii–xiii
Italy, 90, 301n8
Itza, 25, 26, 77
Iximulew (place of maize), ix, 218
Ixmucane, 79
Jaguarwood village (Belize), 1, 2–3
Japan, 49, 110, 135, 148, 149, 170, 234, 306n2
Johnson, Dewayne “Lee,” 60
Jones, D. F., 103–4
La Jornada, 168, 187
Journal of Peasant Studies, 51–52
Journal of the American Medical Association, 110–11
Kabnalo’on Maya Alliance for Yucatán’s Bees, 177
Kalicki, Jean E., 184
Kantor, Michael “Mickey,” 123
Kappes, Cassiday & Associates, 146
Kennedy, John F., 133
K’iche’ Maya, 73, 79, 207, 253
Killex, 62
Kimmerer, Robin Wall, 77, 249
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 30–31
Kinzer, Stephen: Bitter Fruit, 43–44
Kirk, Ron, 152
Klepek, James, 198
Kloppenburg, Jack, Jr., 108
knowledge alliances, 192
Kuwada, Bryan Kamaoli, 67
Kyung Hae, Lee, 4, 5
labels, food, xxix, 7, 11, 18, 178, 238, 243; biodynamic, 13; caveat emptor, xviii; GMO, xv, xvii–xix, 50, 242, 285n128, 290–91n124; to greenwash business practices, xviii; organic certification, as regulated, xviii; QR code rule, xix; 2,4-D, xiii; voluntary, 13, warning, xvii, 178
ladinos. See mestizo
LaDuke, Winona, 53, 248, 250
La Jornada, 168, 187
La Línea (the telephone line) scandal, Guatemala, 211–12
land grabs, xii, 34, 132, 214, 266n32
land grant universities, 23, 103, 111, 131, 135
landraces, maize: climate change and, 23–24; definition of, 262–63n79; Guatemala, 24, 197; maize evolution and, 72; Mexican, 19, 75, 158, 164, 170, 185
“La Noche Triste” (the night of sorrows), 156
La Puya, 146–47
Latin America, 39, 44, 105, 176; Guatemala compared with, 189; Indigenous peoples in, 45–46; maize travels through, 74, 107; Via Campesina stronghold, 48
Laughnan, John, 77
La Vía Campesina. See Via Campesina
L-dopa, 252
Leake, Todd, 232
leukemia, xii, 252, 253, 308n53
Lewy body dementia, xv
Liberty (glufosinate-ammonium), 62, 198
Liberty Link, 150, 192
“life science” companies, 56
Lighthizer, Robert, 181
Linea (the telephone line) scandal, Guatemala, 211–12
Linneaus, Carl, 128–29
Liveris, Andrew, xvii
LMOs (living modified organisms), 195; as euphemism for GMOs, 219
lobbyists: farm lobby organizations, 120; GM food and, xv, xviii, 181, 216–17, 220, 233, 242, 292n157; trade negotiations and, 141, 143–44, 153–54
local food, 12–18, 19, 41, 185, 231, 235, 261n49; “localwash,” 16; locavore, 12–13, 18; lying about, 14; “Marco Polo exception,” 15
local thinking and global acting, 17, 31, 47, 231; rooted cosmopolitanism, 47
Locke, John, 89
Long COVID, xxviii, 17, 29, 221, 253, 309n62. See also COVID-19 pandemic
López Mateos, Adolfo, 159
López Obrador, Andrés Manuel, 139, 154, 157, 179–81, 182
López Zepeda, Leticia, 187–88
luxury goods, 36–37, 130
lymphoma, xii, xx, 61, 111, 182, 250, 253, 257n9, 308n53; non-Hodgkin’s, xi, xv, xxxi, 60, 111
macal root, 2
Machu Picchu, 74, 102
Madero, Francisco, 180, 293n7
Madre Selva, 192
Magellan, Ferdinand, 89
maize: adaptability of, 73–78, 82, 89–91; altitude and growing, 23, 75, 76, 96, 102, 158, 227; colors of, 2, 77, 80, 84, 107, 173, 174, 255; companion planting of, 2, 30, 35–36, 56–57, 77, 84, 100; domestication of, xxi, 32, 68–78, 71, 89, 94, 164, 229, 235, 247, 255; drinks, 83–87, 91, 209; fairs, 187; gender relations and, 81–87; growing season, xxi, 72, 76, 227; “native,” x, 65, 129, 179; origin stories of the people of, 2, 35, 79–81, 128, 187, 203, 220, 230, 253–56; “people of maize,” 79; prices, 72, 134–39, 147, 161–63; recipes, xxvii, 25, 83, 85–87; ritual life of, 87–94, 91; song, 93–94; theft of, 94–98; “underdog” crop, 36; usufruct value of, 92, 197; white, 2, 75, 77, 85, 100, 136, 138–40, 157, 185, 186; word, x, 24–25, 74, 128–29. See also climate change; corn, hybrid/commodity; diversity, maize; food regimes; Green Revolution; herbicides; Indigenous peoples; landraces, maize; milpa; nixtamalization; pesticides; seeds; storage, maize; teosintes; tortillas; women; and individual culinary traditions, nations, and varieties
Maize Races in Mexico, 106
Maize Mask, EZLN, 172
malathion, 115
Mallory, Lester D., 119
malnourishment, 42, 189, 244; amaranth for treating, 248; real causes of, 134, 189, 190, 305
Mangelsdorf, Paul C., 105, 106, 109
manoomin (wild rice), 53, 97–98
Manuel, Arthur, 53
Manuel, George, 53
Ma OGM (No GMOs), 176
“Marco Polo exception,” 15
mare’s tail, 249
Marin Community College, 239
Marroquín Zaleta, Jaime Manuel, 170
Mars Inc., xxiv, 32, 94–98, 144
Marx, Karl, 28, 240
masa (maize dough), 63, 82, 83, 101, 161, 162, 246
Maseca, 138, 161–62, 163
Maya: beekeepers, 158, 175–77; CIA puppet government in Guatemala and, 44; cosmology, 25; Guatemalan democracy mobilizations, 190–229; Guatemalan genocide (1980s), xvi, 114, 117–18, 206, 212–13; hybrid corn/Green Revolution and, 99–102, 114–19; languages, ix, xxviii, 31–32, 72–73; maize cultivation, 76–78, 87, 88, 92–93, 99– 102, 114–19, 127, 251; maize origins and, 2, 35, 72–74, 79–80, 128–29, 187, 203, 220, 230, 253–54; maize preparation, 83, 85–87; Maya Peoples Council, 204; Popol Vuh, 2, 35, 79–80, 128, 187, 203, 220, 230, 253–54; resistance to GM, 171–77, 172, 173, 190–229. See also Q’eqchi’; Zapatista Army of National Liberation
Maya calendar, ix, xvi, xxi–xxii, xxviii, 1, 34, 72–74, 77, 79, 129, 143, 207, 227; maize domestication coincides with, 229, 255; and sense of cyclical time, 33, 255
McKalip, Doug, 182–83
McKinney, Ted, 120
McMichael, Philip, 36, 40–42, 241
McNamara, Robert, 113, 282n65
McWilliams, James, 15
meat production: China and, 64; climate change and, 15–16, 260n30; cornification and, 10–11; hunger and, 15–16, 18; Indigenous peoples and, 130; Mexican corn imports and, 185; omnivore diet and, 77–78, 266n23; processing workers, 40
mechanization, farming, 20, 91, 103, 135–36, 139
Melipona bees, 1, 6, 175, 187, 310n107
Mellon, Andrew, 54
Mellon Foundation, xix
Menchú, Rigoberta, 43, 73, 268n79
Mennonites, 176
mergers, corporate, xvii, 31, 54, 56–64, 126, 244, 272n176
Mesoamerica: ancient civilizations of, 79–81; birth of agriculture and, 68; cuisine of, 15–16, 37, 77–78; “Milpamerica,” 29; origins of maize and, 68–81; maize seed varieties in, 65, 67, 68–69, 70, 71–73; pesticide use in, 43. See also women; and individual nations
mestizo (mixed race), ix, 75, 81, 106, 177, 292–93n7; ladinos as, 88, 116, 128, 212
Metalclad, 146
metate (grinding stone), 82
methods, x–xi, 3–6, 24–29, 73, 77, 85, 99–101, 131, 193, 223, 230–31, 235; allyship, 27, 28–29, 69, 151, 218, 223, 265n16; auto-ethnography, xiii–xi, xxii, 13–17, 54, 87, 95–96, 249–50, 252–53; social media analysis, 26–28, 219, 222; studying up, xiii–xiv, 29, 120, 143, 148, 194, 197, 291n133, 305n95
Mexican Agricultural Program (MAP), 105–6
Mexico, 156–88; Accord for the Countryside, 163, 169; agrarian bias toward rich in, 160–61; agroecology in, 157, 179–81, 185–86, 188; Article 27 constitutional land reform revoked, 138; beekeeping in, 175–76; Biosecurity Law (2005), 169, 177; Biosecurity Law for Genetically Modified Organisms (2003), 169; as birthplace of maize, 69, 157; bovine growth hormone (rBST) and, 169; Cargill sues (2009), 40; Caste War Rebellion (1847–1901), 175; CONACYT and, 179, 183; and conservation of maize varieties, 65, 78, 97, 185, 187, 308n51; and corporate relationship with regulatory agencies, 169–70; debt default (1982), 137, 159; deregulation of seed sector, 159–60; diabetes rates of, 140; Diaz’s railroads, 132; DICONSA distributor network, 161, 163, 166, 295n82; ejido lands, 138, 161, 176, 180; Federal Law of Vegetable Varieties, 154; food sovereignty and, 157; Forum in Defense of Maize, 166–67; fourth food regime, 185–86; glyphosate (Roundup) in, 176, 178, 183–84; GM bans/moratoriums in, 157–58, 163–64, 177, 180–84, 197; GM crop permits, 29, 163, 169, 170–71, 175, 176, 177, 182; GMO contamination in, xi, 29–30, 33, 40, 68, 95, 150–51, 153, 157, 160, 164–68, 170, 174, 176, 178–79, 187, 222, 236; grain availability in, 132; Green Revolution and, 85, 104–7, 157, 179; independence from Spain, 130–31; Institutional Revolutionary Party, xxxi, 132, 159; “La Noche Triste,” 156; maize diversity in, 19, 66–67, 75, 94–97, 144, 158, 165, 170; Mexican Revolution, 104, 158, 159, 292–93n7; migration to the US from, 40, 129, 139; Morena and the Fourth Transformation, 33, 178–81, 185–86; Mother Seeds in Resistance campaign, 173–74; NAFTA and, 32–33, 137–38, 160–63; Nagoya Protocol and, 96; National Biodiversity Commission, 165–66; National Company for Popular Subsistence, 161, 162; National Ecology Institute, 166; National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research seed bank, 78; National Maize Day, 188, 238; National Seed Inspection and Certification Service, 138, 160; neoliberal food regime, 156, 160; No Maize, No Country coalition, 154, 163, 178, 179, 236; olotón maize, 94–97, 144, 279n149; Plan de Ayala XXI, 178; Porfiriato, 131, 132, 159, 175; poverty in, 140; PROCAMPO program, 139; processed foods in, 140, 178; remittances, 139; Rockefeller Foundation in, 105–7; San Andrés Accords (1996), 171; Sheinbaum presidency, 237; sophistication of cuisine, 15–16, 86, 158; Toledo reforms, 178–79; tortilla crisis, 161–63; US corn dumping on, 11, 29–30, 40, 41, 129, 138, 139, 142, 157, 181; United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, xxxi, 152–54, 181, 183, 299n195. See also El Campo No Aguanta Más; Zapatista Army of National Liberation; and individual place-names
Mi’kmaq peoples, 75
military: industrial corn development and, xii, xvii–xviii, 15, 32, 76–77, 103, 109–12, 126, 253; oil production and military-industrial complex, 136
Miller, Margaret, 123
milpa, viii, x–xi, 1–3, 6–8, 19, 25, 231; amaranth in, 245, 246; cultural pride in, 16, 67, 187, 206, 209; fallow season, 77, 100, 250; labor of, 3, 238; medicinal plants in, 2, 33, 245, 250–52; milpa- based cuisines, 82, 86, 209; “Milpamerica,” 29; milperos’ dilemma, 107; more than “three sisters,” 2, 77, 100, 158; neoliberal food regime dismantles, 158, 160; planting days, 3, 88, 91, 100, 254; polycropping, 56, 100; restoring diversity of, 8, 66, 174; subsistence value of, 92–94, 115, 129, 175, 185, 255–56; US cornfield compared with, 56, 112, 244; women and, 88; word, x, 1, 24–5; Zapatistas and, 174
Minsa, 162, 163
Mintz, Sidney, 27–28; Sweetness and Power, 37–38, 42, 43
Mississippi River, 74, 136
MMT, 146
Mo, Rosa, 99–101, 127
Mo, Santiago, 99–101, 127
monarch butterfly, 61, 122, 170, 187, 248
Mons, Belgium, 47
Monsanto, xiii, 19; acquisition of GMO technology, 123–25, 234; Agent Orange and, xii, 56, 110; amaranth and, 246; Aventis and, 149; Bayer merger, xxi, 31, 57, 190, 243–44; bovine growth hormone (rBST) and, 123, 169, 285n128; Bt technology and, 122, 149–50, 163–64, 183, 193, 276n97, 305n105; Cristiani Burkhard and, 148; company history, 57–60, 122; Richard Droll and, 59, 110; farmer surveillance, 124, 145; food aid and, 55–56, 148; genetic use restriction technology and, 124–25; ghostwriting, xx, 59; Guatemalan Monsanto Law, xvi, xxii, xxiv, 8, 28, 29, 30, 199–210, 204, 205, 208; Guatemalan Monsanto Law 2.0, 218, 223–27, 224, 226; Guatemalan resistance to, 190–229; lawsuits against, xx, 60–61, 243–44; legal bullying, 123–25; Mexican resistance to, xi, 158, 163–68, 169–77, 180, 181–83; northern food movement and, 52, 59; Oaxaca, genetic contamination of native maize and, xi, 164–68; origins, 57, 59; purchase of Mexican and Guatemalan companies, 180, 191, 234; revolving door with regulators, 120, 121–24, 169; Richard Droll and, 59, 110; Roundup Ready wheat, 221, 231–35; Schmeiser case, 4, 5–6, 124, 151, 192, 232; shift to seeds as central business plan, 57, 59; soy crops, xiv, 59, 122–26, 176–77, 291n128; stacked traits and, 125; “Statement on Guatemala,” 210; Syngenta takeover bid, 63; “three wicked stepsisters” and, 31, 57–58; vegetable research, xiii; weeds and, 247–48. See also Roundup; Roundup Ready crops
Montezuma, 86, 245
Mooney, Pat, 168, 238
Morales, Jimmy, 213–14
Morena (Movement for National Renewal), 33, 178–81
Moreno, Raul, 142
Morgan, J. P., 54
Morgan, Lewis Henry, 240
Morrill Acts, 23, 103, 111, 131, 135
Mother Seeds in Resistance campaign (2002), 173–74
Movimiento Semilla (Seed Movement party), 8, 195, 223, 237
MTBE, 146
Mucuna spp., 100, 251, 252, 253, 310n105
mulches, 75, 100, 251
Müller, Paul, 111
Mycogen, 62
“mystique” (mística), 49
Nadal, Alejandro, 139
Nader, Ralph, 30, 242–43, 248, 291–92n146, 308n47
Nagoya protocol (2010), 53, 96, 306n2
Nahuatl language, 69, 70, 77, 82, 275n58
National Academy of Sciences (US), 65, 246
National Alliance for Biodiversity Protection in Guatemala, 202, 218–19
National Autonomous University (UNAM, Mexico), 166, 178
National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO, Mexico), 165–66
National Company for Popular Subsistence (CONASUPO, Mexico), 161, 162
National Corn Growers Association (US), 139, 143, 182, 234
National Council of Protected Areas (CONAP, Guatemala), xxxi, 196, 197, 198, 199, 216–17
National Farm Council (US), 181–82
National Farmers Union of Canada, 231
National Indigenous Congress (CNI, Mexico), 170
National Network for the Defense of Guatemala’s Food Sovereignty (REDSAG), xxxi, 228, 237; founded, 119; GM contamination and, 192, 221–22; Monsanto Law and, 201, 211, 218; Monsanto Law 2.0 and, 223, 225, 226, 227; No Maize, No Country and, 236
National Public Radio (NPR), xii, 11
National Seed Inspection and Certification Service (Mexico), 138, 159–60
Native Americans, xxiv, 34, 35, 45, 76, 249; dandelion use, 250; food sovereignty and, xxiii, 53; glass gem maize and, 76; Green Corn Ceremony, 81; land stolen from, 135; relocation of, 286n6; “seeds back” movements, 238–39; trade power, 53
Nature (journal), 165–66, 167
Navajo, 76, 249
Naylor, Lindsay, 172
Nelson, Melissa, 239
neoliberalism: agricultural system and, 55; consumerism and, xv; corporate power under, 215; food sovereignty and, 50; Guatemala and, 199, 210; local eating and, 15; “long neoliberal night,” 156; Mexican government and, 180, 186, 235; NAFTA and, 137, 141, 156; neoliberal food regime, 160; peasant and Indigenous studies and, 51–52; productivity and, 253; Zapatistas lead armed rebellion against, 157, 173
neonicotinoids, 111
Neruda, Pablo, 75
nerve gas, 56, 111, 253
Newberry Library, 79
New England, 76, 81, 84, 251
New York Times, 9, 11, 160
Nicaragua, 24, 50, 69, 142–44
NIMBYism (not in my backyard), 14
Nimiipuu (Nez Perce), 87, 249
nitrogen, 2, 94–95, 97, 100, 109, 136, 250, 252
nitrous oxide, 20
Nixon, Richard, 9, 281
nixtamalization, 82–85, 90, 178, 185, 276n97, 277n98, 305n105
“La Noche Triste” (the night of sorrows), 156
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, xi, xv, xxxi, 60, 111
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), xv, xxviii, 1, 3, 25, 32, 39, 239, 246, 268n82, 276n91, 299n195; GMOs and, 149, 168, 174, 177, 192, 195, 201; Mexican government and, 185, 188
North American Export Grain Association, 56
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), xxxi, 141, 142, 143; Chapter 11 or state investor lawsuits, xii, xiii, 40, 145–46, 183; Commission for Environmental Cooperation and, 166; credit disparities and, 276n43; maize prices and, 72, 137–38, 181; Mexican farmers, effects upon, 32–33, 138–40, 160–63, 181, 185, 186, 288n56, 288n68; migration and, 148, 158; origins, 137–40; tortilla flour markets and, 161–62; US dumping of cheap corn and, 129, 138–39, 160; US-Mexico-Canada Agreement and, 152–54, 156–57, 234; Zapatista uprising against, 171
North Dakota, 232, 233
northern food movement, xvii–xix, 7, 11, 15, 17, 52–53, 235, 242
no-till agriculture, 20, 21, 164, 232
Novack, Chris, 181
Novartis, xi, 63, 165, 272n169
Nyéléni Declaration (2007), 50
Oaxaca (Mexico), 178, 188, 251; genetic contamination of native maize in, xi, 68, 157, 159, 163–68, 173, 192; maize diversity and, 78; maize origins and, 70–72; olotón maize and, 94–97; tortillas in, 86
Obama administration, 123, 152
obesity, xx, 40, 42–43, 140, 247, 258n30
Office of Special Studies (OSS), 105
oil, 190, 204, 251, 301–2n27; climate crisis and, 16; corn production and, xii, 9–10; drilling, 146; industrial agriculture and, 114; meat production and, 15; Mexican oil boom, 159; military- industrial complex and, 136; robber baron wealth and, 103; spills, 121
Olcot, Miguel, 210
Olmec, 74, 79
olotón maize, 94–97, 144, 279n149; found in Guatemala, 96
Olvera, Enrique, 170
omnivore diet, 7–10, 15, 31, 35, 36, 47, 77–78
Omnivore’s Dilemma (Pollan), xii, 7, 9, 17, 47, 77–78, 90–91, 102, 244
oncology, 252–53, 310n11
Oneida Nation, 53, 80, 248
OPVs (open-pollinated varieties), 106, 280n24
oral traditions, 2, 68–69, 74, 77, 79, 253
Oregon: GMO labeling in, xviii; unapproved Roundup-resistant wheat in, 234
organic food, xx; certification, xviii, 13–14, 63; GMO contamination of, 63; local food and, 13–14; Mayan farmers and, 176, 221; milpas and, 3, 17–18; yields and, 22
Ottoman Empire, 89
Palacios, Ronnie, 192
Palestinians, 50
Palmer amaranth (pigweed), 245
palm oil, 34, 39, 133, 266n32
Panama, 71, 142, 192
Pan-Maya identity, 2, 8, 177, 195, 212, 225–27; ancestral authorities as leaders of, 207, 219, 220, 222, 225, 228, 273n7
Pantek corn, 235
papayas, virus-resistant, 21
Papoon Corn, 76
para el gasto maize, 92
paraquat, xi, 3, 63, 100, 252
Parkinson’s disease, xv, 63, 252
Parrott, Wayne, 120–21
Pascual, Daniel, 201
Patel, Raj, 240; Stuffed and Starved, 35, 42, 43
patents: Bayh-Dole Act and, 55; CUSMA and, 153, 154; DR-CAFTA and, 144–45; GURT and, 124–25; living organisms, 121; Monsanto and, 57, 59, 199–202, 204, 206, 222–24; olotón maize and, 97; Roundup Ready seeds, 57; Schmeiser case, 4, 6; time limits, 57, 64; universities and, xi, xiv, 165; Vernon Bowman lawsuit, 123–24
Patriot Party, xvi, 199, 202, 213, 303n65
Paxil, 2, 72, 73, 253–54, 311n117
PCR technology, 179, 193, 197
Peace Accords (Guatemala), 147, 211, 223, 301–2n27
peasants, xxvii, 3, 4, 21, 25, 26; cocreators of contextual knowledge, 157; Committee on Peasant Unity, 201, 268; Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas, 51; diets, 37; food regimes and, 37, 42, 44–46; GM contamination and, 166, 170; Indigenous & Peasant Union Movement, 203; Indigenous peoples as, 45; labor, 45–47, 171; Monsanto Law and, 201, 203, 206, 211–12, 218; peasant studies, 31; persistence in modern world, 45; The Theory of Peasant Economy, 44–45, 287n62. See also Via Campesina
Pech, Leydy, 158, 176–77
pellagra, 90–91, 278n138
Pentagon, 110, 242
People of High-Fructose Corn Syrup, 8, 10, 17, 18
“people of maize,” 8, 17, 18, 79, 206, 256
Perdue, Sonny, xix
Perezcano Díaz, Hugo, 184
Pérez Molina, Otto, 195, 199, 203–4, 211–13, 223; “Major Tito” as nom de guerre, 213, 304n86
Perot, Ross, 138
Peru, 19, 71, 74, 75, 102, 176, 277n98
pesticides: aerial spraying, 13, 43, 115, 122; bans on, xiii, xvii; cancers and, xi–xii, 111–12; children and, xix; Chinese manufacture of, 64; “circle of poison,” 43, 267n53; EPA and, 60; food regimes and, 42, 43; GM crops and, 101–2; Green Revolution and, 109–15, 126; local food and, 13–14; Mexico and, 177, 179–80, 181; petrochemicals used to make, 20; Via Campesina and, 47; war technologies and, 56, 111–12, 253
PFAS (polyfluoroalkyl substances), 62
Philippines, 19, 37, 89, 107
phoxim insecticide powder, ix–x, xi
Pilliods, 60–61
Pimentel, David, 112, 113
Pinkerton Detective Agency, 124
Pioneer Hi-Bred, 61–62, 65, 66, 104, 106, 118, 120, 123, 170, 215
Plan de Ayala XXI, 178
plant diversity, 45, 66
polenta, 90
Pollan, Michael, 9–13, 260n25, 262n72; Botany of Desire, 8–9; ethnocentrism of, xii, 11; forktivism, 11–13; Omnivore’s Dilemma, xii, 7, 9, 17, 47, 77–78, 90–91, 102, 244; parochial food politics and, 7; US overproduction of corn and, 9–12
pollen, 74, 107, 129; GM, 4, 6, 7, 122, 167, 176
polycrops/polycropping, 1, 16, 22, 41, 56, 77, 112, 231, 237, 251. See also under milpa
Pop, Juan, 254
Pop, Margarita, 254
popcorn maize, 76, 77
Popol Vuh, 2, 35, 79, 128, 187, 203, 220, 230, 253
Poqomam, 8, 26
Porfiriato, 132, 159, 175; los Científicos as advisors, 131
Porras, Consuelo, 225, 226
poverty, 78, 105, 140, 159, 187, 221, 278n138
precautionary principle, xiii, 145, 153, 170, 184, 225, 227
PROCAMPO program, 139
processed foods, 10, 120, 140, 149, 182, 185, 266n23
progressive thinking, 47, 52, 107, 159, 194, 240, 242, 243, 308n47
Project Drawdown, 22
Pruitt, Scott, xvii
Public Citizen, 146, 291–92n146
Public Law 480 (PL-480), xxxi, 38, 39, 117
public universities, 3, 136, 165, 201, 212, 216, 218
Pujol restaurant, 170
Pulsar Group, 180
Puno, 76
Purdue University, 201
P’urhépecha, 79
Q’eqchi’, ix, 99, 231, 247; b’uluk game, 91, 278n141; cattle threat to, 100–101, 115, 131, 133; coffee cultivation, 131; cultural centrality of maize in Mesoamerica and, 82; DR-CAFTA and, 133–34; elders, 1–2, 78, 93, 100, 188, 286n13; language, 24–25, 77, 82, 87–88, 115, 251; maize creation stories and, 79, 80, 253–54; maize cultivation and, ix–xi, 1–3, 25–27, 26, 27, 34–35, 69, 73, 77, 78, 100, 101, 116, 118–19, 251, 286n13; Monsanto Law and, 206, 207, 209; recipes, 26; “resident workers,” 131; ritual life of maize and, 87–88, 91–94; Tzuultaq’a, 3, 93; women and maize, 83, 84, 85–86, 100
Quebec, Canada, xii, xiii, 75
Quetzalcoatl, 73, 80
quicklime technology, 84
Quino, Domingo, 219
Quintana Roo, 175, 177
Quist, David, 164–65, 166, 167
Ramírez, María, 230
Ranger Pro, xx
Rarámuri Gileno maize, 75
Ray, Janisse, 30
Rayo, Mariano, 202
Reagan administration, 116, 117
Rebel Kernels, EZLN, 172
recipes 25, 83, 85, 87, 209; for radicals, 240. See also culinary traditions
REDSAG. See National Network for the Defense of Guatemala’s Food Sovereignty
Reina, Ruben, xi
rematriation, 238
remittances, 139, 148
research and development (R&D), 22, 64, 103, 109, 124, 126, 231
resilience, 23, 67, 75–76, 89, 174
Reyes, Samuel, 200–201
Rhoads, Cornelius, 253, 311
Ribeiro, Silvia, 158, 168, 187, 296n115
Richards, Paul, 240
“rifles and bullets,” 117. See also Ríos Montt, Efraín
Right Livelihood Award, 4, 168
Ríos Montt, Efraín, 116–17, 206, 283n82, 305n105; “rifles and bullets,” 117
Rocamex, 106
Rockefeller, John D., 54, 105, 107
Rockefeller, Nelson, 105, 116
Rockefeller Foundation: chemotherapy drugs and, 253; CIMMYT and, 32; founded, 54; golden rice and, 244; Green Revolution and, 103, 105, 106, 107, 113; Mexican maize collections and, 65
Rodale Institute, 22, 246
Romania, 67, 90
Romero, Adam, 111
Romo, Alfonso, 180, 191, 298n166
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 104, 105
Rosemont, Franklin, 240
Rosset, Peter, 28–29
Rothamsted Station, England, 22
Roundup: bans on, 157, 179, 183–84, 233, 271n158; children and, xix–xx, 61; EPA and, xx, 59–60; EU and, 183; health research and, xix, xx–xxi, 59–60, 61, 183; inactive ingredients in, 60; lawsuits linked with, xx, xxi, 6, 58–59, 60–61, 123, 243; Mexico and, 179–80, 182–84; Monsanto attempts to cover up effects of, 58; resistance to, xiv, 4, 231–35, 245, 248, 249–50; studies reveal effects of, 59–60, 271n153
Roundup Ready crops: Argentina and, 125–26; EPA and, 149; GM contamination and, 150, 178, 192; Mexican permits, 176, 177; origins, 20, 58, 122, 125–26, 294n56; patents, 57, 125; Romo and, 180; studies reveal effects of, 59–60; wheat, 231–35
Roy, Arundhati, 215
Ruckelshaus, William, 123
Ruiz, Bishop Samuel, 171
“rules for radicals,” 240
Rural Studies Collective (CER-Ixim), 211
Sabritas, 150
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 82, 274n18
Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 137, 161
salt, 40, 41, 59, 130
San Andrés Accords (1996), 171
San Juan Comalapa, 221
San Vicente, Adelita, 158, 170, 179
Sarakhán, José, 166, 167
sarin, 111
Sarstoon-Temash watershed, 1
satyagraha (nonviolent truth-force), 41
Sauer, Carl, 246
Schapiro, Mark, 43, 266–67n53
Schlesinger, Stephen: Bitter Fruit, 43–44
Schmeiser, Percy, 4, 5–6, 124, 151, 192, 232
School of the Americas, 117, 203
Schools for Chiapas, 174
Schrader, Gerhard, 111
Schwartz, Norman, xi, 310n105
Science (journal), 70
Scott, James C., 46, 194, 301–2n27
S. D. Meyer, 146
seeds: banks, 31, 56, 65–67, 78, 96, 168, 174, 191, 239, 273n196, 308n51; climate change and, 21, 23, 31, 67, 174, 229, 240, 244, 247; cross-pollination, 63, 65, 72, 108, 201; domestication of maize and, 68–71, 73, 75, 76–78; exchanges, 21, 31, 66, 119, 151, 168, 233, 240, 282n70; fairs, 119, 221, 227, 228, 228; farmer-saved, xxiii, 4, 23, 33, 35, 41, 50, 53, 56, 64–67, 101, 119, 144, 154, 167, 174, 185, 200, 221, 227, 233, 237; Green Revolution and, 101–9, 116, 119; hybrid, 3, 19, 76, 103–9, 116, 119, 132, 136, 159, 221; Mexico deregulates sector, 159–60; NAFTA and, 138; “native” maize(s), 65; OPVS, 106, 280n24; second-generation, 123–25; small farmers use observational science to select and improve, 97–98; souls of, 2, 88, 91; Soviet Union and, 44; symbol of hope, 30; theft of native, 94–97; Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants and, 144–45, 210; Via Campesina and, 48, 53. See also genetically modified crops; and individual movements
Seeds of Change, 95
Selu (goddess), 81
Semillas Cristiani Burkard S.A. (SCB Inc.), 59, 148, 191, 198, 234
Semillas de Vida, 237
Seminis-Mexico, 169, 180, 191
Séralini, Gilles Eric, 59, 121, 271n153
Serrano Elías, Jorge, 202
Sevin, 111
Shapiro, Bob, 122, 124
Shapiro, Howard-Yana, 95, 97
Sheinbaum, Claudia, 237
Shiva, Vandana, 19, 269–70n115; The Violence of the Green Revolution, 113–14
silver bullet solutions, 19, 245, 305n105
Sin Maíz no Hay País (without maize, there is no country), 154, 163
Sisseton Wahypeton Oyate, 248
slavery, 35, 37, 44, 78, 81, 90–91, 131
small farms, 4; China and, 64; climate resilience and, 18; corn dumping and, 40; exchange and mix seeds, 168, 282n70; fourth food regime and, 185, 186; Global South and, 23, 24; Green Revolution and, 114, 115, 118–19, 126; improvisational nature of, 240; interest rates and, 9; maize and, 67, 72; Mexico’s public investments discriminate against, 161; organizations, 3, 31, 46–52, 97; peasants and, 44–46; productivity of, 10; trade agreements and, 4, 14, 129, 135, 138–39, 148; Zapatista movement and, 159
Smetacek, Andura, 165
Smith, Sugar Bear, 53
social media, 26, 245, 283; CUSMA and, 154, 155; endorsements and, xviii; Guatemalan activists and, 28, 200, 201, 204–5, 209, 212, 218–23
soil: carbon and, 20, 22; dandelions and, 250; degraded, 23; fertilizer and, 20, 115, 122, 185; Guatemalan, 189; hemp and, 248; hybrid corn and, 108, 109; moistures, 24, 108; olotón maize and, 94; organic, 14; velvet bean and, 252
Solnit, Rebecca, 30, 262
Somos Raíz, EZLN, 173
South Korea, 4–5, 5, 148
Soviet Union, 9, 44–45, 133, 251, 269n89
soybeans, xiv, 59, 123, 125–26, 148, 176
Spain, 37, 78, 89, 130, 131, 169, 234; and invasion of Americas, 32, 36, 74, 78, 79, 85, 87, 89, 129–32, 156–57, 238, 245–46
Spirnak, Madelyn E., 120
squash, 2, 35, 56, 68, 77, 100, 158, 209, 275n58
staple foods, 36–37, 38, 53, 82, 98, 142, 161, 190; amaranth as, 246; maize as 10, 32, 77, 90, 138, 142, 148, 163, 184; potatoes as, 102, 127, 277n98; wheat as, 37, 90, 233
Stalin, Josef, 44, 114
StarLink corn, 63, 149–51, 166, 192, 193, 195, 232, 291n133
stinging nettle, 249–50
stock market, 34–35, 39, 265n2, 308n51
storage, maize, 24, 38, 83, 96, 117, 118, 136–37, 186, 305n105; bins, x, 133, 147
Stuffed and Starved (Patel), 35, 42, 43
Suarez, Víctor, 179, 185–86
subsidies: corn prices and, 34, 136, 138; DR-CAFTA and, 141, 142; food regimes and, 48; free trade and, 5; GATT and, 4; indirect, 135–36, 182; industrial farms and, 46, 114, 135, 139; Mexican government and, 160, 161, 163, 182, 186; NAFTA and, 138, 139, 234–35; overproduction of corn and, 9–10; Pollan and, 9–10, 13; size of US subsidies, 135, 160, 182; WTO tribunals and, 137
sugar: Caste War Rebellion, 175; ethanol production and, 63; food regimes and, 37–38, 40, 41, 42; labels, xvii; subsidies and, 142; sugar cane, 11, 37–38, 100, 201–2
supermarkets, 10, 16, 40, 43, 163
superweed, 165, 232, 245, 248
Suppan, Steve, 153
Swanson, Nancy L., 59–60
sweet corn, 76, 77, 275
Syngenta, xiv, 31, 57, 58, 125, 151, 165, 252; CRISPR-edited seeds and, 62, 64; origins, 63; merger, xvii, 31, 57, 58, 62, 63–64. See also Novartis
Tabun, 111
tacos, 78, 149
Taíno, 128–29
tamales, 25, 63, 82, 83, 100, 276, 286; Aztec, 245; nixtamalization and, 85–86
Tamayo, Laura, 181–82
Taussig, Michael, 92
Tay, Karla, 217–18
Taylor, Diana, 173, 308n51
Taylor, Michael R., 123
Teflon, 62
Tenochtitlan, 74, 81, 129, 156
teosintes, 105, 196, 273n7, 274n18, 279n149, 295n70; domestication of, xxi, 32, 68–73, 71, 74, 247; gene flow between maize and, 24; GM and, 165, 192, 217; Mexico and, 158; origin stories and, 80; species names and distribution, 69
tepary bean, 239–40, 239
Terminator technology, 125, 168, 170; genetic use restriction technology, 124
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 249
Thailand, 40
Thanksgiving, 11, 81, 254
Thomas, Clarence, 123
“three wicked stepsisters,” 31
Titicaca, Lake, 76
Tiul, Kajkoj Ba, 210
tobacco, 12, 111, 141, 146, 180, 284n109
Tohono O’odham Nation, 239
Toledo, Víctor Manuel, 179–80, 181
Tonacatepetl, 73
tortilla flour markets, 161–63, 174
tortillas, x, 10, 25, 73, 100, 116, 131, 133, 230; Christianity and, 89; GM contamination of, 178, 183, 185, 303n65; Mexico tortilla crisis, 161–63; origins of, 85; prices of, 157, 159, 161–63; white maize and, 100, 139, 157; women’s daily lives and, 82–83, 85–86; word, 87–88; Zapatista farmers and, 174
tortivales, 162
Totontepec, 95–96
tractor, 103
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 152
Tribal Hemp and Cannabis (magazine), 249
Trudeau, Justin, 154
Truman, Harry, 104
Trump, Donald, xvii, xix, 152, 154, 181, 213–14, 301n9
Tsotsil Maya of Chiapas, 88
Turrent, Antonio, 185
Turuseachi, Pedro (Tarahumara), 170
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), xxxi, 58; Agent Orange and, xii, xiv, 62, 110; as alternative to Roundup, 271n158; Canada bans, xii–xiii, 183; clover and, 250; Enlist and, xiv–xv, xvi, 62; health research and, xi–xii, xv, xix–xx, 61, 62, 110–11, 257n7; level of use in Guatemala, xi–xii; origins of, 62, 109–11; residues in homes, xiii, 257n7
2,4,5-Triclorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), xxxi, xvi, 110
tziquinché (Schizophyllum commune), 209, 250
Tzuultaq’a (mountain gods), 3, 93
Ubico, Jorge, 131–32
Ukraine, 39, 44, 90
underdogs, 36, 89, 210, 243, 247; crops as, 36; David as metaphor, 188–89, 243, 253
Union of Scientists Committed to Society (UCCS, Mexico), 178, 185
United Fruit Company, 43–44, 55, 100, 190, 251
United Nations (UN), 4; Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People, 33, 51, 144; Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas, 51; Development Programme, 177; Economic and Social Council, 51; Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, xxxi, 15–16, 146; Environmental Programme, xxxi, 149, 194, 196, 198, 216; Food and Agriculture Organization, 55, 127, 145; International Commission Against Impunity, xvi–xvii, 211, 212, 213; Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 117–18. See also Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), xxxi, 152–54, 156, 181, 183, 234–35, 299n195
universities: collusion with corporations, xi, xiv, 12, 23, 63, 94–97, 111, 120–21, 135–36, 165, 284n108; land grant, 23, 103, 111, 131, 135; public, 3, 136, 165, 201, 212, 216, 218. See also individual universities
University of California, xi, xxxi, 95
University of California, Berkeley, xi, xxvi, 63, 164–65, 178
University of California, Davis, xiii, xiv, xv, 13, 167, 265n16, 281n45; biopiracy and, 32, 95, 96; Native Foods and Farming of the Americas course (2014), 13; partnerships with agribusiness corporations, 12, 95, 96, 284n108; World Food Center, xxiv, 95
University of Chicago, 109–10, 137
University of Georgia, 120
University of San Carlos (Guatemala), 201
University of Wisconsin, 95, 96
USAID, 38, 56, 117, 142, 144, 150
US Army, 15, 253, 189–90
US Commodity Credit Corporation, 162, 184, 287n43
US Commodity Futures Modernization Act (2000), 39
US Congress, xviii, 119, 142–43, 152, 257n9, 291–92n146
US Department of Agriculture, xxxi, 19; “aid” to Global South, 119–20, 198, 214–15; Enlist and, xiv–xv, xvi; GM contamination and, 149, 151, 169, 234; QR code rule and, xix; relationship with Monsanto, 169, 259n10; Michael Taylor and, 123; Henry Wallace and, 65, 105. See also US Foreign Agricultural Service
US Department of Defense, 110, 282n65
US Department of Justice, xvii, 57
US Food and Drug Administration, xviii, xxxi; GM crops and, 121, 123, 149, 150, 169; herbicide regulation, 183; revolving door with corporations, 123, 259n10
US Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), xxxi; origins and function of, 119–20. See also Global Agriculture Information Network; Guatemalan FAS
US State Department, 119, 120, 144, 145, 152, 215
US Supreme Court, 57, 61, 121, 123
US Trade Representative (USTR): CUSMA and, 152, 234; DR-CAFTA and, 141–43, 144, 145, 147, 148; Kantor as, 123; McKalip as, 182
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 54
Vásquez, Francisco, 200
Vatican, 49
Vavilov, Nikolai, 44
velvet bean, 100, 251–52, 310n105
Venezuela, 50, 289n76
Vermont, GMO labeling in, xv, xviii
Via Campesina, 3, 97, 114, 154, 168, 179, 192, 261n50; agrarian and peasant studies, 31, 51; agroecology and, 21; diversity within, 48–49, 50; food regimes and, 48–52; food sovereignty, 50, 51, 52, 53, 157; global institutions as foils, 47, global organizing, 3, 49, 51, 114, 154, 168; history of, 35, 46–51, 157; Indigenous peoples within, 49–51, 53, 179; land rights, 261n40; leaders within, 4–5, 28–29, 47; membership of, 48–49, 193, 268n79, 268–69n89; NGO allies, 51, 268n82; North American tribal governments and, 53; Nyéléni Declaration (2007), 50; origins of, 35, 46–47; seed control, 48, 49, 97, 154; trade as issue, 48, 134; World Trade Organization and, 3, 134, 137; youth, 49
Victory gardens (World War II), 238
Vietnam War (1955–75), xii, xiv, 10, 110, 257, 281n47, 282n65
Villalobos, Víctor, 182
Vilsack, Tom “Mr. Monsanto,” 182, 184
Vinicio Cerezo, Marco, 202
Violence of the Green Revolution, The (Shiva), 113–14
Virgin Mary, 85, 89
Vitacereal, 192
Wallace, Henry, 104
Wallace, Henry A., 60–61, 104–5, 108, 112, 119
Wallace, Henry Cantwell, 104
Wallace’s Farmer, 104
Walmart, 16, 140
Wampanoag, 81
Warman, Arturo, 89
warning labels, xvii, 178
Washington (state): GMO labeling in, xviii
Washington, George, 76
Weed B Gon max, 62
Weedone, 110
weeds, xiv, 2, 3, 6, 20, 32, 33, 60, 64, 100, 231; GM wheat and, 232–33; medicinal value of, 6, 245–53; as metaphor for resistance, 249; resistance to weedkiller, xiv, 20, 64, 122; superweeds, 165, 232, 245, 248
Weir, David, 43
Wellhausen, Edwin, 106
WestBred, 234
wheat: Canadian and US farmers defeat GM, 33, 231–35; domestication of, 68, 89; food regimes and, 41, 42; patterns of colonial settlement and, 36; Spanish invasion of Americas and, 32, 87, 130
White, Richard, 241
White, Rowen, 238
White Earth Recovery Project, 248
White Earth Reservation, 53
Whyte, Kyle Powys, 97–98
Wiebe, Nettie, 48–49
Wikileaks, 144, 145, 152
Wilkes, Garrison, 72; “Urgent Notice to All Maize Researchers,” 72
Winn Dixie, 16
women: agroecology discourse and, 238; anti-Monsanto rallies and, 203, 212; conserving agroecological cultivars, 69; DDT in breastmilk, 115; GMO contamination and, 192, 218; health, x, xxi, 60, 64, 218, 245; household labor, value of, xviii, xxix, 242; maize cooking technologies, 11, 25, 32, 80–86, 90, 101, 132, 238, 251, 276n91; maize cultivation and, 88, 100; Mayan beekeepers, 175; Q’eqchi’, 80–86, 88, 100, 101, 251, 254; Zapatista movement and, 158
wood ash, x, 84, 85
Woodland, CA, xii–xiv, xix–xx, xxii
World Bank, 122; biosafety protocols and, 149, 194; climate-smart agriculture and, 20; Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and, 113; McNamara and, 113, 282n65; on Mexico’s agrarian bias, 160; Via Campesina and, 47. See also Global Environmental Facility
World Economic Forum (Davos, Switzerland, 2009), 169
world food economy, 36
World Food Programme (WFP), 150, 192
World Health Organization (WHO), x; IARC, 60, 62
World Social Forum (WSF), 168
World Trade Organization (WTO), xxxi, 53, 123; Battle for Seattle (1999), 5, 47, 269n100; corn prices and, 136, 137; DR-CAFTA and, 142, 145; Fifth World Trade Organization ministerial, Mexico (2003), 3–6, 5, 6, 137, 269n100; GATT and, 134; legal personhood of corporations and, 54; Mexico presents maize quality guidelines to, 183; Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, 153; Via Campesina and, 47, 134, 135, 137
World War I, 109
World War II, 112, 301–2n27; food regimes and, 36, 38; GATT and, 134; Victory gardens, 238; weapons manufacturers during, 109, 253
Wright, Angus, 43
Wycliffe Bible Translators, 116
Ximénez, Francisco, 79
Xinico, Sandra, 229
Xinka, 220, 225
Xmucane (female deity), 80
Yale University, 3, 281n42; Program in Agrarian Studies, 51
Yara, 20
yellow dent corn, 90–91, 138–39, 147, 182
Yerza, Rufus, 123
YieldGard corn, 122, 150–51, 191–92, 198, 296n98
Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), 66, 157, 175–77, 180
Yucatec Maya, 175–77, 180
Zapata, Emiliano, 179, 180, 292–93n7
Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), xxviii, 8; autonomous municipalities, 171, 173–74; maize as cultural symbol of, 137, 172, 173–74, 173; Mother Seeds in Resistance campaign, 173–74, 179, 222; NAFTA and, 51, 137, 157, 171; name, 292–93n7; rebuild traditional maize economy, 241, 288n68; transitions in strategy, 171; women in, 158
Zapotec, 86, 94, 164, 166
Zea diploperennis, 69
Zea luxurians, 69, 217
Zea mays, x, 69–70, 129
Zea nicaraguensis, 69
Zea perennis, 69
Zedillo, Ernesto, 162
Zeidler, Othmar, 111
zoonotic diseases, 78

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