Index

absorption model, 234n37
accommodation/resistance axis, 37
Act on the Ban of Illegal Solicitation and Bribery (aka Kim Young-ran Law), 207
Africa, 29, 127, 135, 220n15, 239n28; postcolonial African society, 31; tribal and kinship ties, 31
agriculture, 41, 50, 53, 57, 66
Alexander, Jeffrey C., 129
Algeria, 35
Alliance for National Mobilization, 53
anti-authoritarian struggles, ix, 127, 133, 143, 145, 159
anti-communism, 18, 61
anti-democratic tendencies, 146
anti-dictatorial movements, 128
anti-Japanese resistance, 40, 44, 45, 52
anti-Korean-Japanese normalization, 149
area studies, 216n14, 220n8
Asia, 15, 20, 127, 129
“Asian values,” 20
assimilation policy, 40
associations: alumni, 2, 152, 181; business, 148; civic, 148; hometown, 2, 181; primordial, 147
“attention-seeking” behaviors, 149
authoritarian human resources management, 195
authoritarian regime, 99, 130–31, 143, 147, 151
authority, 18, 34, 39–40, 54, 99, 153, 207, 210, 223n76; state, 22, 135, 157
autonomy, 38, 63; bureaucratic, 107, 110–12; of chaebols’, 114, 194; of civil society, 129; embedded autonomy, 4, 217n21; financial, 148; individual or personal, 129, 138–39; ministry, 108, 234n39; national, 149; neofamilial ties and, 143; organizational, 110; outside directors’, 190; relative autonomy of the state, 15–16, 24, 115; social, 130; of social organizations, 136, 140
backwardness: economic, 4; elites’ perception or sense of, 6–7, 10, 100, 102, 104, 125, 152, 202, 204; ideologies for overcoming, 23; Korea’s, 62–64, 67–68, 224n24; vis-à-vis Japan, 7, 63, 224n8
Balandier, Georges, 29–30, 220n15
Bendix, Reinhard, xiii, 8–10, 24, 223n83
Berman, Sheri, 138
blue-collar workers, 143
Blue House, 177
Blumer, Herbert, 213n15
bourgeoisie, 134; Korean, 144
bureaucracy, 37, 95, 112–13, 159; business penetration/influence on, 93, 105, 111, 118–19, 122, 126, 236n75; chaos, 113; goal-attainment orientation in, 111; graduates of universities in, 91; hollowed out, 104, 110–14, 119, 122, 142, 156, 234n39; informal groupings inside, 105, 111; Korean, xi, 27, 73, 79, 96, 103, 112–13, 233n26, 236n75; neofamilial recruitment in, 170; non-economic, 234n39; “politicization” of, 106, 125; promotion and transfer policies, 111; recruited by merit, 100; stability of, 104–5; weakened, 104, 110. See also debureaucratization; recruitment; “wild horse phenomenon”
bureaucratic organization, 90, 103, 111–12
boundaries with outside environment, 111–13
bureaucratic stability, 107, 111, 233n26
bureaucratization, 96, 101, 112–14. See also debureaucratization
bureaucrats: career, 81, 85–86, 89; in Chosun dynasty, 63; colonial, 220n17; competition among, 125–26; in consultative meetings, 71; corruption among, 157; dealings with business, 75–77, 108, 111, 117, 122, 125–26, 164–65, 181–82, 233n32, 236n81; evaluation of, 105–7, 125; high-ranking, 75, 81, 83, 91, 105; Korean, 77, 100, 102, 172, 234n38; in MCI, 70, 117; middle-level, 81; public perception of, 157; recruitment of, 10, 100; regional bias in promotion of, 88; role in developmental state, 104–5; role in industrialization, 24; role under President Park, 79, 92, 106; samurai- turned-bureaucrats, 24; solidarity among, 106, 231n13; and speed of implementation, 76, 108; vulnerability of, 117–19
bushi (samurai), 55
capitalism, 15, 27, 183; “varieties of,” 14, 16, 20–21, 202, 216n17
Catholic Peasant Association (Kanong), 240n50
Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), 109
chaebols: collapses and defaults, 183–84; consolidation, 123; debt levels, 188, 194; debt-to-capital ratios, 198–200, 206, 244n23; dependence on the state, 194; economic concentration in, 96, 114, 196–97; expansion of, 114; family succession and inheritance, 90, 192–93, 209; impact of 1997 financial crisis on, 183; inside ownership structure, 59, 90, 192; influence on the state, 121, 123– 24; licensure of, 72; linkage with SMES, 96–97, 184; as microcosm of Korean society, xii; neofamilial ties and practices at, 97, 188–89; octopus-style expansion, 198; preponderance in the Korean economy, xi; reform measures, 188–89, 200; relation to civil society, 132–33; as source of neofamilism in Korean society, 193; special favors demanded by, 123, 235n49, 235n57, 235n63; state support of, 184, 233n31; subsidiaries, 197–98; ties with the state, 97, 201; white-collar employees in, 91, 97. See also conglomerates; outside directors
Chang Myon regime, 61
Changwon National Industrial Complex, 109, 228n83
Chazan, Naomi, 135
China, 43, 51, 205
Chŏgudongmaeng (Red Friend Alliance), 46
Chŏng Chuyŏng, 79
Chōsen, 41–42, 221n30
Chosun dynasty, 63
Christianity, 30
Chun Du Hwan, 143
circles, ix–x, 118, 123, 152, 173, 235n57, 236n74
“civic movement without citizens,” 147
civic organizations, 131, 137–38, 145, 148–50, 178, 209–10; politicization process, 242n84
civil codes, 53, 138
civil organizations, 128, 134, 137–41, 148–49, 209; German, 138, 239n38; Korean tendency toward politicization of, 149
civil service examination, xi, 85–88
civil society, 96, 101, 127–30, 134, 137– 39, 237n5, 238n12, 239n46; autonomy in relation to the state, 139–40; bottom-up socioeconomic model, 139, 158; groups, 135, 140, 143–45, 149–56, 209, 237n8, 239n38; elite-oriented approach to, 128; formation of, 128, 136, 139–40, 147; impact of democratic movements on, 141, 143–47, 159, 203, 209, 238n14; Korean, 131–33, 137, 139, 142–53, 157–59, 203, 208–11, 229n90; Korean scholarship on, 130–33, 143–47, 210, 238n13, 238n24; top-down political model, 139; universalistic view of, 129, 132
clan, 229n102; organizations, 1, 3, 52–53, 56, 181; ties, 95; villages, 51–52
class, 4, 142, 202; analysis, 13, 16–17, 26, 171, 202; anti-class-forming factors, 18, 142; in colonial society, 32–33, 51; conflict, 1, 138; consciousness, 3, 17–18, 100, 171, 181; dominant, 10; formation, 17–18, 22, 25, 32; identity, 18, 22, 95–96, 134; in Korean industrialization, 100, 202; relations, 6, 31; ruling, 15, 42, 50, 58, 99, 230n106; social distance between, 166; as a social outcome, 26; social units other than, 3, 11, 14, 18, 23, 25, 202; tensions, 171; trans-class orientations, 145. See also middle class; ruling class; working class; yangban
clientelism, 5
Coalition for Environmental Protection, 240n66
cognitive dissonance, 146–47
Cold War, 157, 204–5
collaboration, 37, 181–82
collective mass consciousness, 145
collectivism, 10, 22, 24, 175, 211
collusion, 79, 92, 94, 105, 235n49
Colonial Functional Space (CFS) category, 34–35
colonialism, 29–30, 32, 34, 39, 45
colonial rule, 27–29, 153; clan villages under, 52–53; complexity of, 28–29; and control, 30, 32–40, 44, 46, 49, 58– 59, 135; disequilibrium of, 31–32, 49, 58; education under, 35–36, 38–41, 45, 49, 58, 61; family system under, 53–54; inventing tradition under, 59; Japanese, xi, 27, 41–42, 44, 47, 52, 221nn30–31; justification of, 37; Korean capitalists under, 38; old social structure destroyed by, 100; paradox of, 47; Park Chung Hee and, 61, 98; resistance under, 37– 38; situation, 29–32, 35, 38–39, 47, 55, 58, 220n15; social consequences under, 31, 58, 60; suppression of labor unions under, 57; traditional groups and classes under, 25; traditional institutions and values and, 39, 59; yangban and, 49–50
Colonial Social Space (CSS) category, 34, 36, 38–39, 49, 51
colonial society, 28–29, 31–32, 35, 220n22, 223n83; fragmentation of, 33, 220n22; Korean, 28, 43–44, 51
colonial space, 29–34, 36–37; accommodation/resistance axis, 37; arbitrariness of, 33; boundary blurring and fluidity, 32–33, 36; education system change, 49, 51; family system in, 51; structural categories of, 34, 36; student uprisings in, 44–47
Colonial Superstructural Space (CSUS) category, 34, 36–40, 49, 51, 220n7
commoners, 50–51, 57
communism, 7, 44; Communist Bloc, 13; communist system, 136
compressed modernity, 247n17
Confucian values, 18, 20
conglomerates, xi, 91, 96. See also chaebols
corporate governance, 206, 209, 247n13
corruption, 61, 65, 68–69, 105, 153, 157, 207, 247n7
coup d’état, 7, 61, 64, 80, 143
COVID-19 pandemic, 211
cronyism, 131,
crossholding, 188
Daewoo, 120–21; Heavy Industries, 121; Shipbuilding, 120
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 1, 24
debt payments, 184
debureaucratization, 104, 112, 114
decision-making: and implementation, 73, 77, 79, 102; in the MCI, 103, 105, 122, 232n1; neofamilial ties and, 163–64; political influence on, 156, 233n26; pragmatism in, 126, 227n55; president-centered, 68, 107–9, 111, 113, 119, 125; top-down style, 78, 108–9, 119, 148; within chaebols, 188–89, 191–92
Declaration of Democratic Reform, 143
democracy, Western, 211
democratic consolidation, 203
democratization: bottom-up model vs. elite-led, 128, 131, 139, 144, 153; and breakdown of the Cold War international system, 157; British, 134; and civil society, 128, 130, 132, 141, 144, 159, 203, 209; Council for the Promotion of Democracy Movement, 240n50; Council of Movement for People and Democracy, 144; Korean society views on, 145–46, 243n4; and labor relations, 195; movements, 128–30, 139, 144, 181; and neofamilism, 165, 203–4; relationship with socioeconomic changes, 130; and the state, 133, 156, 205; and state- business relations, 114; and state- society relations, 158; student activists and, 152
dependency, 23, 27, 96, 112, 125, 143, 148, 219n60; bargaining, 122, 125; commanding, 112–13, 116, 119, 124– 25; and development, x, 132; manipulative, 116, 119, 124; mutual, 111; school, 215n5; on the state by business, 108, 114–15, 123–24
depoliticization, 137
de Tocqueville, Alexis, 8
development, 11, 22, 33, 183; bank, 8, 236n69; capitalist, 13–14, 131; dependent, x, 132; colonial sources of, 27; “development without development,” 27; economic, x, xii, 1–4, 16, 23, 39, 61, 64, 102, 131–32, 139, 145, 174, 205; enterprise-based approach to, 71–72, 77; -exploitation debate, 28–29, 49, 219n5; historical, 20, 127, 129; industrial, 4, 109, 222n52, 236n69; late, 10, 23–24, 72, 138; Japanese economic, 27; market, 220n17; neofamilism and, 98–100, 103–4; Park Chung Hee’s prioritization of, 68, 80, 90, 126; plans, 70; postcolonial economic, 28, 59–61; state, x–xi, 2, 15–16, 102–4, 110, 114–15, 156, 188, 225n28, 230n1, 234n39; targeted, 71, 73–74, 79, 233n29; unilinear, 13
dictator, 79, 146
differentiation, 14–15, 31, 33, 51, 58, 149, 218n46
diffusion, 95, 97
discrimination, 27–28, 30–31, 35–36, 45
disequilibrium, 31–34, 49, 58
Domestic Security Law, 47
Doosan, 193, 199, 235n64
Dore, Ronald P., 219n60
dumping, 117
East Asian countries, 15–16, 20
Eastern Europe, 127, 129, 136, 156, 237n5
economy: Comprehensive Economic Stabilization Policies, 129; concentration of, 96, 196–97; determinism of, 13, 17; five-year plans, 65; growth of, 2, 7, 15, 90, 183–84, 219n5, 225n27; political, x, xii, 4, 14–16, 25–26, 202–3; sociology of, 217n22; state-led development of, 131; structuralism of, 17
Economic Planning Board (EPB), 121, 235n57
educational credentialism, 221n36
Educational Edict and Laws, 41
Eisenstadt, S. N., 112
Ekeh, Peter P., 35–37, 220n22
elections, 2, 96, 134, 142, 156, 161, 205–6, 209; national assembly, 2, 55–56, 142, 155; presidential, 2, 142, 154
electronics sector, 73–74, 118
elitism, 136, 152
Enforcement Decree of Trade Law, 228n72
England, 55, 66, 127, 140
ethos, 25, 128, 131, 159; of civil society, 133, 137, 140–41, 229n90; of industrial policy implementation, 77, 234n39; neofamilial structures and, 5, 95–96, 147, 210; of state-business relations, 115; under colonial rule, 38
Evans, Peter, 16, 217n21
Expanded Export Promotion Conference, 233n31
exploitation, 27, 30, 35–36, 39, 49, 222n52; dichotomy with development, 28–29, 219n5
export, 66, 97, 108–10, 115, 179, 187; export-first principle, 71, 110, 116; export-led industrialization (ELI), 225nn28–30, 235nn48; goals and targets, 66–67, 108–10, 126, 171, 225n24; incentive measures, 71–72; 113, 116–17, 234n44; MCI pressure on companies for, 92, 105–8, 116–17, 119, 233n31, 234n32; performance, 66, 76; president’s involvement with, 73–77, 79, 90, 108, 125, 226n49, 233n27, 233n31; promotion, 5, 68–71; records, 69, 76, 106, 109–10, 233n31, 235n50; rules and regulations, 233n27; support policy, 69, 71–72, 92
familism, 2–3, 5, 18, 22, 53, 56, 59, 188, 196, 214n18
family, 5, 14, 206–8; breakdown with 1997 financial crisis, 183–88, 245n42; in chaebol ownership and management, 90–91, 105, 189, 192–93, 197; and civil society, 127, 131, 238n12; extended, 51, 53–54; Japanese system of, 55, 138; Korean system of, 36, 39, 50–51, 53–59, 188, 223n82; in labor sector, 200, 208; law system, 223n82; in neofamilial interactions, 168–70; nuclear, 56, 95, 179, 229n90; Park Chung Hee’s views on, 63; solidarity, 53–54, 56, 187–88, 206; student groups as “family” organizations, 152; ties, 1–2, 39, 201, 246n58; as traditional institution, 19–20, 214n18
Fifth Republic, 143
filial piety, 99
finance: and bank credit review system, 245n42; crisis, 157, 159, 183–90, 201, 205–6; impact on chaebols, 196–200; institutions, 52, 167, 193–94, 200–201, 208–9, 245n40; and labor reforms, 195–96, 200; and neofamilial relations, 165–67, 173–76; sector, 8, 193, 207
Financial Services Commission, 194
First Republic, 81–82
fragmentation, 33, 136, 195, 220n22
France, 127, 129, 238n25
functionalism, x, 13
gender equality, 208
“Generation 386,” 152, 241n77
Germany: as case of late industrialization, 23–25, 63, 100, 214n23; and civil organizations, 137–38, 140; Imperial Germany, 215n37; and traditional institutions and values, xii; Weimar society, 210
Gerschenkron, Alexander, 23
globalization, 173, 205–6, 209
GNP, 96; growth, 65, 184; per capita, 64, 184
Goffman, Erving, 38, 221n24
Grajdanzev, Andrew, 54
Great Britain, 129, 133–34, 137, 158
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 34
groups: anti-authoritarian activists, 139, 143–45, 158; informal, 104, 110, 152, 231nn11–12, 232n13; interest, 148, 209; “non-groups,” 14, 216n9; opposition, 24, 128, 133, 136, 141, 143, 146–47, 153, 158; people’s movement, 144, 150–51; social, 31, 43, 100, 129, 138
Habermas, Jürgen, 229n90, 237n1
Hanguk Heavy Industry, 120, 235n64
Han’guk Nohyop (Korean Council for Labor Welfare, KCLW), 144
Hanjin, 198–99
Hankook Fertilizer Company, 109
Hanwha, 193, 198–99
“harnessing” strategy, 7, 99
heavy chemical industries, 2, 73, 107, 118, 120, 124; program, 118
Henderson, Gregory, 41–42, 47
historical institutionalism, 14
hollowed commanding, 122–24
Honneth, Axel, 128
household head, 185–87, 223n76
human resources, 75, 195
hyangyak, 98
Hyŏgudongmaeng (Revolutionary Friend Alliance), 46
Hyundai Construction Co., 118
Hyundai Heavy Industries, 2, 118, 120
Hyundai Yanghaeng, 120, 235nn63–64
identity: in civil society, 130, 229n90; class basis of, 134; through education, 42, 44; family as sources of, 51, 59; informal, 104; intra-bureaucracy, 104; Korean ethnic, 27, 33–34; multiple identities, 8, 17–18, 59; neofamilial, 95–97, 141–42, 167, 202, 211; primary tie–based sources of, 2, 5–6; secret organizations as sources of, 47; in state-business relationship, 75
ie (家), 21, 55, 138, 204
“IMF Crisis,” 183
“impact policy,” 226n41
impeachment, 206, 208–9
implementation: economic goals and strategies, 66, 68; in enterprise-based approach to development, 71–73, 77; of export targets, 92; impact of hollowed commanding on, 123; of industrialization tasks, 8; legal, 164; in the MCI, 102–5, 232n14; of post-crisis reform measures, 183, 189, 196; pragmatism and particularism in, 76–81, 116, 120, 126, 227n55, 236n81; president-centered decision- making and, 107–13, 125–26
import substitution strategy, 68; import- substituting industrialization (ISI), 69, 225n29
incentives, 4–5, 16, 35, 68, 79–80, 90, 134, 140; administrative, 71, 111; company-specific, 117, 228n72; merit-based, 113; state, 5, 71–72, 80, 90–91, 95, 111–13, 115, 117, 124, 143, 171, 182, 208
India, 216n14
indigenous institutions, 34, 220n22
indigenous people, 58
indirect intervention, 245n39
individualism, 22, 95, 97, 129, 134, 173, 175, 211
Industrial Complex Development Corporation, 109
industrialization, 4, 92, 201–5; business sector’s bargaining power in, 121– 23; under colonial rule, 29, 35, 49; company-specific policies of, 90, 125; cultural aspects in, 16; East Asian, 15–16, 20; and modernization, 20–24; neofamilism and, 6, 39, 156, 165, 167, 169–72, 176–78, 242n1; patterns of, 9–18; policies of, 11, 70, 123, 177; responses of tradition, 213n15; state-led, xii, 4–5, 9–11, 20, 23, 100, 103, 158, 176, 201, 205, 217n34, 226n41; spontaneous vs. state-led, 133, 158, 230n10, 217n34; and state-society relations, 137–39, 142–43, 153, 158; structural changes arising from, 165; top leader’s urgent pursuit of, xi, 63–65, 68–69, 72, 79–81, 90; and tradition, 6, 24–26, 98, 100–101, 157, 211; and universal social consequences, x, 158; zones of, 226n51. See also late industrialization
industrialization, late, xi–xii, 2–11, 13, 18, 20–26, 67, 70, 98, 100–101, 104– 5, 217n34; civil society and, 130, 132–33, 147; comparative studies of, 137, 140, 158, 205; concept of class in, 202; institutional imperatives of, 5, 81; political sociology of, 133; social implications of Korea’s, 79–80, 171; South Korea’s, xii, 1, 3, 6, 18, 26, 59, 79–80, 95–96, 132, 202, 211; state and business shared goals in, 112–13, 115–16, 119, 124; the state in, 25, 103, 231n10; traditional institutions in, 21, 202–5
inferiority, 4, 7, 10, 62, 68, 127, 202
informal practices, 136
information age, 175
information flows, 12
inheritance law, 193
institutions, 14, 21, 101, 183; and bureaucratic organization, 112; and change, x, 3, 7–9, 16, 31, 79, 90, 189; and civil society, 147; colonial-era, 28, 35, 37–38, 49, 220n22; economic, 23, 159, 206, 209, 211, 231n10; elites and, 237n7; embedded, 209; evolution of, x; financial, 167, 193–95, 200–201, 208; formal, 136; German political, 138; indigenous, 34, 220n22; and industrialization, 13, 16, 26; informal, 136; legal, 127; and management of social conflicts, 8–9; migrated, 35, 37, 220n22; monocropping, 14; patrimonial, 22; and neofamilial practices, 95, 142, 176; and politics, 158–59, 210; state, 128, 139; in state- business relations, 77, 93, 103; total, 38, 221n24; traditional, xii, 2–3, 5, 7, 9–11, 18–25, 38–39, 52, 58–59, 98–100, 137, 140, 156, 202–4, 217n34; Western, 159. See also non-state institutions
interest rates, preferential, 121
International Cooperation Administration (ICA), 65
international environment, 202, 204–5
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Standby Credit Facility, 183
intersystem spillover, 31
intervention: by business, 108; capricious, 76, 110, 140; colonial, 30; President Park’s, 66, 73–74, 106, 108–11; state, 8, 15, 23, 25, 70, 102, 123, 140, 193–94, 201, 245n39
ironies, social and institutional, 3–4
irregular workers, 184, 195–96, 200
Jacobsson, Kerstin, 229n90
Japan, 100; assimilation of Korean people into, 34; education in, 40–41, 43; elites, 6–7; emulation of, xi; family system in, 54–55; hegemony of, 28, 34; history of, 25; Home Ministry, 214n23; industrialization, 15; Japanese Military Academy, 61; Korea falling behind, 63, 224n8; as late industrialization case, 137–40, 204–5, 234n37; lifetime employment institutions in, 21; Meiji Japan, 6–7, 55, 98–99; opposition to industrialization in, 24; personnel policy in, 113; role of tradition in late industrialization, xii, 21; seized Japanese- owned properties, 65; state-business relations in, 236n75; superiority of, 45; traditional institutions and values, 10, 21, 24, 55, 61, 138–40, 204
Japanese colonial rule, xi, 27, 30, 34, 40– 47; authorities, 36, 40, 52–54, 221n36; exploitation-centered orthodoxy, 28; and ideology, 40, 43; opposition between exploitation and development, 27–29; orthodox and revisionist paradigms, 27–28, 49
Johnson, Chalmers, 15, 220n8
June Democratic Uprising, 143
Junkers, 24, 100, 138, 140
Kabo Reform, 50
kapchil hyŏngsang, 207
Kim Dae Jung, 2, 150–51, 154, 244n23
Kim Eun Mee, 123
Kim Sun Hyuk, 238n13
Kim Woo-choong, 121
Kim Young-ran Law, 207, 246n7
Kim Young-sam, 82, 150–51, 154
kisaeng, 222n54
Kŏje, 118
Korea, 11, 100–101; civil society in, 130–33, 156–59; Korean colonial society, 27–28, 41–43, 51–55; as late industrialization case, 4, 16, 18, 22–25; neofamilial ethos and structural features in, 5–6, 95–96, 201–11; 1997 financial crisis in, 183–84; pervasiveness of high school ties in, xi; as relatively backward, 62–68; state and business in, 112–14
Korea Environment Movement Coalition, 150
Korea Fair Trade Commission, 193, 198
Korea University, 89
Korean Automobile Industry Association, 121
Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU), 181
Korean Council for Labor Welfare, 144, 240n50
Korean Federation of Industrialists, 91
Korean Financial Supervisory Board, 245n40
Korean Peninsula, 27, 61, 157
Korean Shokusan Bank, 222n50
Korean Trade Association, 180
Korean War, 55–57, 62, 64, 100
Korea’s Citizens’ Coalition for Economic Justice (KCEJ), 148
ku, 53
Kulp, Daniel Harrison II, 214n18
Kumho, 198–99
Kumi, 61, 118
Kwangju: massacre of 1980, 147; student uprising of 1929, 44
Kwangyang, 118
kye, 52, 91, 98
labor, 53, 57, 98, 114, 144, 159, 172, 181, 200; activists, 151, 240n50, 241n76; bifurcation into regular and irregular workers, 196, 200; cheap (forced) Korean, 27; market, 172, 195; movements, ix, 55, 151, 195; suppression, 123
labor unions, ix, 3, 57, 134–35, 151, 178–79, 181–82, 200, 208, 241n75; leaders, 181, 200; organizers, 151, 178, 181–82, 195, 245n44. See also strikes
labor-capital relations, 138, 195
labor-management relations, ix, 3, 9, 21, 29, 98–99, 177, 189, 196, 209
land reform, 189, 195
land survey, 49
landlords, 49–53, 55, 57, 100, 220n23, 222n50; landlord-tenant disputes, 50, 222n52; landowners, 138, 222n65
Latin America, 16, 144
liberation, 38, 41, 57, 59, 63, 65, 131
lifetime employment, 21, 195, 200
litigiousness, 207, 247n7
loans: guarantees, 188, 201, 207; and guarantors, 164, 170
lobbying, 78, 80, 94, 121–22, 177
Lotte, 193, 199
loyalty, 8, 80, 85, 90, 99, 104, 126, 172, 175, 195; colonial, 40
lunar calendar system, 223n82
macrosociology, 14, 16
Manchuria, 53
Manchurian invasion, 46
Manchurian Military Academy, 61
manipulative dependency, 119
Mann, Michael, 17
March First Independence Movement, 42, 44
market: coexistence with the state, 8, 16; under colonial control, 38; within confines of institutions, 21; curb, 69; domestic, 65, 68–69, 74, 92, 110, 173, 225n24; export, 73; in import substitution strategy, 68; international, 69–70, 73–74, 80, 109–10, 115, 125, 173, 183; market-based economic relations, 25–26, 127, 134, 201, 220n17; market-based industrialization and development, xii, 15, 230n10; and non-market factors, 22, 24–25, 217n34; opportunities, 108; principles, 133–34, 175, 208– 10; private loan, 118; as socially embedded, 217n21
marital relations, 187
Marxian paradigm/perspective, ix, 15
Marxists, 132
masses: attitudes toward democratization, 139, 146; in democratization, 131; dual aspect of Korean, 133, 146; influence of neofamilism on, 182; in June Democratic Uprising, 143; justification of military coup d’état to, 7; in Korean society, 22, 145– 46; Park Chung Hee views on, 62–63; relation to political activists, 131, 133, 144–45, 147, 150, 152–53, 241n79; relationship with political elite groups, 129, 131, 144, 156. See also minjung
Mercier, P., 31
merit, xi, 80–81, 90, 126, 173, 175, 196; principle, 88, 111; system, 81, 126, 200; recruitment based on, xi, 9, 24, 88–89, 98, 100, 104–5, 110, 113, 176
middle class, ix, 50, 96, 101, 130, 138–40; Korean, 96–97, 131–32, 142, 145, 185, 187
Migdal, Joel S., 135, 230n1
militarism, 17, 204
military, 85–87; anti-military regime demonstrations, 147; coup d’état, 7, 61, 64, 68, 90, 143; force, 23; government, 120; order on SNU campus, 152; Park Chung Hee service in, 61; police, 45; postcolonial conscription into, 55; President Park politically dependent on, 80, 227n63; rule, 61, 114, 120, 146; service, 168, 177–79, 232n15, 242n80
mimetic recruitment patterns, 90
Minch’ongyŏn (Youth Coalition for Democracy Movement, YCDM), 144
“mingling,” 92, 105, 125–26, 234n32
Ministries, 77, 85, 87, 102, 104, 107–8, 177; coordination among, 109, 116, 226n49, 233n27; interorganization boundaries, 111; intra-ministerial instability, 110; personnel policies, 109. See also Mobile Ministry
Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MCI), x, 70–71, 84, 87, 92; meetings with business, 71, 116; recruitments, 104; weakened coordinating power, 116, 118
Ministry of Communication, 121
Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, 234n39
minjung, 131–32, 145; movement, 18
Mint’ongyŏn (People’s Movement Coalition for Democracy and Reunification [PMCDR]), 144
“Miracle on the Han River,” x
MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry [Japan]), 236n75
mobile communications industry, 121
Mobile Ministry, 233n32
modernity, 19–20, 57, 129, 218n46; civil society as symbol of, 158; colonial, 29, 35, 39, 49, 219–20n7; industrialization distinct from, xiii, 100; and tradition, 12–13
modernization, 10, 13–14, 29, 218n46; approach and perspective of, 19; Japanese, 55; in late industrialization, 24; New Village Movement and, 229n103; Park Chung Hee’s views on, 63–64, 224n15; and tradition, 19–22, 218n50; theory/paradigm, xii, 3, 7, 13, 15, 19–21, 25–26, 203, 214n24; Western, 13, 20
modular citizens, 239n48
monosectoral analysis, 27–29, 49, 58
moral hazard, 110, 193
mutual debt guarantees, 188
mutual friendship societies, 44
myŏn (village administration unit), 49, 52–53, 223n82
Nakdong River, 118
National Assembly, 2, 93, 149–50, 155, 161, 241n76
National Charter of Education, 229n103
National Congress for Democracy and Reunification (NCDR), 144
national liberation, 38
National Movement Headquarters for Democratic Constitution (NMHDC), 144
nationalism, 18, 29, 40, 44, 98, 238n24; anticolonial, 32; historiography, 38; nationalistic facade, 158
nation-building, 7, 17,
“natives,” 34
neofamilial ties, xi, 92, 95–97, 111, 142–43, 160–65, 168–77, 188, 242n2; and application of laws, 164, 171, 207; career development and, 176, 195, 243n9; and connections, 58, 95, 141, 188, 229n90; and economic behavior, 141, 161–66, 169–70, 190, 194–95, 200, 245n42; and embeddedness, 159; as information sources, 142, 163, 171; and political behavior, 161; at workplace, 160, 176, 200
neofamilism, x–xii, 59–60, 91, 100, 156, 171–72, 175–76; behavioral consequences of, 160; behavioral manifestations of, 242n1; and chaebol reforms, 188–89, 193, 197–200, 247n13; and civil society, 130, 133, 139, 141–43; definition, 1, 5–6, 12, 18, 23, 95–98; ethos of, 96, 210; and financial sector reforms, 193–94, 245n42; and hiring practices, 201, 208; and Korean developmental state, 103–4, 110; labor reforms and, 195–96; perceptional aspects of, 160; persistence of, 200–203, 205–6, 208–11; practices, 142–43, 147, 162–67, 169, 175–76, 187, 193, 200, 207; as sociocultural pattern of sociability, 57; as survival strategies, 133, 146, 167, 182–83, 211; type I/II, 208
neotraditionalism, xiii, 216n11; and personal relations, 23
network analysis, 5
networks: informal, 79, 141; neofamilial units and, 96, 142, 158, 171; patron- client, 135; social, 22, 222n50; traditional, 1, 22
New Guidance for Villages project, 53
New Ritual Ordinance, 229n103
New Village Movement, 99, 229n103
newly industrializing countries (NICS), 16, 20
Newspaper Law, 47
NGOs, 178
non-state actors, 9, 230n1
non-state institutions, 238n12
North Korea, 7, 157, 224n8
Onsan, 118
organizations: autonomous, 140; bureaucratic, 90, 103–4, 111–12; clan, 1–3, 52–53, 56, 181; of colonial superstructural space, 34; formed during democratization, 130, 144, 240n50; industrial, 9; informal, 96, 104, 126, 139, 181; mass, 147; neofamilial, 182, 209–10; primary, ix; secret, 44–49, 152; social, 134–36, 237n8; student, 43–44, 46, 48–49, 135, 150, 152; village, 53; voluntary organizations, 134, 139, 239n26; women’s, 135; workers,’ 38, 137. See also civic organizations; civil organizations
Orientalism, 20
orthodox interpretation. See Japanese colonial rule
outside directors, 188–91, 200, 244n33
Park Choong Hun, 106
Park Chung Hee, xi, 2, 6–7, 61, 98, 104, 143, 146, 214n24, 224n1, 225n29, 227n63, 227n68, 230n103, 230n107
Park Geun-hye, 206, 208–9
Parsonian paradigm, xi
particularism, 9, 11, 76–77, 126
party politics, 203
paternalism, 9, 18, 21
paternalistic human resources management, 195
path dependence, 14, 60, 114
patriarchism, 195
patrimonial institutions, 22
permits, 110, 232n14, 234n32
personal connections, 47, 65, 97, 100
personalistic dependency, 219n60
personnel policy, 104, 112–13, 126
petrochemical industries, 73–74, 120
pokchibudong, 113, 234n38
Poland, 136, 141, 152, 229n90
Police Law, 47
“political adventurism,” 241n75
political parties, 134, 136–38, 141, 143, 150, 153, 156, 209–10; bourgeois, 138; opportunism of, 156
politicization of bureaucracy, 106, 125
politics, 1, 13; civil organizations in, 149; and civil society, 159, 229n90; in Japan, 24; Korean, 59, 63, 99, 151, 153–57, 174–76, 206, 209, 211, 225n27, 241n71; polarized party, 203; and scandals, 241n80
postcolonial world, 17
postmodern approach to tradition, 19
power: business sector’s bargaining, 121, 125; equilibrium, 112; Korean bureaucracy’s decision-making, xi, 105, 116, 118; lobbying, 78; in the market, 217n34; military, 114; neofamilial ties in attaining, 93; ownership and management, 192; Park Chung Hee’s ascent to, 61, 63, 68, 80, 90; patriarchal, 51; political parties’ securing, 156; protests against abuse by those in positions of, 207; state, 56, 96, 122, 131, 135, 141–43, 210. See also colonial power
pragmatism, 17, 76–77, 98, 116, 126, 227n55
primogeniture, 193
primordialists, 240n60
privatism, 95, 229n90; civic vs. civil, 229n90
production capacity, 74, 224n24
promotion, ix, 88–89, 96, 105–6, 111, 142, 167–68, 222n50, 231n12
Protestant Peasant Association (Kinong), 240n50
protests, candlelight, 208, 210
provincial origins, 83, 227n67
Public Order Maintenance Law, 47
public sphere, 135, 229n90
Publication Law, 47
Pyongmin Party, 151
rational-choice theory, 216n14
reciprocal consent, 236n75
recruitment: 5, 98, 100, 110; based on merit, 176; high school ties as source for, xi; increase of regionalism in, 80–81, 85, 100, 206; of leaders and activists in, 148; mimetic patterns of, xi, 9, 90; and neofamilial ties, 168, 170, 172; open, 178, 180; “parachute” style of, 105; patterns of MCIs, 102–5; of state officials, 8–11, 204; state’s exam-based merit system of, 24, 88–91
regionalism, xi, 1–3, 22, 177, 182; breakdown of, 210; combining merit with, 88–90, 100, 104–5, 110–11, 126; “defensive,” 206; and Korean civil society, 131–32, 159; in Korean elections, 96, 142, 153, 156, 203, 209; and Korean politics, 175, 204, 209, 211; as main source of social trust, 59; in MCIs recruitment, 80–83; Park Chung Hee’s views on, 229n102; persistence of, 205; solidarity among workers, based on, 196, 200, 228n83; southeast, 206; southwest, 206; “winning,” 206; within labor unions or labor- management relations, ix
religion, 17, 31, 36
resistance, 4, 11, 24, 34, 36–39, 42–43, 53, 113, 120, 209; anti-colonial, 40–41, 49, 55; student, 43–44
resistance/accommodation axis, 34, 36– 39, 41; resisting accommodation, 37
resistant traditionalism, 38
“re-traditionalization,” 55
“reverse teleology,” 28
revisionist approach, 27–28
Rhee, Seung Man, 61, 68, 225n27
Roh Tae Woo, 121, 143, 154
Roniger, Luis, 129
Saenuri Party, 209
Samsung, 120–22, 193, 199, 242n84
samurai-turned-bureaucrats, 24
Sangnokhoe (Evergreen Group), 46–47
school ties, 1, 5; colonial education legacy of social relations based on, 49; as distinct feature of Korean society, 22; originating in colonial rule, xi, 39, 47, 222n50; pervasive informal organizations within MCI based on, 104, 232n14; postcolonial Korean elite behaviors based on, 59; regionalism and, xi; role in chaebols’ corporate governance, 190; role in daily personal experiences, 160, 164, 168–69, 172–77, 180, 182, 243nn3–4; role in Park’s personnel policies, 110–11, 229n102; recruitment of state officials, 80, 89, 91–95; as source of social trust, 59; state embedded in society through, 4
Schumpeter, Joseph, 9
Second Economy Campaign, 99, 229n103
Second Republic, 82
secondary adjustments, 220–21n24
secondary education, 41; vocational high school, 41, 94
Seligman, Adam, 127, 237n5
seniority system (yŏn’gong), 196
Seoul, 44, 57, 83, 85–89, 91, 148, 161, 164, 179, 242n1
Seoul Labor Movement Coalition (Sonoryon), 150, 240n50
Seoul National University (SNU), 88, 152, 232n14; graduates, 88–89, 91, 105, 180, 228n71; School of Engineering, 177–78
shareholder rights, 200
Shils, Edward, 18
Shin, Doh C., 146
shipbuilding industry, 2, 118, 120– 21; Daewoo Shipbuilding, 120; Hyundai Yanghaeng, 120, 235n63; Hyundai’s Ulsan shipyard construction, 119; Okp’o Shipbuilding, 121
Sinudongmaeng (New Friend Alliance), 46
sirhak, 98
Six-Point Revolutionary Pledge, 61
Skocpol, Theda, 8, 239n46
small to medium-sized enterprises (SMES), 73, 91, 96–97, 184
SMI promotion corporation, 180
social change: civil society and, 130, 132–34, 137–38, 140, 158; colonial, 28, 31, 57–58; neofamilism as explaining, 202; relationship between tradition and, 19, 21, 23; in state-led late industrialization, xii, 4, 6–8, 10, 14–18, 25–26, 68, 73, 80, 171, 204–5; Weber on different patterns of, 217n34; in world-system theory and dependency school, 215n5
social connections, 173
social consequences: of colonial rule, 28, 31–32, 37, 39, 44; of late industrialization, xii, 4, 10, 25, 101, 204; neofamilism as, 6; from traditional social structure, 10; universal, x, 14–15, 132, 158
social democracy, 210
social media, 208, 211
social memory, 18
social mobility, 5, 58, 169, 171
social movements, 128–31, 143, 241n79
social psychological tendencies, 176
social solidarity, 58, 129, 195
social structure: in colonial space, 33, 223n83; of a country’s “transitional phase,” 215n36; government as integral part of, 8–11; of Imperial Germany, 215n37; in industrialization, 13, 24; neofamilism as distinct, 6; traditional, 10–11, 25, 55, 100, 204; in Western model of democratization, 131, 139–40
social welfare, 8, 52–53, 58, 138, 201, 205–6, 246n4
socialist system, 136
society: colonial, 27–35, 39, 42–44, 49–51, 220n22, 223n83; corruption in, 65, 69; cultural characteristics of Korean, 131–32; disruption and disintegration of families in Korean, 201; elites’ position in, 6, 237n7; hierarchical relations in Korean, 207–8; high school education in, 44; industrial- feudal, 215n37; Korean, ix–xiii, 1–3, 139, 153, 156–57, 205, 207–11, 219n60, 242n1; neofamilism in Korean, 96–100, 142–43, 160–76, 180–84, 188, 193; as object of analysis in political economy, 16–17; political, 132, 151; political parties’ linkage to, 136; postcolonial Korean, 55, 57–63; post-socialist, 216n11; relational approach to, 14; relationship between opposition groups and, 141, 147–49, 153, 241n79; second, 216n11; socialist, 136, 139, 216n11; state capacity to change, 8, 10–12; state embedded in, 4, 103, 124, 126, 217nn21–22; state open to, under export promotion, 69; statist or elitist tradition in, 137; strong, 135; structure and ethos of, 128; as a “totality of social relations,” 17; traditional Korean, 22–23; under state-led industrialization, 4, 24; “web-like,” 135; Weimar, 210. See also civic society; civil society; colonial society
sociology, 4, 13–14, 16, 133
solidarity: of common school experiences and locality under colonial rule, 47-49, 58; of land ownership and political influence, 56; among family, 56, 187, 206; within the MCI, 104, 106, 231n13; regional, 5; of neofamilial ties, 195–96; within secret ideological circles, 152; shared military service as a source of, 232n15; traditional networks of obligation and, 1; among workers, 18, 91, 200. See also social solidarity
Solidarity movement, 141, 152
Sorensen, Clark W., 220n15
southeast region, 85, 89, 206; provinces, 2, 104, 161, 227n68, 231nn11–13
southwest/southwestern region, 227n68, 228n83; affected by neofamilial ties on personal political decisions, 161; bias against, 85–87; as “defensive regionalism”, 206; high-ranking managerial members of chaebol from, 91; informal groups in MCI from, 104, 231nn11–13; Kim Dae Jung share of vote from, 2; for regional base of regimes, 206; SNU graduates in MCI from, 89; underrepresentation of high-ranking bureaucrats from, 81, 83
Soviet Union, xii, 6, 11, 24, 113, 136, 234n37
special industrial zone, 2
speed of implementation, 76
Stalin, 6–7
state: as abstract entity, 103, 230n8; access to, 58–59, 65; autonomy, 10, 24, 115, 234n39; “bring the state back in,” 4, 14–15; capacity, 8–12, 15, 124; “capture” by business, 233n26, 234n45; and civil, 132–33, 140, 148, 156–59, 238n12, 238n25, 239n46; disaggregate and dynamic/interactive approach, 103–4, 230n1; dominance, 131–32; East Asian states, 16; embeddedness, 4; expansion of social welfare, 206; incentives, 5, 71, 80, 90–91, 105, 111, 124, 171, 182, 208; incorporation of traditional institutions and values, 21, 203; industrialization led by the, xii, 4–5, 9–12, 23, 67, 70–73, 100, 176, 201; influence in financial institutions, 193–94, 200, 245n40; influence on class formation, 18; intervention, 23, 25, 70, 102, 193, 226n41; labor reforms mediated by the, 195–96; leading society model, 133, 137, 139–40, 143, 203; lending directed by the, 193–94; and market in industrialization, 217n34; micro-level internal changes, 103; mimesis of state by society, 126, 177; modes of recruitment, 9, 170; officials, 11, 24, 179; ownership, 49; power, 56, 96, 122, 131, 135, 141–43, 205, 210; pragmatism in decision-making, 227n55; role of the, xii, 3–4, 6, 8, 12, 15, 20, 113–14, 204–6, 225n28, 230n10, 234n37, 242n84; state-in-society model, 133–34, 143; over society model, 133, 136, 139; and society relations/dynamics, 25–26, 130, 133, 137, 139, 158, 203; strong, 27–28, 58, 102, 115, 124, 140, 144, 203, 242n82; versus society model, 131, 133, 139, 143–45, 203, 238n25; weak, 102–3, 115, 123–24, 135–36, 140. See also authority; developmental state
state-business relations, x–xii, 16, 102– 5, 110–25; blurring of boundaries in, 79–80, 110, 236n75; dependence of business on the state, 65, 69, 71, 102; “enterprise-based” support, 77, 108; favors, 68–69, 123; goals of, 75; neofamilism in, 91–97, 103, 188; networks between state officials and business managers, 105; policy finance in, 236n69; President Park’s influence on, 66–73, 108; pressure to export in, 110; state-business collusion, 68, 94; state-business “mingling,” 105, 234n32. See also commanding dependency; dependency, bargaining; hollowed commanding; manipulative dependency
state-directed lending (kwanch’i kŭmyung), 194
static approaches/analyses, 14, 20, 22, 103, 115, 132
statist or elitist tradition, 137
status: based on hierarchy among opposition groups, 136; colonial-era peasant, 54; in colonial functional space, 38; as component of neofamilism, 5; employment, 195; identity based on economic, 17, 100, 147, 166, 171; of the Japanese family, 55; role of neofamilism in chaebol white- collar workers’, 97; socioeconomic, 177, 185; of traditional social elites, 24; Weber on status and power in the market, 217n34; yangban class, 50–52
Steinberg, David, 146
strategic industries, 226n41
strikes, 45–46, 181
student movements, 44, 47, 146, 149, 152
students-turned-workers, 151
Sunkyong Group, 121
Sunshine Policy, 157
Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, 61
surveillance, 34, 44, 46–47, 136
survival strategies, 95–96, 135, 141–42, 167, 202, 211
system boundaries, 33; blurred, 30–31
Tadohae, 100
Taiwan, xi, 15–16, 74
Tanzania, 220n17
tenant farmers, 50
Third World states, 63
Thompson, E. P., 17–18
ties: blood (familial), school, and regional, 1, 3, 5, 95–96, 142, 160, 166–67, 172–74; forms of organization, 2; high school, xi, 39, 47, 49, 59, 89, 91, 95, 104, 177, 190; kinship, 10, 24, 31; neighborhood, 22; primary, 5, 95; traditional, 22, 25. See also Africa: tribal and kinship ties; clan; family; neofamilial ties; school ties
time, in social sciences, 17–19, 230n2
Tomoichi, Inoue, 214n23
tonggey, 223n82
“too big to fail” myth, 184
top leader: attitude toward traditional values and institutions, 10; close relationship with state bureaucracy and business, 73; export promotion as most important concern of, 107, 243n6; highly centralized decision- making by, 107, 111, 125, 233n26; implementation style of, 78, 126, 171–72, 182; in Korea’s industrialization, 59; role in developmental state in Korea, 102, 104, 236n75
top-down decision-making and implementation, 78, 119
total institutions, 38, 221n24
trading companies, 116–17
tradition: as basis for path dependence in historical institutionalism, 14; Blumer on different responses of tradition to industrialization, 213n15; definitions of, 18–21, 24–26, 203–4; of education as shortcut to governmental positions, 42; of hiring bureaucrats through examinations, 81; invented, 59, 98–99; invention of, 7–9, 21; Japanese, 55, 138, 140; Korean family, 192; in late industrialization, 1, 3, 15, 98, 100, 132, 171; of mutual cooperation among family members, 187; new social units as amalgams of modernity and, 12; persistence of, 6; positive role for, xii, 13, 98, 211; reinventing, 10, 19, 138, 157, 204; socialist cases of, 218n50; strong statist or elitist, 137, 152; as symbols of resistance and control, 38–39, 52–53, 223n83; through the backdoor, 7, 98; use to explain economic institutions and development, 16, 26. See also “harnessing” strategy
traditional institutions and values: interactions with colonial rule, 39, 59, 223n82; introduced and reinforced through mediation of the state, 2–3, 7, 21; persistence of, 217n34; as playing different context- dependent roles in late industrialization, xii, 5, 21, 24–25; positive role for, 7, 20; and social structure, 10–11, 100; state’s manipulation of, 98–99, 137–38, 140, 202–4, 229n103
traditionalism, 5, 19, 38, 218n40
Trentmann, Frank, 239n38
trichotomy approach, 29
trust: in the case of Italy, 242n2; competition to secure the president’s, 125; family as strongest source of, 56–57; from network of social ties within high schools under colonial education, 40, 47, 49, 222n50; generated by yangban contribution to clan organizations, 52; main sources of, 59; neofamilial practices and, 142, 163, 172–75, 179–80; necessity to secure business opportunities, 170; secured from Park by ministries and stakeholders, 107
ture, 98
Ulsan, 2, 119
unemployment, 184–87, 195, 200
unilinear development pattern, 13; non-unilinear, 20
unintended consequences, 28–29
United States, 74, 150, 158, 177–78, 211, 215n4; hegemony, 13
universalism, 13–14, 36, 134, 142, 164, 215n4
universal consequences, 13–15, 202
untouchables, 50, 57, 222n54
urgency: as impetus for intervention in economic development, 23, 227n55, 236n75; induced from backwardness, insecurity, and inferiority, 5, 7, 11, 152, 202; Park Chung Hee’s sense of, 64–66, 68, 72, 74, 77, 79, 90, 99–100, 104, 109–13, 125–26, 224n24, 226nn49–50, 233n29
values: “Asian values,” 20; in civil society, 129, 141; conflicting, in colonial- era high schools, 43; Confucian, 18, 20; embedded, 159; in familism, 214n18; Japanese, 55; in relation to industrialization, 20; Korean non- modern cultural values, 131–32; universal, in bureaucratization, 112; used to reinforce authoritarian Yusin (Reform) regime, 99. See also traditional institutions and values
Veblen, Thorstein, 23
Vietnam, 149
Water Resources Management Corporation, 109
Weber, Max, 26, 95, 128, 217n34
Weberian template, 230n10
Western Europe, 63, 122
Western paradigms/models, 13, 131
“white man’s burden,” 34
white-collar workers, 91, 97, 146
“wild horse phenomenon,” 108, 125, 233n26
working class, 2, 17–18, 140; movements, 17. See also blue-collar workers
World War II, 62
world-system theory, x, 215n5
yangban, 42, 49–55, 57, 59, 63, 222n64, 229n102, 230n106
Yeo-Soon revolt, 61
Yi dynasty, 51, 62
Yonsei University, 89, 91
Yŏsu, 118
Yusin (Reform) regime, 99, 230n104

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