INDEX

Asterisks indicate works translated in part or in full in A Book to Burn and A Book to Keep (Hidden).

• afterlife, 9, 172, 211, 213–15
• age, 115–16
• Analects (Lunyu), 135–36, 148, 212; 1.6, 116; 8.20, 135; 9.3, 32; 13.24, 22; 16.7, 130n36. See also Four Books
• Araki Kengo, 210
• artificiality, 18–19, 31, 174–75
• authenticity (zhen), 7–8, 183n44; authentic self, 4, 8, 20, 28, 30–34, 176; “childlike mind” (tongxin) and, 174, 216; of Dao learners, 12, 173; of emotions, 59–60; of friends, 57; of literary works, 19–20, 156, 191; Li Zhi’s quest for, 17–18, 20; religious practice and, 173–74, 179; spiritual; zhen, 33; zhenji (universal truth, genuine spirit), 120, 216
• authorship: and interpretation, 11, 117–19, 125, 132; of works attributed to Li Zhi, 104n6. See also Ye Zhou; Li Zhi, writings and commentaries attributed to

• Baiquan Jushi, 24, 44
• benxin (the original heart and mind), 18, 156
• Bo Ya, 98–100, 102–3, 106n32
• Book of Change (Yijing), 149, 160n10, 181n24. See also Confucian classics
• Book of Documents (Shujing), 135–36. See also Confucian classics
• Book of Poetry (Shijing), 215. See also Confucian classics
• Book of Rites (Liji), 133, 139. See also Confucian classics
• books, 168. See also authorship; commentary; fiction; Li Zhi, writings and commentaries attributed to; misreading; print culture; publishing; reading; writing
• Boyi, 21, 35n15
• Buddhism, 5, 12, 21, 87, 131n51, 159, 174, 178; Buddha Sakyamuni, 60; and Confucianism in late Ming, 113, 126, 212, 215; da zhangfu (honorary/great man), 114; Dao learners and, 166; detachment, 31, 36n49, 83; examination elites and, 44; gendered vocabulary of, 112, 114, 116–18; head shaving, 59–60, 63, 70nn18–19, 116, 118–20, 158–59; Jiaxing canon (Jiaxingzang), 176; karma, 46, 82; life and death, question of, 209–15, 221; nondualism, 172–75, 178; ordination into monkhood, 181n13; revival, 179; sangha, 30; scriptures, 146, 164, 166, 168–73, 178, 182n38; self/other dichotomy, 83; Three Teachings and, 158; women and Buddhist study, 122–24; Yangming learning and, 221. See also Chan Buddhism; chujia (withdrawal from family or the world); monks; Pure Land Buddhism; Vimalakīrti; and under Li Zhi, ethics and politics of

• Chan Buddhism, 5, 172, 176–79, 183n42, 207n41; Confucians and, 170, 212; Dao learners and, 165, 168–69; doubt and, 166; encounter dialogue (jifeng wenda), 12, 173, 175, 177–78, 183n43; gong’an (kōan), 174, 177, 178–79; lineages, 171–72; monks and, 170; nondualism, 172, 184n57; pedagogy, 100; performance and, 175. See also under Li Zhi, ethics and politics of
• Changqing Huiling, 177, 229
• Chao Jiong: Daoyuan jiyao (Essentials from the Dao Cloister), 165; Fazang suijin lu (Record of the Scrap Gold from the Dharma Treasure), 165; Zhaode xinbian (New Compilation at the Zhaode Estate), 165
• Cheng Xueyan, 104n9, 183n50
• Cheng Yi, 138, 212, 214–15, 221–22
• childlike mind (tongxin), 18–20, 101, 148, 156, 174, 191, 216
• Chinese Enlightenment, 13, 225
• chujia (withdrawal from family or the world), 60; and the Buddhist tonsure, 60, 70nn18–19. See also Buddhism; Chan Buddhism; and under Li Zhi, ethics and politics of
• civil service, 160; as Confucian duty, 80, 158. See also Confucian officialdom; examinations; public service
• commentary, 204n6; critical (piping), 146–47; on fiction, 13, 187–89. See also Li Zhi, writings and commentaries attributed to; reading; writing. See also under Li Zhuowu; Ye Zhou
• commerce, 154. See also mercantile literati (shishang); merchants
• commercialism: of economy, 80; of Macheng area, 180–81n9; of mail service, 78, 157. See also mercantile literati; merchants; publishing
• communal good, as gong (ritually sanctioned, appropriate), 43, 45, 80
• Confucian classics, 13, 33, 109, 133, 159, 164, 168, 213; Book of Change (Yijing), 181n24; Book of Documents (Shujing), 135–36; Book of Poetry (Shijing), 215; Book of Rites (Liji), 133, 139; Spring and Autumn Annals and the Zuo Commentary (Chunqiu Zuozhuan), 34n7, 18, 33. See also Four Books
• Confucian officialdom, 4–6; and Buddhism, 126; corruption, hypocrisy, and disloyalty within, 26, 30, 32, 71n32, 83, 154–55, 220; and Dao learners (xuedaoren), 166; v. family obligations, 60, 116, 155; Geng Dingxiang’s views on, 80, 121; Li Zhi’s attitude toward, 85–86, 121, 127, 152–53; Li Zhi’s career in, 5, 24, 41, 43, 46, 48–49, 57, 60–62, 85, 146–47, 158–59, 164, 166, 220; Li Zhi’s interactions with officials, 30, 72n48, 84; mercantile literati (shishang), 156–59, 162n56; official correspondence (gongwen), 77
• Confucian orthodoxy: afterlife, attitudes toward, 213, 218; correspondence of names and reality, 218–19; Geng Dingxiang’s relationship to, 5, 81–87; Li Zhi’s relationship with, 4, 9, 41, 69, 150, 180n3, 224; print culture and, 112; Qing dynasty orthodox Confucians’ attitudes toward Li Zhi, 224; “the sanctimonious orthodox” (xiangyuan) 87, 91n24. See also Confucian officialdom; Confucianism (Ruism); Confucius (Kongzi); Dao; wulun (five cardinal relationships)
• Confucianism (Ruism), 12, 87; afterlife, as concern of, 13, 213–14; and Buddhism in late Ming, 113, 126, 212–13, 215; Daoism and, 213, 215; ethics, 5, 46–47, 58, 120, 152, 159, 216–17; family v. friendship, in late Ming, 69; filial piety and sagehood, 115, 222–23; gender and, 8, 112, 114; liangzhi (pristine moral consciousness), Li Zhi’s views on, 218–19, 221, 225; life and death, question of, 211–15, 225; literature, regarded as didactic, 157; moral perfection and, 153, 160; public service as duty, 80, 158; qi, theory of, 212–13; in Qing era, v. Ming, 225; rites, 38, 46–47; widow chastity and remarriage in, 138. See also Confucian officialdom; Confucian orthodoxy; Confucius (Kongzi); Dao; neo-Confucianism; wulun (five cardinal relationships)
• Confucius (Kongzi), 22, 32, 60, 86–89, 105n12, 105n21, 116, 212; family and, 60, 116; filial piety of, 223; as teacher, 82, 85–86, 98, 101, 105n12, 106n26, 152; women, attitude toward, 134–36
• conjugal relationship, 43, 56, 61. See also family; wulun (five cardinal relationships); and under Li Zhi, life of: relationships
• corruption, 6, 83, 121, 223

• Dao: death and, 212; filial piety and, 222; friendship and, 62; pursuit of, 6, 24, 159, 165–66, 169; xingming (spirit-and-nature) and, 210. See also self-cultivation
• Dao gu lu (Discussions of Antiquity), 93, 101, 104n7, 149
• Dao learners (xuedaoren), 12, 98, 165, 180n3; Buddhism and, 166, 168; community, importance of, 166–67, 175; performance and, 173, 175; syncretism of, 168, 210; textual spirituality of, 168, 173–75
• Daodejing, 129n25. See also Laozi
• Daoism, 12, 21, 33, 159, 212; alchemy, 17; and Buddhism, 213, 215; life and death, question of, 211; Yangming learning and, 221
• de Bary, William Theodore, 3, 118, 129n24, 151, 211
• death. See life and death, question of
• Deng Huoqu, 9, 58, 83, 104n9, 119, 129n30, 180n7; afterlife and, 213–14; as Buddhist monk, 22, 166; as Dao learner, 166; works of, published by Li Zhi, 180n6
• Deng Lincai (Shiyang), 26, 45–46, 62
• detachment, 31, 36n49, 83. See also wuqing (no emotions)
• Diamond Sūtra (Jingang jing), 170
• dissent, in China, 4, 139, 150. See also rebels
• Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong), 74n74, 88, 148, 149, 216. See also Four Books
• drama, 173, 189, 204n6, 205n20. See also Pipa ji (The Lute); Xixiang ji (The Western Chamber)
• Du Fu, 27, 61

• economy, of late Ming: letter publication and, 80; mercantile literati (shishang), 146, 151, 154–55, 157. See also commercialism; mercantile literati; merchants; publishing
• education, 82, 154. See also examinations; self-cultivation; students; teachers
• emotions, 25–28, 45–50. See also qing (emotion)
• enlightenment, Buddhist, 31, 49, 59, 113, 166, 169, 176, 179; friends and the search for, 9, 61–62, 74n73; impossibility of attaining, 24–25; Li Zhi’s claim to, 112–18, 121–27; question of life and death and, 9, 210, 218–19, 221
• epistolarity: friendship and, 75; gongwen (official correspondence), 77; in the late Ming, 9, 76; letter-writing guides, 90n5; means of sending letters, 77–79; public circulation of letters, 79–80; “public sphere of letters,” 10; siwu (private articles), 77, 79; as social and intellectual medium, 77, 80, 166–68; as texts, 75, 79. See also Li Zhi, letters by
• ethics: “compulsion to act,” 84; filial piety and, 52n37; well-being and, 21, 152–53. See also under Confucianism; Li Zhi, ethics and politics of
• examination essays: commentaries on fiction and, 188; eight-legged (bagu, shiwen), 8, 12, 19, 147–50, 207n44; Li Zhi’s attitude toward, 19, 147–50, 157. See also examinations
• examinations: for the civil service, 12, 101, 147, 153. See also examination essays

• fakery, 19, 31, 174
• family: friendship and, 69; gong/si (public/private) and family ties, 43; jia, 57; masculinity and, 61; obligations to, 58, 60. See also Confucius (Kongzi): family and; conjugal relationship; filial piety; Li Zhi, life of; wulun (five cardinal relationships)
• Fang Hang (Ziji), 106n31, 167, 178
• Fang Xiarou, 224
• Fang Yilin (Zhanyi), 119, 130n30, 180n7
• Fang Yizhi, 220
• Fayan Monastery, 184n52
• fiction, 4, 203n3; four masterworks (si da qi shu), 187, 194; huaben, 204n6; mercantile literati (shishang) and, 157; readership of, 156, 188; xiaoshuo genre, 13, 189. See also commentary; literary criticism; Sanguo yanyi/Sanguo zhi yanyi (Romance of the Three Kingdoms); Shuihu zhuan (Loyal and Righteous Outlaws of the Marsh/Outlaws of the Marsh/The Water Margin); Xiyou ji (Journey to the West); Ye Zhou
• filial piety, 7, 8, 25, 31, 38–50, 52n37, 70n13, 70n16, 85, 115–16, 121, 195, 222–23; modern views of, 39–40; People’s Republic of China and, 51n1; v. si (impropriety/selfishness/bias), 46. See also under chujia (withdrawal from family or the world); Confucianism (Ruism); Li Zhi, ethics and politics of; Li Zhuowu; literati (shi), in late Ming
• five cardinal relationships. See wulun
• Foucault, Michel, 151–52
• Four Books, 12, 148, 150, 216; Analects (Lunyu), 135, 136, 148, 212: 1.6, 116; 8.20, 135; 9.3, 32; 13.24, 22; 16.7, 130n36; Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong), 74n74, 88, 148, 149, 216; Great Learning (Da xue), 84, 148, 149, 175; Mencius (Mengzi), 18, 21, 22, 35nn16–18, 105n22, 148, 216, 217. See also Analects (Lunyu); Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong); Great Learning (Da xue); Mencius (Mengzi)
• Four Treasuries (Siku quanshu), 223–24, 227nn51–54
• friendship, 9, 41, 55–56, 64, 66, 69, 89; and Dao, 62; death and, 67–68, 179; expectations concerning, 27; letters and, 75; masculinity and, 61; social equality and, 68; soulmate, 6, 9, 57, 60–61, 68; teacher as friend (shiyou), 73n56, 92, 95–96, 103n1; tongzhi (comrade), 7; wulun (five cardinal relationships) and, 88; xiang’ai (someone to whom one is attached), 57; xiangzhi (a person who understands), 57; zhiyin (one who understands the sound), 6, 95, 98. See also under Li Zhi, life of
• Fu Sinian, 39
• Fujian, viii; home province of Li Zhi, 4, 6, 85, 167; print industry of, 189, 194

• Gao Panlong, 214
• gender, 10–11, 112, 117; Buddhism and, 112, 122–24; Confucianism and, 8, 112, 114, 135; daren (mature adult man), 115; dizi (youth), 116; ideals of, in late Ming, 111–12, 114; Li Zhi and, 10–11, 112–15, 117, 133–34, 140; literati and, 111; women and men compared, 133–34, 140; zhangfu (manly man), 72n35, 114; zhen nanzi (real man), 113, 114–15, 123. See also masculinity; women
• Geng Dingli, 5, 57, 63–64, 75, 81, 89, 167; heart-mind, concern with, 216–17
• Geng Dingxiang, 5, 7, 81, 90n1, 130n35, 153, 180n7; Buddhism, criticism of, 82, 85, 87, 130n37; Confucianism, view of, 80, 121; ethical compulsion to act, 81–84, 86, 216; on filial piety, 85, 116; Geng Tiantai xiansheng wenji (The Collected Writings of Master Geng of Tiantai), 76; letters and, 9–10, 57; letters to Li Zhi, 75–76, 81, 83, 85–87; Li Zhi, debate with, 6, 21, 57–59, 63–64, 75, 84–89, 116, 119–21, 158, 216, 223, 225; “Lizhong san yi zhuan”/“Lizhong san yi ren” (“Biographies of Three Eccentric Visitors to the Village”), 57, 58, 130n30; publication of letters by, 76–77, 80; “Qiu jing shu,” 130n41; on wulun (five cardinal relationships), 88; Yan Jun anecdote, 175–76; “Yu Wu Shaoyu,” 129n30; “Yu Zhou Liutang,” 129n30; Yu Zhou Liutang” (3.57a–58b), 130n36
• genuineness. See authenticity
• gong (ritually sanctioned, appropriate), 8; v. si (improper, selfish, biased), 43, 45, 77–80
• Gong’an School, 101
• Great Learning (Da xue), 84, 148, 149, 175. See also Four Books
• Gu Kaizhi, 29, 201
• Gu Yangqian (Tongzhou), 36n41, 65
• Gu Yanwu, 33
• Guan Zhidao, 64, 167
• Gui Youguang, 142n30

• Han Zhen, 166, 183n50
• He Xinyin, 6, 9, 32, 58, 84, 88, 104n9, 106n30, 180n7, 224; as Dao learner, 166; as student of Yan Jun, 183n50
• Heart Sūtra (Xinjing), 169–70
• hero, 22, 32, 36n53; Li Zhi as, 160
• He-Yin Zhen, 139–40; “Nüzi jiefang wenti” (“On the Question of Women’s Liberation”), 140–41n9
• History of the Zither, The (Qin shi), 98–100
• Hongfu. See under Li Zhi, names of
• Hu Shi, 39, 197
• Hu Yinglin, 137–38
• Huang Zongxi, 91n19, 130n37, 155, 214; Ming Ru xue’an (Biographies of Ming Scholars), 91n19, 130n37, 164; Ming wenhai (Sea of Writings of the Ming), 154
• Huayan helun (Combined Treatise on the Avataṃsaka Sūtra), 169
• Huguang (province), viii, 5, 63, 75, 78–79, 84, 87, 90, 119, 124, 169, 180n6, 180–81n9
• Huineng, 172
• hypocrisy: filial piety and, 60; of officials, 30, 32, 83, 153–55, 157, 220. See also under Confucian officialdom; Li Zhi, ethics and politics of

• individualism, 9; mercantile literati and, 12, 151

• jianghui/jiangxue (philosophical debate), 62, 68, 94. See also xinxue (School of the Mind)
• Jiao Hong, 6, 18, 22, 33, 63–66, 98, 147, 148, 158, 167, 170–71; eulogy for Li Zhi, 61; Jiaoshi leilin (Mr. Jiao’s Grove of Categories), 103n1; as mercantile literatus (shishang), 157, 159; as proponent of Wang Yangming’s teachings, 89; on Qin shi (The History of the Zither), 98–99; Taishang ganying pian (Tract of the Most Exalted on Resonance and Response), 170–71; Xu Fenshu (Another Book to Burn) and, 89
• Jin Shengtan, 189
• Journey to the West. See Xiyou ji

• Kong Ruogu, 23, 25, 26, 29, 40–42, 44–45, 47. See also Li Zhi, names of

• Lady Huang (Li Zhi’s wife), 6, 25–29, 44–46, 60–61
• Laozi, 33, 171, 181n24. See also Daodejing
• law (Ming Code), 77, 79
• letters. See epistolarity
• Li Cai, 24, 61
• Li Gong, 47
• Li Shihui, 172, 211
• Li Tongxuan, 169
• Li Weizhen, 93
• Li Zhi, as commentator: on bandits, 191; on Buddhist scriptures, 169–71, 173–74; on Chan, 130n37, 166, 170–72, 179; on Chan and encounter dialogues, 175–76; on Confucian texts, 148, 170, 181n24; on Daoist texts, 171; on Deng Huoqu, 58; on Du Fu, 61; on education, 82: on educational methods, 4, 10, 93, 97, 98, 99–101; on He Xinyin, 58, 88, 106n29; on literature, 4, 10, 13, 19, 187, 204n16, 207–8n49; on recluses, 30–31, 80; on Shuihu zhuan (Loyal and Righteous Outlaws of the Marsh/Outlaws of the Marsh/The Water Margin), 19, 149, 191, 204n11, 205n19; on self-interest, 83, 85, 153, 155; on si (impropriety/selfishness/bias), 18, 43, 86, 151; on teacher as friend (shiyou), 73n56, 92, 95–96, 103n1; on Xixiang ji (The Western Chamber) 19, 156, 191. See also Li Zhi, writings and commentaries attributed to; Li Zhuowu; Ye Zhou
• Li Zhi, ethics and politics of
• —Buddhism, as concern of, 6, 11, 12, 44, 87, 157–59, 180; chujia (withdrawal from family or the world), 30–31, 62–63; inconsistent practice of, 167, 172; karma, 46, 82; Li Zhi as “Confucian monk,” 1, 30–31, 113; life and death, question of, 209–10; monkhood, 31, 116, 118, 119, 120, 159, 167, 181n13; nondualism of, 172–75; Pure Land, and, 49–50, 172–73; study of scriptures, 169
• —Confucianism/Ruism and, 38, 115, 139, 152, 158–59, 179, 209–10, 217; Confucius and, 32, 60, 82, 88, 89, 105n12, 152; Li Zhi as “Confucian monk,” 1, 30–31, 113; neo-Confucianism and, 4, 6, 8, 11, 128. See also filial piety; hypocrisy
• —on Dao learners (xuedaoren), 165–66; authenticity of, 173; Daoism and, 159, 209–10; Li Zhi as one, 12, 50, 166, 167, 179
• —ethics, 11, 83–85, 127, 219; economic activity and, 152–53, 155, 160; hypocrisy, 21, 60, 153, 155, 157, 220
• —filial piety and, 7–9, 25–26, 31, 33, 38–50; Buddhism and, 58–60, 70n19, 85; official career and, 42–43, 49, 60; self-representation and, 41–42
• —syncretism of, 157–59, 166, 174; Three Teachings and, 157–58, 166, 174, 179, 210–11
• Li Zhi, letters by, 9–10, 75–76, 89, 112, 121–23; “Da Deng Mingfu” (“In Response to Deng Mingfu”), 152; *“Da Geng Sikou” (“Reply to Justice Minister Geng”), 153; “Da Jiao Yiyuan” (“In Reply to Jiao Yiyuan”), 171; “Da laishu” (“Response to a Letter I Received”), 217; “Da Mei Qiongyu” (“Reply to Mei Qiongyu”), 87–88; *“Da yi nüren xue dao wei jianduan shu” (“A Letter in Response to the Claim That Women Are Too Shortsighted to Understand the Dao”), 114, 133–34, 136; “Da Zhou Erlu” (“Reply to Zhou Erlu”), 117–18; *“Da Zhou Liutang” (“Reply to Zhou Liutang” [Sijiu]), 175–76; *“Du Ruowu mu jishu” (“Reading a Letter from Ruowu’s Mother”), 49–50; “Fu Deng Shiyang” (“Reply to Deng Shiyang”), 22; “Fu Jiao Ruohou” (“Reply to Jiao Ruohou”), 63; publication of, 76–77, 80; “Que ji” (“Sending a Poem”), 125; *“Shu Xiaoxiu shoujuan hou” (“Written at the End of Yuan Zhongdao’s Hand Scroll”), 126; to women, 122–23; *“Yu Geng Sikou gaobie” (“Bidding Farewell to Justice Minister Geng”), 87; “Yu Jiao Ruohou” (“To Jiao Ruohou”), 22, 33; “Yu Li Weiqing” (“To Li Weiqing”), 172; “Yu Lu Tianpu” (“To Lu Tianpu”), 17; “Yu Pan Xuesong” (“To Pan Xuesong”), 160n6; *“Yu youren lun wen” (“Discussing Literature with a Friend”), 139; *“Yu Zeng Jiquan” (“To Zeng Jiquan”), 31, 116; “Yu Zhou Guiqing” (“To Zhou Guiqing”), 65; *“Yu Zhou Youshan” (“To Zhou Youshan” [Sijing]), 35n23
• Li Zhi, life of
• —biographical details, 4–7, 146; biography of, by Shen Fu, 24; familial duties, 24–27, 50, 60, 62, 115–16, 158; Geng Dingxiang, debate with, 6, 21, 63, 64, 75, 84–89, 116–17, 119, 130n37, 153, 158, 216, 223; as mercantile literatus (shishang), 12, 145–46, 151, 157–60; official career, 30, 158–59; orphaned status, 42, 141n10; patronage and, 5–6, 40, 124–25, 146–47; performance and, 175–76, 179; poverty of, 63–64; as publisher, 170, 180n6, 182n29; as social critic, 59–60, 83, 125, 153, 155, 157, 174; social norms, adherence to, 31–32. See also Li Zhi, reception of
• —relationships: on conjugal, 52n38, 56; with daughter-in-law, 138; with daughters, 8, 26, 29, 38, 47; with father (Master Baizhai), 8, 25, 42; with friends, 9–10, 55–56; with grandparents, 25; with Luo Rufang, 93–100, 103, 106n29, 166–67, 177–78; with Mei Danran, 121–23, 125; with mother (Lady Dong), 42; with son-in-law (Zhuang Fengwen), 106n31; with sons, 25–26, 47; with students, 9, 10, 36n52, 56, 92, 100; with teachers, 9, 10, 92, 95, 98; with Wang Ji, 94, 96, 103; with wife (Lady Huang), 8, 25–27, 29, 38, 45, 60–61; wulun (five cardinal relationships) and, 9, 49, 57, 68; with Yuan Zhongdao, 102–3
• Li Zhi, names of, 23–25, 112, 117, 126, 128n3, 188; as “Baixia,” 48; as “Du,” 23, 48; as “Hongfu” (Broad-minded Elder), 24, 42, 48; as Kong Ruogu, 23, 25–26, 29, 40–42, 44–45, 47; as “Layman of Hundred Springs” (Baiquan Jushi), 24, 44; as “Layman of Wenling” (Wenling Jushi), 23, 44, 48; as “Layman Sizhai” (Sizhai Jushi), 21, 24, 25, 41, 42–43; as “Sizhai,” 42, 48; surname/given name, 24; as “Yearning for My Father, Master Baizhai,” 48; as “Zhuo,” or “Zhuowu” 23, 25, 48. See also Li Zhuowu; self-fashioning
• Li Zhi, reception of, 3–4, 10, 13, 58, 122, 216, 223; as alleged “heretic” (yiduan), 30, 32, 121; ban on works of, 7; biography of, by Shen Fu, 24; circulation of works of, 7, 9, 111; critics of/allegations against, 7, 9–10, 11, 24, 32–33, 55, 121, 125, 157, 167, 223; as iconoclast, 3, 8, 9, 221, 225; individualism/independence of, 4, 62–63, 151, 170, 211; late Qing and Republican period interpretations, 33, 39–40, 151, 179, 224; misreading of, 29, 136–37; public image of, 118–21, 125–26, 132, 201–3, 223; of writings, 7, 11–13, 121, 125, 150, 225; self-awareness of, 20, 29
• Li Zhi, writings and commentaries attributed to: anthologies, 170; autobiographical writings, 8; *Cangshu (A Book to Keep (Hidden), 114, 137, 148, 150, 159, 161n36; *Chutanji (Upon Arrival at the Lake), 49, 103–4n3, 112–13, 141n19, 168; “Deye Ruchen” (“Confucian Officials with Virtuous Achievements”), 152; *“Du Ruowu mu jishu” (“Reading a Letter from Ruowu’s Mother”), 31, 59; *Fenshu (A Book to Burn), 72n35, 76, 93, 121, 125, 148, 158–59, 161n19, 163n68, 191, 224; filial piety, discussed in, 50; *“Fufu lun” (“Discussions on Husband and Wife”), 52n38, 61; *“Gankai pingsheng” (“Reflections on My Life”), 30, 34; Guanyin wen (Questions of Guanyin), 122; *“He Xinyin lun” (“On He Xinyin”), 106n29; Jingtu jue (Essentials of Pure Land), 172; *“Jingtu jue qianyin” (“Preface to Resolving Doubts about the Pure Land”), 172; Jiuzheng yiyin (Factors of the Book of Change), 181n24; “Ku gui’er” (“Mourning the Precious Son”), 138–39; Laozi jie (Commentary on Laozi), 33, 181n24; *“Li sheng shijiao wen” (“On Mr. Li’s Ten Kinds of Friends”), 64; Li Zhangzhe pixuan Dahui ji (Mr. Li’s Commentary on the Collected Writings of Dahui Zonggao), 182n29; Li Zhuowu xiansheng pidian Daoyu lu (Commentary on Yao Guangxiao’s Daoyu lu), 182n29; “Longxi xiansheng wenchao lu xu” (“Preface to Mr. [Wang] Longxi’s Collected Writings”), 96–97; *“Luo Jinxi xiansheng gaowen” (“In Memoriam, Master Luo Jinxi” [Rufang]), 94–96, 97; Mingdeng dao gu lu (Illuminating Discussions of Antiquity) (Discussions of Antiquity, Dao gu lu) (Liu Yongxiang and Liu Yongjian), 93, 101, 104n7, 149; names in, 41–42, 48; Poxian ji (The Collected Writings of Poxian), 150; Ruchan (Confucian Chan), 170; San yiren zhuan (Biographies of Three Extraordinary People), 224; Sanjing jie (Commentary on Three Classics), 171; Sengchan (Clergy’s Chan), 170; Shishuo xinyu bu (Supplement to New Account of Tales of the World), 161n13; Shiwen guyi (Ancient Meanings of Examination Essays), 149; *“Shiwen houxu” (“Postface to The Prose of Our Time”), 149; *Shuohuzhi (Unstringing the Bow), 182n29; Si shu ping/Shuo shu (Expositions of the Four Books), 148, 149–50, 159, 161n19, 181n24; “Taibo diba” (Commentary on Analects), 136; Taishang ganying pian/Yinguo lu (Tract of the Most Exalted on Resonance and Response) (w/ Jiao Hong), 170–71; *“Ti Kongzi xiang yu Zhifoyuan” (“An Inscription for the Image of Confucius in the Cloister of the Flourishing Buddha), 32; *“Tongxin shuo” (“On the Childlike Mind”), 8, 18–20, 101, 148, 156, 191; *“Wang Longxi xiansheng gaowen” (“In Memoriam, Master Wang Longxi” [Ji]), 96, 97–98; “Wusi pian” (“On Five Ways of Dying”), 67–68; Wuzong shuo (“Treatise on the Five Lineages”), 171; *“Xinjing tigang” (“The Outline of the Heart Sūtra”), 169, 171; Xu Cangshu (Another Book to Keep (Hidden)), 93, 97, 104n6; *Xu Fenshu (Another Book to Burn), 72n35, 89; Yanshan pian/Sanjiao miaoshu (Essay of Good Words), 182n29; Yinguo lu/Ganying pian (Records of Cause and Consequence), 182n29; *“Yuyue” (“An Agreement in Advance”), 122–23; “Za shu” (“Miscellaneous Remembrances”), 159; *“Za shuo” (“On Miscellaneous Matters”), 207–8n49; *“Zhen shi” (“True Teachers”), 92; Zhengtu yugong (Journeying with Companions), 106n31; *“Zhengtu yugong houyu” (“Afterword to Journeying with Companions”), 98; Zhuangzi jie (Commentary on Zhuangzi), 181n24; *“Zhuowu lunlüe” (“A Sketch of Zhuowu [Li Zhi]”), 23–26, 28–30, 34, 38, 40; *“Zizan” (“Self-Summation”), 20–22, 30, 34
• Li Zhicai, 24, 44
• Li Zhuowu, 3, 10, 11, 12–13; commentaries on fiction and drama attributed to (Ye Zhou as), 187, 189–203; Dao and, 25, 44; Li Zhuowu xiansheng piping Xiyou ji (Journey to the West with Mr. Li Zhuowu’s Commentary), 198–200, 202; public image of Li Zhi and, 201–2; on Sanguo yanyi/Sanguo zhi yanyi (Romance of the Three Kingdoms), 194–97, 202; on Shuihu zhuan (Loyal and Righteous Outlaws of the Marsh/Outlaws of the Marsh/The Water Margin), 191–94, 195, 201–2; “Zhuowu lunlüe” (“A Sketch of Zhuowu”), 41–42, 44–45, 47–49; zongping (chapter-end commentaries), 189–90, 192–94, 196, 198–200. See also Li Zhi, names of; Ye Zhou: as performer of Li Zhuowu
• liangzhi (pristine moral consciousness), 18, 40, 176, 217, 221, 225. See also Wang Ji (Longxi); Wang Yangming (Shouren); xinxue (School of the Mind)
• life and death, question of, 65, 67–68, 209–15, 225; afterlife, 9, 13, 172, 211
• Lin Shu, 39
• Lin Zhao’en, 157–58
• literary criticism, 187, 189–90, 200–202. See also commentary; fiction; Ye Zhou
• literati (shi), in late Ming, 6, 153, 196, 224; book culture of, 168; Buddhism and, 52n41, 159–60; care of the self and, 157; commercial activity of, 146, 153; Confucianism and, 157–59; Daoism and, 159; daren (mature adult man), 115; dislike of Li Zhi, 220; filial piety and, 115; gender and, 111; masculine virtues and, 129n26; self-cultivation and religious synthesis, 210, 224; wealth, interest in, 154; zhangzhe (venerable male elder), 115. See also mercantile literati (shishang)
• Liu Bangcai, 213–14
• Liu Dongxing, 104n7, 147, 149
• Liu Shipei, 224
• Longhu (Dragon Lake), 6, 66, 100, 161n12, 172, 209
• Lotus Sutra, 23, 169
• Loyal and Righteous Outlaws of the Marsh. See Shuihu zhuan
• loyalty: friendship and, 6, 10; masculinity and, 71n32, 127; of officials, 136, 159, 224; in Shuihu zhuan (Loyal and Righteous Outlaws of the Marsh), 191; of subjects, 31; of widows, 138–39, 141n26
• Lu Jiuyuan, 222
• Lü Kun, 142n30
• Lunyu. See Analects
• Luo Hongxian, 62, 219
• Luo Rufang, 5, 10, 18, 62, 92–96, 104n6, 104n9, 106n29, 107n45, 167, 177–78, 225; as Dao learner, 166; as student of Yan Jun, 183n50; syncretism of, 157; teaching style of, 97–98, 100

• Ma Jinglun, 6, 7, 67, 71n29, 89, 125; defense of Li Zhi, 126–28
• Macheng, viii, 6, 7, 63, 78; as area tolerant of Buddhism, 87, 122; Geng Dingxiang and formation of, 90n1; intellectual community of, 167; rise of, 180–81n9
• manuscript copying, 170, 204n11. See also print culture; publishing; writing
• Mao Lun, 189, 194
• Mao Yuchen, 224
• Mao Zonggang, 189, 194
• Maoism, 39–40, 50
• masculinity, 4, 10, 61, 71n29, 71n32, 56, 116, 126, 127–28; Confucianism and, 8; da zhangfu (honorary/great man), 114; daren (mature adult man), 115; dizi (youth), 116; family and, 61; friendship and, 61; intellectual activity and, 71n29; literati and, 111; loyalty and, 71n32, 127; performance of, 4, 10; political loyalty and, 71n32; self-discipline, 126–28; zhangfu (manly man), 56, 61, 71n29, 72n35, 114; zhangzhe (venerable male elder), 115; zhen nanzi (real man), 113, 123. See also gender
• materialism, 52n37, 154, 157; she (luxury consumption), 155
• Matteo Ricci, 7, 211; book on friendship, 90, 91n27
• May Fourth Movement, 8; filial piety and, 9, 39, 50; women and, 40
• Medicine King Sūtra (Yaoshi jing), 172
• Mei Danran, 7, 106n29, 107n44, 121–25
• Mei Guozhen, 7, 106n29, 121–22, 127, 131n52, 147
• Mencius (Mengzi), 82, 83, 85–86, 105n22; Mencius (Mengzi) (book), 18, 21, 22, 35nn16–18, 105n22, 148, 216, 217. See also Four Books
• mercantile literati (shishang), 4, 145, 150, 154, 160; care of the self, 12, 151–53, 156–57; individualism of, 151; syncretism of, 157–58, 159, 165. See also Confucian officialdom; literati (shi), in late Ming
• merchants, 12, 154–55, 157, 159–60
• metaphysics, 13, 86, 120, 130n37
• ming. See names
• Mingdeng dao gu lu (Illuminating Discussions of Antiquity) (Discussions of Antiquity, Dao gu lu). See under Li Zhi, writings and commentaries attributed to
• Ministry of Rites, 5, 7, 24
• misreading, 18–19, 28, 112, 116, 136. See also under Li Zhi, reception of; Li Zhi, writings and commentaries attributed to
• Mizoguchi Yūzō, 211
• monks, 170, 172; Chan, 171, 182n34. See also Changqing Huiling; chujia (withdrawal from family or the world); Deng Huoqu; Wunian Shenyou; Zhifoyuan Monastery; and under Buddhism; Li Zhi, ethics and politics of: Buddhism as concern of
• mourning, 25, 44, 46–47, 58, 71, 75, 85, 90n1, 129n30, 138

• names, in Buddhism, 50, 86, 172; correspondence between names and reality (ming/shi), 23–24, 33, 40–42, 44, 48–49, 218–19, 221. See also Kong Ruogu; Li Zhi, names of; Li Zhuowu; reputation (name)
• Nanjing, 167, 177
• Nanyang Huizhong, 171–72
• neo-Confucianism, 89; Cheng-Zhu daoxue, 152–53, 157–58, 174, 180, 213, 215, 221

• officialdom. See Confucian officialdom
• Outlaws of the Marsh. See Shuihu zhuan

• Pan Pingge, 221–22
• Pan Shizao, 160n6, 171
• patronage, 12, 145, 150. See also under Li Zhi, life of
• performance, 189; of Chan Buddhist encounter dialogues, 12, 173–77, 179; of filial obligations and Confucian values, 41, 115–16; of masculinity, 4, 10, 111; of the role of commentator, 202, 205n24; of selfhood, 20, 34. See also under Li Zhi, life of
• Pipa ji (The Lute), 36n37, 205n20
• Platform Sūtra, 168, 171
• print culture, 9, 125–26; commercial aspects of, 147; genres of, 155, 156–57; readership, 150, 156–57; reputation making and, 111–12. See also literati (shi), in late Ming; manuscript copying; mercantile literati; publishing
• public image, 11; autobiographical writings and creation of, 46–47, 102–3; difficulty of controlling, 111–12, 118, 125–26, 132. See also under Li Zhi, reception of
• public service, 80, 153–54. See also civil service; Confucian officialdom; Confucianism: public service as duty
• publishing: commentaries and, 188–89; commercial, 145–46, 155; encouragement of readership by, 203nn3–4; examination system and, 150; of letters, 76–77, 79–80. See also print culture
• Pure Land Buddhism, 172, 183n42, 215; Amitābha, 49. See also Buddhism; Chan Buddhism; and under Li Zhi, ethics and politics of: Buddhism, as concern of

• Qian Qianyi, 124, 220
• Qian Tongwen, 104n9
• Qian Xiyan, 190, 202
• Qin Shihuang, 7
• qing (emotion), 127, 131n62, 208n52. See also wuqing (no emotions)
• Qu Ruji, 182nn33–34
• Quanzhou, viii, 4, 23, 40, 44, 116, 158, 163n70

• readers: as contesting authorial control, 11, 117–19, 125, 132; dushuren (“book readers”), 168; Li Zhi as reader, 11, 132, 133, 136–37, 139, 145, 156; as particular individuals, 189; of works by Li Zhi, 188. See also under Li Zhi, reception of
• reading, 187; commentaries and, 188–89; Dao learners and, 168; examination system and, 150; late Ming reading public, 12, 157; of published letters, 77, 79–80; religious, 168–69; “textual spirituality” and Li Zhi, 164, 172, 175, 179. See also commentary; epistolarity; fiction; misreading; publishing; readers; Ye Zhou
• rebels, 85, 201; Six Bandits, in Xiyou ji (Journey to the West), 198. See also dissent, in China; Shuihu zhuan (Loyal and Righteous Outlaws of the Marsh/Outlaws of the Marsh/The Water Margin)
• Records of the Grand Historian (Sima Qian). See Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) (Sima Qian)
• reclusion, 159; Li Zhi on, 30–31; v. official service, 80
• reputation (name): “image problem,” 111–12; Li Zhi’s concern with, 111–12, 150–51, 219–20; moral cultivation and, 218. See also names, in Buddhism
• Rowe, William, 131n51, 180–81n9
• Ruism. See Confucianism (Ruism)
• Ruowu. See Wang Shiben (Ruowu)

• Sanguo yanyi/Sanguo zhi yanyi (Romance of the Three Kingdoms), 13, 187, 194–97, 202; Sanguo zhizhuan pinglin (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, with Dense Commentary), 189
• School of the Mind. See xinxue (School of the Mind)
• self: development of autonomy, 39, 103; relational nature of, 151; xinxue and, 17–18
• self-contradiction, 22–23, 32–33
• self-control over emotions, 25–28
• self-criticism, 21–22, 23, 28–29
• self-cultivation, 4, 5, 12, 50, 114–17; Buddhist, 126, 183n42; Confucian, 50, 111–15, 126, 210, 218, 221. See also Dao; writing; literati (shi), in late Ming: self-cultivation and religious synthesis
• self-fashioning, 111–12; Li Zhi and, 41–45, 102; life writings and, 46–47, 102–3; materialism and, 153–55
• self-interest, 12, 18, 83, 86, 153, 155. See also si (improper, selfish, biased)
• self-understanding, 29, 34
• Shannong. See Yan Jun
• Shao Yong, 24–25, 44
• She Changji, 177
• Shen Fu, 24
• Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) (Sima Qian), 22, 137, 190
• Shishuo xinyu (A New Account of Tales of the World), 28, 36n42, 103n1, 161n13
• Shuihu zhuan (Loyal and Righteous Outlaws of the Marsh/Outlaws of the Marsh/The Water Margin), 13, 18, 19, 149, 187, 204n11; Rongyutang edition, 191–94, 195, 201, 202, 205n19; Shuihu zhizhuan pinglin (Outlaws of the Marsh Chronicles, with Dense Commentary), 189; Tiandu waichen (Wang Daokun) edition, 205n19; Yuan Wuya edition, 191, 204n16, 205n19, 207n44. See also rebels; and under Li Zhi, writings and commentaries attributed to; Li Zhuowu; Ye Zhou
• Shun (Sage King), 85, 223
• Shuqi, 21, 35n15
• si (improper, selfish, biased), 8; and care of the self, 152–53, 156; v. gong (ritually sanctioned, appropriate), 43, 45; as not self-interest, 18, 151–52
• Sima Qian, 21; Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), 22, 137, 190; on Sima Xiangru, 137–38; on Zhuo Wenjun, 139
• social distinctions: blurring of, 155, 157. See also mercantile literati (shishang)
• social norms, 111, 122, 127, 225; liangzhi (pristine moral consciousness) and, 218, 219, 221. See also under Li Zhi, life of
• spontaneous self-expression: in Chan Buddhism, 172, 176, 183n43; v. deliberation, 19; reactions of commentators as, 189, 201, 203, 205n20; as a sign of authenticity, 8, 20, 25, 28, 101, 191, 201
• Spring and Autumn Annals and the Zuo Commentary (Chunqiu Zuozhuan), 34n7. See also Confucian classics
• students: social class, and, 86, 97; women as, 56, 98, 124, 134; xinxue (School of the Mind) and, 92. See also Mei Danran; Wang Benke; Wunian Shenyou; Yuan Zhongdao; and under Li Zhi, life of
• syncretism, 157–59, 165–66, 174

• Taizhou School. See under xinxue (School of the Mind)
• Tang Xianzu, 159
• Tao Wangling, 159
• teachers, 10; in Qin shi (The History of the Zither), 98–100; teacher as friend (shiyou), 73n56, 92, 95–96, 103n1; xinxue (School of the Mind) and, 92, 94, 97
• Temple of Bliss (Jile si), 149, 172
• Three Teachings, 157–58, 166, 168, 179, 199, 210–11. See also Buddhism; Confucianism (Ruism); Daoism; and under Li Zhi, ethics and politics of
• Tongzhou, viii, 7, 165
• Tu Long, 159, 224
• Twenty-Four Exemplars of Filial Piety, 51n1

• Vimalakīrti, 29, 118, 129n26, 178
• Vimalakīrti Monastery, 6, 147, 160n12

• Wang Benke, 139, 149
• Wang Bi, 5, 157
• Wang Fuzhi, 214, 223
• Wang Gen (Xinzhai), 5, 18, 94, 104n9, 166
• Wang Ji (Longxi), 5, 10, 62, 92–94, 96–98, 104n6, 209, 225; on liangzhi (pristine moral consciousness), 218–19; Longxi xiansheng wenlu chao, 182n29; syncretism of, 157–58; teaching style, 97, 98, 100; on xinxue, 17–18
• Wang Keshou, 179
• Wang Shiben (Ruowu), 49–50, 180n6; letter from mother of, 31, 50, 59
• Wang Yangming (Shouren), 86, 89, 92, 94, 164, 203, 209, 216, 221–22; biography of, 104n6; Chuanxi lu (Records of Transmission and Practice), 17; liangzhi (pristine moral consciousness) and, 18, 44, 49, 82, 217; syncretism of, 157; teaching style, 97, 105n21, 106n33; teachings, 5, 13, 175, 212; Three Teachings and, 166; unity of knowledge and action (zhixing heyi), 81, 83, 173; xinxue (philosophy of the mind), 174; Yangming xiansheng Daoxue chao, 182n29. See also xinxue (School of the Mind)
• Water Margin, The. See Shuihu zhuan
• Wen (Sage King), 136, 223
• Western Chamber, The. See Xixiang ji
• women, 11, 51n1, 200; and Buddhist study, 122–24; cloistering of, 133, 141n9; concubines, 9, 31, 43, 60, 70n13, 116, 142n30; feminism, 139–40; as students, 56, 122–24; widow chastity, 138, 141n26; widow remarriage, 137–38, 142n30. See also conjugal relationship; Lady Huang (Li Zhi’s wife); Mei Danran; women, Li Zhi’s views on
• women, Li Zhi’s views on, 11, 61, 112–13, 132–33; in Confucian tradition, 134–38, 140; as students/scholars, 56, 98, 106n29, 122–25, 133–34, 139; on widow remarriage, 138; zhen nanzi (real man), applied to, 113–14, 123, 134, 141n19
• writing, 134; autobiographical, 41, 46–47, 52n17, 102–3, 107n48; commentaries and, 188, 192, 198–201; Confucian (Ru) tradition and, 139–40; religious, 168–69; self-awareness and, 8; self-cultivation and, 133; textual spirituality, 12, 164, 173, 175. See also epistolarity; examination essays; Li Zhi, writings and commentaries attributed to; literati (shi), in late Ming; manuscript copying; mercantile literati
• Wu (King), 135–36, 139
• Wu Pei-Yi, 23, 51n15
• Wu Yu, 39
• Wudeng huiyuan (Joint Collection of the Five Lamps), 169, 182n34
• wulun (five cardinal relationships), 31, 47, 49, 57, 68, 129–30n30, 151, 195; ethics and, 221–22; friend-friend v. other relationships, 9, 58–59, 62, 69, 88; monkhood and, 6, 34, 44, 116, 167; as mutually reinforcing, 69, 74n74; patrilineal v. conjugal family, 8, 26–27, 29, 38, 43, 50, 60–61, 70n13; ruler-ruled, 71n73. See also conjugal relationship; family; filial piety; friendship; mourning; and under Li Zhi, ethics and politics of
• Wunian Shenyou, 7, 63, 172, 176–77, 184n52; Hushang yulu (Conversations by the Lake), 93, 104n7
• wuqing (no emotions), 127. See also Buddhism; detachment

• xingming (spirit-and-nature), 210. See also Buddhism; Confucianism (Ruism); Dao; Daoism
• xinxue (School of the Mind), 212, 217; Buddhism and, 44, 166; criticism of, 57–58, 221, 223; emotions and, 203; as individual practice, 115; self-discipline and, 127–28; students and, 92; Taizhou branch, 5–6, 17, 94, 164, 183n50, 213, 218–19. See also liangzhi (pristine moral consciousness); students; and under Wang Yangming
• Xiong Shenyou. See Wunian Shenyou
• Xishan Temple, 160n6
• Xixiang ji (The Western Chamber), 18, 19, 149, 156, 191, 205n20
• Xiyou ji (Journey to the West), 13, 187, 197; Li Zhuowu xiansheng piping Xiyou ji (Journey to the West with Mr. Li Zhuowu’s Commentary), 197–200; preface by Yuan Yuling, 197, 198, 199; Shidetang edition, 197
• Xu Fang, 154–55
• Xu Guangqi, 77–79
• Xu Jianping, 62, 209
• Xu Shu, 138, 141n26
• Xu Zichang, 204n16, 206n28

• Yan Hui (Yan Yuan, disciple of Confucius), 82, 89, 105n12, 223
• Yan Jun (Shannong), 94, 104n9, 175–76, 166, 183n50
• Yan Yuan (1635–1704), 47, 222
• Yang Dingjian, 64
• Yang Jisheng, 142n30, 224
• Yang Qiyuan (Fusuo), 63, 107n45, 177, 218
• Yangming neo-Confucianism. See xinxue (School of the Mind); Wang Yangming
• Yangming School. See Wang Yangming
• Yao’an, viii, 5, 36n41, 40, 60, 63
• Ye Lang, 190, 204n16, 206n28, 207nn45–46, 207n48
• Ye Zhou, 13; biographical details, 190; commentaries, as himself, 196, 202–3; as literary critic, 191–92, 194, 196–201; as performer of Li Zhuowu, 202–3; as reader, 188, 196–97, 202; Shuzhai manlu (Leisurely Notes from Useless Wood Studio), 206n28. See also titles of individual commentaries under Li Zhuowu
• Yi Jiang, 134–36
• Yongqing dawen (Answers to Questions at Yongqing Temple), 93, 107n45, 175, 177
• Yongqing Monastery, 177
• Yu Xiangdou, 189, 203nn3–4; Beiyou ji (Journey to the North), 204n7; Nanyou ji (Journey to the South), 204n7; Sanguo yanyi/Sanguo zhi yanyi (Romance of the Three Kingdoms), 189; Sanguo zhizhuan pinglin (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, with Dense Commentary), 189; Shuihu zhizhuan pinglin (Outlaws of the Marsh Chronicles, with Dense Commentary), 189, 202
• Yuan Hongdao (Zhonglang), 6, 102, 104n7, 118, 183n42; Gong’an School and, 101; Yuan Zhonglang ji, 207n39
• Yuan Mei, 39, 223
• Yuan Yuling, 197, 198, 199
• Yuan Zhongdao (Xiaoxiu), 6, 56, 61, 126, 204n11, 205n19; on Dao learners (xuedaoren), 165–66; Gong’an School and, 101, 102; “Li Wenling zhuan,” 35n33; as student of Li Zhi, 7, 93–94, 99–103; Zuolin jitan (Conversations in the Oak Grove), 93–94, 99–103, 104n7, 175
• Yuan Zongdao (Boxiu), 6, 102, 104n7; Gong’an School and, 101; “Lun Xie An jiaoqing,” 36n40
• yulu (recorded conversations), 93. See also Chan Buddhism; Zuolin jitan (Conversations in the Oak Grove)
• Yunnan (province), viii, 5, 40, 60, 166