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INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and maps.
Miscellany refers to Miscellany of the South Seas.
- Annam/Annan: Cai’s unexpected visit to, 21, 27, 55, 65–66, 131; during the Ming dynasty, 112–13, 131; as Giao Chỉ commandery, 111, 154n51; as Giao Province, 111; name changed to Vietnam, 43–44, 113; in Ye Xianggao’s Cerulean Cloud Collection, 131; Yuan dynasty conquest of, 112
- Awaiting Husband Mountain (Wangfu Shan), 98, 155n58
- Bai Juyi, 57, 149n1
- Bản Ðấu Công/Bentou Gong: bản thổ công possibly confused with, 148n82; Tudi Gong in Fujian compared with, 36, 122; veneration of, 36
- betel, 36, 70, 123, 126
- Black Ditch, 62
- Blackwater Ocean, 18, 62
- brush talks (bitan/bút đàm), 26; Cai’s exchanges with Nguyễn officials, 2, 26, 73, 147n70; literary Chinese, 30; written Latin, 147–48n74
- Cai Tinglan (or Cai Tingxiang)
- —biographical details: family background, 2–3; literati status of, 8, 31; name in official records, 1, 143n2; as a stipendiary student, 1, 5, 31, 47, 72
- —initial days in Vietnam and interrogation by shore patrols, 1, 7, 57, 67–75
- —religious observations, 122, 158n32
- —route from Fuzhou to Penghu: navigation hazards, 15–18, 62–63; typhoon encounter, 1, 7, 62–64
- —route from Vietnam to China, 9, 10–11; astronomical instrument discussion, 107, 156n66; boat rental, 102; Cai’s insistence on land travel, 9; financial support from overseas Chinese, 90, 94; homesickness, 2, 74, 81; Ke Longzhang’s description of, 132; Penghu arrival, 109; Three Rivers Dam in Qiling, 11, 107–8; visits to local magistrates’ offices, 12; Xiamen reached, 109
- —writing: Cai compared with great authors, 129, 159n2; names used in historical records, 156n8. See also Miscellany of the South Seas (Hainan zazhu)
- cannons, 35, 78, 81, 115; red coat, 83, 85, 153n30
- Cao Bằng Province: Cai’s meeting with officials in, 96; Mạc settlement in, 113; Nông Văn Vân rebellion in, 39, 97, 115, 154n53, 157n21
- Cham Islands (Chams), 6, 10, 18
- Chaozhou (Teochew) Prefecture: Cai’s interaction with overseas Chinese from, 29, 88, 91, 93; cultural connection with southern Fujian, 21; Dabu County in, 107–8; dialect related to Hokkien, 21; location of, 4, 20; Macauley’s work on maritime, 24; native-place association in Vietnam, 22, 93–94; Vietnam connected with maritime, 26
- Chapman, Charles, 150n3
- Chen Lunjiong, Record of Things Heard and Seen in the Maritime Kingdoms: on Nan’ao Island, 16; on nha tử ships, 125–26, 159n39
- Chen Yiyun, Cai Tinglan jiqi Hainan zazhu, 15, 144n24
- Choi Byung Wook, 146n55
- cinnamon, 75, 90, 125, 126
- civil service and civil service examinations: Cai’s anxiety about passing, 12, 47; Cai’s provincial exams, 7; literati identity associated with, 8, 31; Qing dynasty system of, 3–4; in Vietnam, 4–5, 19, 117, 143n8
- clothing: Cai Tinglan’s, 14, 71, 86; Ming dynasty style, 116; used, from China, 122; Vietnamese, 67, 121–122
- Cochinchina (Ðàng Trong or the “inner region”): artillery cast in, 152n25; Nguyễn control of, 18, 20, 37; Saigon located in the Ðồng Nai region of, 156n10; “wheels” (sedan chairs) in, 158n26
- coinage, Vietnamese, 69
- Confucianism: neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi, 108, 156n69; and Pavilion of Awe, 109, 156n70; transnational commonwealth, 27–28
- Crawfurd, John, 152n25, 157n10
- Da Zhang, 127, 159n41
- Dabu: Cai’s travel through, 107–8; location of, 4, 11
- Ðại Nam Thực Lục Chính Biên (ÐNTL). See Nguyễn dynasty: official annals
- Ðăng Huy Thuật, 99–100
- Ðăng Kim Giám, 31, 71
- Daoguang. See Qing dynasty—Daoguang
- Đoàn Văn Trung, as Cai’s guide, 97, 100
- Ðống Hới. See Quảng Bình Province
- Ðông Kinh. See Hà Nội (Hanoi)
- Fan Chengda, 13
- farmers and farming, 70, 77; Cai on Vietnamese products and practices, 126
- food and alcohol: chili pepper, 89; food customs, 122–23; food stand, 70; gourds as wine bottles 91, 96; Job’s tears soup, 96; rice distributed to crew of ship, 73; wine and poetry, 74, 86–87, 100, 96
- Fujian Province: Hokkien as language of southeastern, 9; map of coast, 4; Minh Hương roots in, 19; native-place lodge, 22, 92; provincial exams taken by Cai in, 7; tulou communal houses, 108, 156n68; Zhao Shenzhen as governor general of, 107, 155–56n67; Zhu Xi celebrated as a native of, 108–9, 156n69. See also Fuzhou; Hokkien; Longxi (in Fujian); Zhangzhou Prefecture; Zhao’an County (Fujian)
- Fujianese people: Cai’s interactions with, from Longxi, 29, 73–74, 104; Cai’s interactions with, from Tong’an, 9, 29, 71, 75, 76, 86, 88, 92; financial support for Cai’s return to China, 90
- Fuzhou: Chinese migrant families from, 30, 90; dialect of Hokkien spoken in, 145n45; location of, 4; native-place association, 22; provincial exams taken by Cai in, 7; as separate from Fujian Province in Qing China, 145n45; typhoon encountered en route from, 1, 7
- Ghost Gate (Quý Môn Quan), 57, 94, 154n48
- gifts and gift exchange: Cai’s comfort with, 35; Cai’s poetry as, 84, 87; Euro-American misunderstanding of, 34–35; financial support for Cai’s return to China, 90–91, 94; for officials in markets, 124; presentation on copper trays, 35, 57, 67, 68, 123; resources gifted to Cai to return home, 73, 75, 77, 88, 100, 127
- Gotō Hitoshi, 15
- gu poison, 89
- Guangdong Province: financial support for Cai’s return to China, 90; location of, 4, 11; native-place associations, 9; Qiongzhou under the jurisdiction of, 51, 149n2; shrine to Duke Wen of Han in, 107
- Guangzhou: Cai’s travels from Goat City to Laolong, Guangdong, 107; native-place association, 22; location of, 6, 11
- Guanxi (or Xiaoxi): Cai’s visit to, 108; location of, 11
- Gui Xifu, Traelogue of the Renxu Year compared with, 109
- Hà Nội (Hanoi): Lê palace visited by Cai, 92; “nha tử” ships in, 125; other names for, 38–39, 92, 114, 156n2, 157n19
- Hà Tiên, overseas Chinese community in, 25
- Hai Bà Trưng temple, 93. See also Trưng sisters
- Hainan Island. See Qiongzhou
- Hainan zazhu (Miscellany of the South Seas), publication in 1837, 1; meaning of title, 41–42
- hairstyle, queue, 14, 21, 70–71
- Hakka (Kejia/Khách gia): native-place association, 22, 145n45; and Pun Tao Kung, 36
- Hargett, James M., 153n39
- He Xianwen (or Hà Hiế Văn), 38, 114, 148n87, 157n17
- Hố Bảo Ðịnh, 30, 90
- Hố Ðê (Hố Hán Thương), 112, 156n5
- Hồ dynasty, Tây Kinh (“western capital”) in Thanh Hóa, 10, 156
- Hội An: customs duties and port fees, 33; location of, 10; market town in, 43
- Hokkien: Chaozhou dialect (Teochew/Hoklo) related to, 21; Chinese migrants from regions speaking, 28–30; dialect of, spoken in Fuzhou, 145n45; as the language of southeastern Fujian, 9; Quanzhou dialect of, 28–29; spoken by Cai’s interpreter Sim Liang, 67; Zhangzhou dialect of, 29
- Huế. See Phú Xuân
- Lamb, Alistair, 33, 34
- Lạng Sơn Province: Đại Thanh visited by, 98, 155n59; garrison, 97, 154n54; Ghost Gate in, 57, 94, 154n48; Khâu Lư market town in, 43; location of, 10; Nhị Thanh and Tam Thanh Grottoes, 97–98, 154–55n56, 155n59; Nông Văn Vân rebellion in, 39, 97, 115, 154n53, 157n21
- Laolong, Guangdong: Cao’s travels to, 106–7; location of, 11
- Lê Duy Hy (Lê Huyến Tông), 113, 156n6
- Lê dynasty, 112–13, 156n6
- Lê Hoàn, 112
- Lê Lợi, 112
- Lê Ninh, 112–13
- Lê palace, 92
- Lê Quý Ly, 112
- Lê Văn Khôi revolt, 28, 157n21
- Li Bai (Li Gongfen), 129, 159n2
- Li Xizhi, Register of Coming South, 109
- literary Chinese: employed by Vietnamese officials, 19, 27, 31; as language of Cai’s Miscellany, 31–32; Old Chinese as spoken counterpart of, 30. See also brush talks
- Liu Hong’ao (or Liu Cibai): epigraph, vii; foreword to Miscellany, 51–52; prediction that Cai would return, 129; as surveillance commissioner of Shaanxi Province, 159n1
- Liu Lianfang, 55
- Liu Liuzhou, Record of Mountains and Rivers, 109
- Liu Zongyuan, 13
- Longxi (in Fujian): Cai’s interactions with Fujianese from, 29, 73–74, 104, 107; dialect of Hokkien spoken in, 29
- Lu Jia, 48
- luoji (“entering the current”), 16, 55, 63
- Lý Công Uẩn, 112
- Lý dynasty, 112
- Ma Yuan (Wave-Quelling General): and Mountain That Flew Here, 97; pacification of Trưng sisters by, 36, 93, 111; pillars erected by, 95, 111, 154n51; temple dedicated to, 36–37, 95, 102–3
- Mạc Ðăng Dung, 112–13
- Macauley, Melissa, 24–25
- Marble Mountains (Ngũ Hánh Sơn), 10
- Mazu (Empress of Heaven), 63, 149n3
- merchants, Chinese: diasporic Fujianese traders, 2, 26; Minh Hương as sea-trade brokers, 20; Qing, married to Vietnamese women, 29, 146n49
- merchants, Vietnamese: riverine and coastal trade, 34; trade with China, 25, 146n55
- miasma, 37, 95
- Millward, James, 27
- Ming dynasty: Annam during, 112–13, 131; migration of Minh Hương refugees, 19–20; temple to Jianwen emperor, 102, 155n61
- Minh Hương: emigration to Vietnam, 19–20, 145n44; Fujian Province roots of, 19, 71; “Tang people” distinguished from, 21
- Minh Mạng. See Nguyễn dynasty—Nguyễn Phúc Đảm (Minh Mạng)
- Miscellany of the South Seas (Hainan zazhu): editions and translations, 13–15, 144n22–23; online access to, 15, 144–45n27; other works compared with, 109, 131; significance of Vietnam’s connection with maritime Chaozhou detailed in, 26. See also “Record of Peril on the High Seas”; “Travelogue of the Fiery Wasteland”; “Vietnam Chronicle”
- monkeys and apes, 78
- Nan’aoqi [Nanao Island], 16, 62–64
- native-place associations (bang): Fujian Association, 9, 71, 151n10; Fujian native-place lodge, 22, 92; functions of, 22; recognized by the Gia Long emperor, 22, 145n44
- Nghệ An: Cai’s stay in, 89–90; location of, 10; as one of thirty-provinces, 124, 126; peacock-pheasants observed by Cai, 90, 153n39
- Ngô Ðức Thọ, 15, 151n7
- Nguyễn Ánh. See Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (Gia Long)
- Nguyễn Bạch, 8, 71
- Nguyễn Ðăng Guảng, 99
- Nguyễn Ðăng Uẩn, 86
- Nguyễn dynasty: Minh Hương given special privileges, 20; official annals, 1, 7, 29, 146n49; pirate attacks, 7; Tây Sơn massacre of Nguyễn royal family members, 38; territory controlled by, 18–19
- Nguyễn Nhược Sơn, 30, 90
- Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (Gia Long): Nguyễn dynasty established by, 37–40, 113–15, 156n9, 157n14, 157n16; power base, 38; and Tây Sơn brothers, 37–38; and Vō Tánh, 113–14, 157n16
- Nguyễn Phúc Đảm (Minh Mạng): and Cai, 2, 8; civil examinations during, 5; records of Chinese ships drifting to Vietnam, 7–8
- Nguyễn Quang Bình. See Tây Sơn—Nguyễn Quang Trung (or Nguyễn Huệ)
- Nguyễn Quang Toản (Cảnh Thịnh or Bảo Hưng), 114, 116, 157n18, 158n23
- Ninh Bình (Bình Sáng): Cai’s visit to, 91; location of, 10; as one of thirty provinces, 126; people surnamed Nguyễn in, 91
- Nôm (chữ Nôm) writing system: Cai Tinglan’s faulty understanding of, 153n32; employed for poetry and literature, 19, 31
- Ocean Mountain Pass (Hải Vân Quản), 10, 36, 78, 80, 152n21
- Ông Ích Khiêm, 91, 153n40
- overseas Chinese: ancient customs followed by, 121; Bản Ðấu Công worshipped by, 36; Cai’s return to China financially supported by, 90–91, 94; interactions with Cai in Vietnam, 28–30, 89–90, 92–94; maritime settlements compared with colonies, 25–26. See also merchants, Chinese; Minh Hương; native-place associations (bang); Tang people (Tangren/Ðường nhân)
- Paracel Islands, 6, 10, 16–17, 19
- peacocks: marketed in Vietnam according to Cai, 126; peacock-pheasants observed by Cai, 36, 90, 95, 153n39; Suhe birds in Annam, 126–27
- Penghu Islands (or Pescadores Islands): Cai Tinglan as a native of, 2–3, 47; hurricanes and storms in the Penghu region, 144n13; location in the Taiwan Strait, 3, 4, 6, 11, 47; as a subprefecture of Fujian province, 143n4
- Phan Thanh Giản, 28, 76–77, 152n17
- pheasants. See peacocks
- Phú Xuân [Huế, popularly called Thuận Hóa]: Cai’s visit to, 35–36, 81–84; cannons in, 85; city walls, 81, 82, 152n25; Imperial College in, 87, 153n31; location of, 10; occupied by Nguyễn Quang Trung, 113; palaces described by Cai, 83–84, 84
- pillars, marking southern border of Han empire, 95, 111, 154n51
- pirates: Chinese, employed by the Tây Sơn, 38; He Xianwen, 38, 114, 148n87, 157n17; in Nguyễn dynasty annals, 1
- platform daybed (ta), 35, 68, 71, 86
- Po, Ronald, 17–18
- Pollock, Sheldon, 27
- Pomeranz, Kenneth, 24
- Pun Tao Kung, 36
- Qing dynasty: civil service examinations, 3–4; and inner and outer sea, 17–18
- —Daoguang: Cai’s return from Vietnam, 47, 51, 61; Cai’s studies with Zhou Kai, 47; Nông Văn Vân rebellion, 39, 97, 115–16
- —Jiaqing reign, 113
- —Qianlong reign, 113
- Qiongzhou (Hainan Island): under jurisdiction of Guangdong Province, 51, 149n2; location of, 6, 10, 17; native-place association,
- Qu Yuan (Lingjun), 129, 159n2
- Quảng Bình Province (or Ðồng Hới): Cai’s visit to, 86–88; location of, 10
- Quảng Nam Province: Hội An market town in, 43, 76, 124; location of, 10; Tây Kinh mistakenly placed in, by Cai, 111, 156n2
- Quảng Ngãi Province: market town in, 43. See also Thời Cần (Sa Cấn) station
- Quang Trung. See Tây Sơn dynasty—Nguyễn Quang Trung (or Nguyễn Huệ)
- queue hairstyle, 14, 21, 70–71
- Quy Nhơn, 157n11, 157n16
- Saigon (Sài Gòn, now Hồ Chí Minh City): Gia Long’s power base in, 38; Lê Văn Khôi as a native of, 28; location of, 156n10; market towns in, 43; other names for, 38, 113–14, 124, 156n10; trade in, 23; Treaty of, 152n17
- sedan chairs, 118, 158n26
- ships and shipbuilding: customs duties and port fees, 33–34; nha tử ships, 125–26, 159n39; records of Chinese, drifting to Vietnam, 7–8; Vietnamese rowers, 68, 150n3
- Shu Hai, 127, 159n41
- Sim Liang/Thẩm Lượng (Cai’s interpreter), 30, 31, 67, 76, 89, 90, 147n70
- Sima Qian, 48, 156n70
- Staunton, George, 156n10
- Su Ruolan (aka Su Hui), 98, 155n58
- Su Shi (Dongpo), 13
- Su Shi (Su Dongpo), on Dan’er, 51
- Su Zhe (Su Ziyou), 49
- Taiping Prefecture (Guangxi), 10, 29, 96–97, 101–3
- Taiwan Prefecture: Cai’s status as a stipendiary student, 5, 47; on “nha tử” ships, 125
- Tân Châu (Bính Định), 113
- Tang people (Tangren/Ðường nhân): Cai’s interactions with, in Vietnam, 12, 74, 124; as a cultural designation used by Cai, 21, 39; encountered by Cai on boat, 65; marriage to Vietnamese women, 122; Minh Hương distinguished from, 21; taxation of, 120
- Tây Kinh, mistakenly located in Quảng Nam by Cai, 111, 156n2
- Tây Sơn: Chinese pirates employed, 38; founding of, 157n13; massacre of Nguyễn royal family members, 38
- —Nguyễn Thái Ðức (or Nguyễn Nhạc), 157n11; Tân Châu (Bính Định) occupied by, 113
- —Nguyễn Quang Trung (or Nguyễn Huệ), 157n11; confused with son Quang Toản by Cai, 114, 116, 157n18, 158n23; generals, 114, 157n15; recognition as king of Annam, 113, 156n7; Thuận Hóa occupied by, 113
- —Nguyễn Quang Toản (Cảnh Thịnh or Bảo Hưng), confused with father Quang Trung by Cai, 114, 116, 157n18, 158n23
- Teochew. See Chaozhou (Teochew) Prefecture
- Thanh Hóa: as one of thirty provinces, 126; Tây Kinh of the Hồ dynasty in, 10, 156; visited by Cai, 90
- Thời Cần (Sa Cấn) station: Cai’s ship inspected by shore patrols, 1, 7, 57, 67; location of, 10, 150n2; pirate ship recorded in Nguyễn dynasty annals, 7
- Thuận Hóa. See Phú Xuân [Huế]
- tiger(s): elephants trained for war with, 36, 120–21, 158n30; marketed in Vietnam according to Cai, 126; Thổ Công deified for killing problem, 148n82
- Tongking (Tonkin). See Hà Nội (Hanoi)
- Tongking Gulf (Tonkin Gulf): Cai’s encounters with overseas Chinese, 17, 27; region spanning China and Vietnam, 6, 10, 17
- trade: Chinese networks and Nguyễn economy, 25; market towns (phố), 43; private export of certain commodities banned, 125; unlawful activity confronted by the Nguyễn, 28, 146n56; Vietnam and maritime Chaozhou connection detailed in Miscellany, 26. See also merchants
- Trấn Cảo, 112
- Trần dynasty: descendants executed, 112; Hố Ðê crowned as king, 112, 156n5; Ming incorporation of Trần lands, 112; Trần Quang Nhuế as king of Annam commandery, 112, 156n4; Yuan dynasty attacks on, 112, 156n4
- Trần Quang Diệu, 114, 157n15
- Trần Quang Nhuế, 112, 156n4
- Trấn Văn Trung, 47–48, 92, 96, 100
- Trấn Văn Tuân, 47–48, 96
- Transverse Mountain Pass, 10
- “Travelogue of the Fiery Wasteland,” 67–109; astronomical instrument discussion, 107, 156n66; shrine of Anqi Sheng visited, 105, 155n63; Vietnamese rowers described in, 68, 150n3; view of Xiangshan and Macao described in, 105, 155n62; Xiong Yiben’s description of, 129; Zhou Yungao’s encouraging Cai to write, 109
- Trịnh Ðức Hưng, 30
- Trưng sisters (Hai Bà Trưng), 36, 93, 111, 154n46; Hai Bà Trưng temple, 93
- Veritable Records of the Great South. See Nguyễn dynasty: official annals
- Vietnam (Việt Nam)
- —entertainment: dancing on the street, 124, 159n37; mouth harps, 124; staging of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 124, 159n36; zaju operas, 123
- —governance: civil service, 4–5, 19, 116–18, 143n8; literary Chinese employed in, 19; official garb, 150n1; patronizing descriptions of officials by Euro-Americans, 34; Qing government compared with, 119, 145n34; of villages, 119–20. See also Cao Bằng Province
- —history: Annam as former name of, 44, 111, 113. See also Lê dynasty; Nguyễn dynasty; Tây Sơn; Trần dynasty; “Vietnam Chronicle”
- —language. See literary Chinese; Nôm (chữ Nôm)
- —military: artillery cast in Cochinchina, 152n25; battlements and cannons in Huế described by Cai, 35, 83; cannons in Huế, 85; instruments of punishment, 119, 158n28; red-coat cannons, 83, 153n30; soldiers stationed at Ocean Mountain Pass (Hải Vân Quản), 78; soldiers’ uniforms, 119
- —names of: Ðại Việt, 19; Nam Giao, 111; Nam Việt (Nan Yue), 43, 48, 111; Việt Nam, used by Cai, 19, 43–44; Việt Thường (Yuechang), 111. See also Annam/Annan
- —wildlife: described by Cai, 78–79. See also elephants; peacocks; tigers
- “Vietnam Chronicle,” 111–27; Cai’s writing of, 132; as a counterpoint to Vietnamese official history, 37; establishment of Nguyễn dynasty described, 37–40, 113–15, 156n9, 157n14, 157n16; Lê Lợi’s request for Trấn Cảo to be made king, 112; Liu Hong’ao on, 53; on marriage customs, 120, 122; “wheels” (sedan chairs) described, 118, 158n26; Xiong Yiben on, 129, 130; Zhou Kaizhong on, 53; Zhou Yungao on, 127
- Vietnamese merchants. See merchants, Vietnamese
- Vĩnh Long, 126, 153n35
- Vũ Ðường Luân, on phố, 43
- Vũ Văn Dũng, 114, 157n15
- Zhangzhou Prefecture: Cai’s interactions with a Fujianese from, 94; dialect of Hokkien spoken in, 29; location of, 4, 6, 11; mountainous region described by Cai, 108
- Zhao’an County (Fujian): Cai’s interactions with natives from, 89; dialect of Hokkien spoken in, 29; Sim Liang as a native of, 30, 31, 67, 76
- Zhaoqing Prefecture: Cai’s exploration for traces of Zhu Xi, 108–9; Guangzhao native-place association, 22; location of, 11
- Zhao Shenzhen, 107, 155–56n67
- Zhou Kai (circuit intendent): Cai’s concerns about famine in Penghu brought to, 12, 47; preface by, 47–49
- Zhou Yungao (circuit intendent): as circuit intendant at Xiamen, 61; on “Record of Peril on the High Seas,” 66; Trấn Văn Trung’s memory of meeting, in Xiamen, 96; on “Travelogue of the Fiery Wasteland,” 109; on “Vietnam Chronicle,” 127; wait for Cai’s return, 55
- Zhu Xi, 108–9