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Medicine and Memory in Tibet: Amchi Physicians in an Age of Reform: Index

Medicine and Memory in Tibet: Amchi Physicians in an Age of Reform
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Contents
  5. Foreword
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. Note on Terminology and Romanization
  8. List of Abbreviations
  9. Maps
  10. Introduction
  11. Chapter 1: The Tibetan Medical House
  12. Chapter 2: Medicine and Religion in the Politics and Public Health of the Tibetan State
  13. Chapter 3: Narrative, Time, and Reform
  14. Chapter 4: The Medico-cultural Revolution
  15. Chapter 5: Reviving Tibetan Medicine, Integrating Biomedicine
  16. Chapter 6: Looking at Illness
  17. Conclusion
  18. Notes
  19. Glossary
  20. Bibliography
  21. Index

INDEX

The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

acupuncture

adoptions

amchi (medical practitioners): center vs. margins and; continuity of Tibetan medical practices and; defined; knowledge of; lay, called to monasteries; “looking at illness”; “real amchi” (amchi ngönné) vs. government amchi; recollections of; seeing patients; training of; wealth needed by. See also Cultural Revolution; Medical Houses; medicine production, recipes, and compounding; revival of Tibetan medicine

Ani Ngawang

Ani Payang

Ani Pema Lhamo

anthropology and historicities

architecture and authority of Medical Houses

barefoot doctors campaign

Barefoot Doctor’s Manual, The (“Rkang rjen sman pa’i” slob deb; C. Chijiao yisheng shouce)

Barefoot Doctor’s New Tibetan Medical Compounding Manual (Tibetan Medical Manual; Sman pa rkang rjen ma’i bod sman sbyor sde gsar bsgrigs) (Lhasa City Mentsikhang)

Barnett, Robert

Beall, Cynthia

Beijing Tibetan and Ethnic Medicine Hospital

béken (phlegm)

biomedicine: barefoot doctor campaign and; combined with Chinese medicine, in Cultural Revolution; injections; NCMS scheme and; Ngamring People’s Hospital and; Pelshung graduates and; Shigatse PLA hospital and

Blaikie, Calum

bone lineage (dunggyü): exceptions to; flesh lineage vs.; gendered descent ideology and; Mentrong and; ritual obligations; Ruthog village amchi and; Térap House and; as type of medical lineage. See also adoptions

Bonpo medical practitioners

British political mission

Buddhist philosophy

Buddhist sciences

bumrampa degree

Bumshi

Cai Jingfeng

Cassinelli, Charles W.

cauterization (mégyab)

centers and margins of Tibetan Medicine

Chakpori Medical College

cham dances

Chaug Gonpa (monastery)

Chen Kuiyan

Chensel Labdra school

childbirth

children and pediatrics: child health care campaign (Lhasa Mentsikhang); ear vein diagnosis and; Mentsikhang Department for Women and Children’s Health; Treasure of the Heart (Jampa Tupwang); vaccination campaigns

Childs, Geoff

China’s Tibetan Medicine (Zhen and Cai)

Chinese Communist Party (CCP): censorship by; central Tibet reforms and; Eleventh Party Congress (1978); Ninth Party Congress (1969); official accounts of reforms; Panchen Lama and; “speaking bitterness” (suku); TCM and. See also Cultural Revolution

Chinese Herbal Medicines Common in Tibet (Sino-Tibetan Herbal; Bod ljong rgyun spyo krung dbyi’i sman rigs; C. Xizang changyong zhong caoyao)

Chinese medicine: controversies over; Mao and; new allowances for, in 1970s; in PRC constitution; reduction of services in governmental services; “Traditional Chinese Medicine” (TCM); trungyi as term for

“Chinese State interests”

Chiu Tekcholing nunnery

chödzé households

chökhang (Buddhist chapel or altar room)

chuser (“yellow water”)

collection of herbs and ingredients: Cultural revolution and; Nyékhang and; Ruthog village amchi and; Sino-Tibetan Herbal and; time required for; Wangnam on local collection. See also medicine production, recipes, and compounding

communes, model

Communist Gyüshi

compounding. See medicine production, recipes, and compounding

Cooperative Medical Services (CMS) scheme

Craig, Sienna R.

cultural preservation argument

Cultural Revolution: barefoot doctors campaign; as “big mistake”; CCP’s loose censorship on; “destroying the old”; destruction and preservation of medical texts; destruction of Mentrong and monasteries; the Four Olds; Janes on; partial government support for Tibetan medical work; Red Guards attack on Mentsikhang; revival of Tibetan medicine and; SEM as precursor to; Sino-Tibetan Herbal and; survival or transformation of medical system during; Tibetan culture and; Tibetan Medical Manual and; timeline; virtual disappearance of Tibetan medicine

Dalai Lamas: Fifth; Thirteenth; Fourteenth; exile, avoiding discussion of; tensions with Panchen Lamas, recurrent

Das, Veena

Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978)

Democratic Reforms: delayed in Tibet; land reforms; in Ruthog village; timeline of key events See also reform narratives

Deng Xiaoping

Desi Sangyé Gyatso. See Sangyé Gyatso

“destroying the old”

Dewachen Nunnery

diagnostics: disease categories; ear vein diagnosis; of monks compared to lay amchi; pulses; remote; in Sino-Tibetan Herbal; stone diagnosis; ta rek dri (three classic diagnostic methods)

Diemberger, Hildegard

disease categories

Do Dasel Wangmo

dön (spirits)

donations and offerings for treatment. See payment and donations for treatment

donations to monasteries

Dowman, Keith

Drangsong Düpai Ling (medical school)

Drepung Monastery

drib (pollution)

dribgyön illness

drumbu (rheumatism or arthritis)

dunggyü. See bone lineage

ear vein diagnosis

economic liberalization

economics. See moral economy; payment and donations for treatment

education. See medical lineages; schools, medical; transmission of medical knowledge

Ekvall, Robert B.

elements, five

Essence of Medical Compounding (Sman sbyor nus pa phyogs bsdus phan bde legs bshad) (Khyenrap Norbu)

ethics, medical

exiled Tibetans: autobiographies of physicians of 14th Dalai Lama; Dalai Lama; historicity and; Ninth Panchen Lama (1923–24); on occupation of Tibet and effect on Tibetan medicine; Sino-Tibetan Herbal and; Tibet in Exile government

Fang, Xiaoping

Farmer, Paul

First of August military medical training

First Study of Tibetan Medicine and Medical Materials

Fjeld, Heidi E.

flesh lineage (shagyü)

for-profit health care

Foucault, Michel

Four Clean-ups, the (Socialist Education Movement, SEM)

Four Olds, the

Four Treatises (Gyüshi) (Yuthog Yonten Gonpo); about; Bumshi as precursor to; on China’s annexation of Tibet; Communist Gyüshi (1976); Cultural Revolution and; divisions of; groups of illnesses in; lineage in; Medicine Buddha as teacher of; memorization of; in private libraries; on status of medicines; Tibetan Medical Manual compared to; Vocational Health School textbook and

freedom of religion

Gawo Dorjé (doctor and pharmacist)

Gelugpa school of Buddhism: Chakpori Medical College; exclusion of women at medical institutes; Ngamring Chöde Monastery; nuns and. See also Dalai Lamas; Panchen Lamas; Tashilhunpo Monastery

gender: Communist reformers and gender equality; descent ideology and; expectations, gendered; Medical Houses inherited by women; political economy of Tibetan medicine, intersection with; reform narratives and. See also women

Germano, David

gerpa households

Goldstein, Melvyn C.

Gongmen Konchog Pandar

good manufacturing practices (GMP) standards

Great Leap Forward

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. See Cultural Revolution

Gurgyam Monastery

Gutschow, Kim

Gyatso

Gyenlok faction

Gyüshi. See Four Treatises

Henrion-Dourcy, Isabelle

herbs. See collection of herbs and ingredients; medicine production, recipes, and compounding

Hilliard, Casey

Hirsch, Eric

historiography and historicities. See also reform narratives

house concept, anthropological

Household Responsibility System (gentshang lamlug)

Hsi Changhao

Hsu, Elisabeth

Hu Yaobang

“humors”

Hundred Verses Written from Experience (Nyams yig brgya rtsa) (Gongmen Konchog Pandar)

Indian Medical Services (IMS) doctors

inequities, health

injections

international NGOs. See also Swiss Red Cross (SRC)

“invention of tradition”

Jamgon Kongtrul Yonten Gyatso. See Kongtrul Yonten Gyatso

Jampa Trinlé (Lhasa Mentsikhang director)

Jampa Trinlé (Shigatse)

Jampa Tupwang

Jamyang Norbu

Janes, Craig

Janglug (Jang School)

Jangpa Namgyel Drazang

Jedrung Dzi (Rje drung ’Dzi)

jedrung households

Jiang Village, Zhejiang

Jiao, Ben

Jokhang

Ju Mipham

June 26 Directive

Kailash Projects School

Kao Yuanmei

Khandro Yangga

Khandro Yanggar

Khyenrap Norbu

khyimgyü (lineage of the household)

khyung-nga (Garuda 5)

Khyungtrul Jigmé Namkhai Dorjé

Khyungtrul Menpé (Khyung sprul sman dpe) (Khyungtrul Jigmé Namkhai Dorjé)

Kikinaka Medical School, Tashilhunpo Monastery

kinship ideology. See also bone lineage (dunggyü)

Kongtrul Yonten Gyatso

Kosseleck, Reinhart

kundagi dönné diseases

Kunga Phuntsog

Kyemen Rinpoche

lanang tralkyiné diseases

land reforms

Lévi-Strauss, Claude

Lhasa Health Bureau Revolutionary Health Committee

Lhasa Medical College

Lhasa Middle School

Lhasa Uprising

Lhünding Mentrong: architecture and authority of; destruction of; Jangpa Namgyel Drazang statue; as Medical House example; medicine room of; reform narrative; revival of; social status of

Lhünding Monastery, destruction of

Lhundrup, Tanzen

liberal model of healthcare

libraries, medical. See texts, medical

Lin Biao

lineages. See bone lineage (dunggyü); flesh lineage (shagyü); medical lineages (mengyü); teaching lineage (lobgyü)

Liu Shaoqi

Lobsang

Lobsang Dolma Khankhar

Lobsang Duden

Lobsang Wangyal

Lodrö

lung (oral transmission of medical texts). See also transmission of medical knowledge

lung (wind)

magpas (called-in son-in-laws)

Makley, Charlene

mangtso (the people)

mani rilbu (sacred pills)

Manjushri

Mao Zedong: barefoot doctor campaign and; Chinese medicine and; Cultural Revolution and; death of; Great Leap Forward and; June 26 Directive; Quotations; Tibetan medicine and; Tibetan reforms and; “treasure-house” slogan

Maraini, Fosco

margins and centers of Tibetan Medicine

McGranahan, Carol

Medical Houses (sman grong): amchi medical work at; anthropological house concept and; architecture and authority of; gendered ideologies of descent and transmission of medical knowledge; Lhünding Mentrong example; medical lineages and; as “moral persons”; Nyékhang; reform narratives; relations between; social status, material wealth, and medical libraries of; Térap House example; terminology. See also Lhünding Mentrong; Térap House, Gye

medical lineages (mengyü): history of; home lineage vs.; Medical Houses and; types of; women as heirs. See also adoptions

medical poverty trap

Medicine Buddha: authority of; Communist Gyüshi and; Four Treatises and; offerings and prayers to; statue of; temple dedicated to; thanka of

medicine production, recipes, and compounding: in Ani Pemo Lhamo’s collection; commercialization and scaling up of; finances required for; good manufacturing practices (GMP) standards and; in Khyenrap Norbu’s works; khyung-nga (Garuda 5); local vs. foreign materials; medicine preparation houses; menjordeb (handwritten compounding recipe book); menjordeb texts; in Mirror of the Moon; poetic names; process of; Ruthog village amchi and; Semde 5 (Peace of Mind 5); in Sino-Tibetan Herbal; TAR Tibetan Pharmaceutical Factory; at Tashilhunpo Medical Clinic; in Tibetan Medical Manual

medico-cultural revolution. See Cultural Revolution

memory: amchi memory practices; Marxist vs. every-day epistemes; “meaning in”; “oppositional practices of time”; recollections of amchi. See also reform narratives

menjordeb (handwritten compounding recipe book)

menkhang (medicine room): Buddhist scriptures kept in; at Lhünding Mentrong and Térap House; medicine preparation in; ritual purity and

menngak (secret knowledge)

menpa (physician). See also amchi

Mentrong. See Lhünding Mentrong

Men-Tsee-Khang (exile institution)

Mentsikhang (Institute of Medicine and Astrology, Lhasa): center vs. margins and; child health care campaign; Department for Women and Children’s Health; founding and mission of; Janes’s twentieth-century history of transformations in; Kikinaka compared to; as Lhasa City Mentsikhang; library, attempt to restock; medicine empowerment ritual, annual; Red Guards attack on; reinstatement of; socialist outlook and; three branches of

mercury processing

Millard, Colin

Ministry of Health

Mirror of the Moon (Methods of Giving Birth Helpful for All; Byis pa btsa’ thabs kun phan zla ba’i me long) (Khyenrap Norbu)

miser (commoners)

modernization in Ganden Phodrang state

monasteries: Bonpo medical practitioners; destruction of, in Cultural Revolution; donations to; in Ngamring Dzong; Nyingma practitioners as doctors; presence or absence of doctors in; rebuilding of; revival of monastic medical practice. See also specific monasteries by name

monks as medical practitioners. See religion, politics, and public health of Tibetan State

Moon Jewel of the Body’s Measurements (Lus thig zla ba nor bu’i me long) (Zurkar Nyamnyi Dorjé)

moral economy: amchi practice, medical rounds, and; good manufacturing practices (GMP) standards and; “looking at illness” and; political economy and NCMS; primary care, precarious place of Tibetan medicine in; Saxer’s “moral economy of Tibetanness”; structural violence and; Tashilhunpo medicine production and

moxibustion

Mueggler, Eric

Nakane, Chie

“nationality medicine”

neoliberal model of healthcare

New Cooperative Medical Services (NCMS) scheme

New “Manba,” The (Zhu Naizheng)

Ngamring Chöde Monastery

Ngamring Tibetan Medicine Hospital

Ngapö Ngawang Jigmé

Ngawang Chödrag

Ngawang Dorjé

Ngawang Thuthob Wangchuk (the Sakya Tri’chen)

ngazab or ngadag (“owner of many”)

nuns, Buddhist: about; case studies; destruction of nunneries; Dewachen Nunnery; as doctors in early twentieth century; as path to education before 1960s; revival of medical practice

Nyamdre faction (Cultural Revolution)

nyamyik (“writings from experience”)

Nyékhang House

nyépa sum (three forces)

NYIMA Foundation

Nyingma Chaug monastery

Nyingma school of Buddhism, monks as practitioners in

“old diseases”

open-door policies

“oppositional practices of time”

Panchen Lamas: Tenth; CCP and; government of; reforms and; tensions with Dalai Lamas, recurrent

Pangyul Monastery

patent medicines, Chinese

patrilineal descent. See also bone lineage (dunggyü)

payment and donations for treatment: moral economy and; NCMS and; norms and practices. See also moral economy

pediatrics. See children and pediatrics

Pelshung Tibetan Medicine School

Pema Kelsang

People’s Hospital, Lhasa

People’s Hospital, Ngamring

People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

People’s Liberation Army (PLA) hospital, Shigatse

People’s Republic of China (PRC). See Chinese Communist Party; Cultural Revolution; Mao Zedong

pharmaceuticals. See medicine production, recipes, and compounding

philosophy, Buddhist

Phuntsoling Monastery

“pillar industries”

polha (patrilateral kingroup deity)

political economy

“politics of fear”

polyandry

Poole, Deborah

Potala Palace, Lhasa

poverty trap, medical

Preparatory Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region of Tibet (PCART)

privatization

protests (March 2008) and crackdown

pujas

pulses, reading

Quotations of Chairman Mao (“Little Red Book”)

Rabgyal

recipes. See medicine production, recipes, and compounding

Red Guards

red reproductive substance (khuwa or trak)

reform narratives: gender and; Mentrong; modern biographies of exiled doctors; ngakpa Nyingkhang; official accounts; oppositional practices of time; silences; “speaking bitterness” (C. suku); state surveillance and shifting narration for audience; Térap House and state-time; timeline of key events. See also Democratic Reforms

Regional Party Committee, Tibet

religion, politics, and public health of Tibetan State: authority of Medicine Buddha; Bonpo medical practitioners; British approach; Buddhist nuns as doctors; child health care campaign and vaccinations; freedom of religion; modernization under Ganden Phodrang government; Nyingma practitioners as doctors; prevalence of monk-doctors; Tashilhunpo, Kikinaka Medical School, and expanding Buddhist medical authority in Tsang; ten Buddhist sciences. See also monasteries; nuns, Buddhist; ritual practices

revival of Tibetan medicine: biomedicine and; Bon monk amchi and; Buddhist monastic practitioners and; Communist Gyüshi and; Cultural Revolution and; defined; governmental vs. private; Mentrong House; New Cooperative Medical Services (NCMS) scheme and; Nyékhang House; religious freedom and; rural primary care and national policy on the margins; Ruthog village amchi and; SRC and the Pelshung Tibetan Medicine School; state-sponsored revitalization; Térap House

Richardson, Hugh

rinchen rilbu (precious pills)

Rinchen Wangyal

ritual practices: annual medicine empowerment ritual, Lhasa Mentsikhang; cham dances; Medical Houses and; torma offerings. See also religion, politics, and public health of Tibetan State

ritual purity

rounds, medical

Ruthog village

Samdrub Ganden Monastery

Samuel, Geoffrey

sangbo druk or sang druk (six supreme medicines)

Sangyé Gyatso

Saxer, Martin

Scheid, Volker

schools, medical: Chakpori Medical College; Chensel Labdra; Drangsong Düpai Ling medical school; Kailash Projects School; Kikinaka Medical School, Tashilhunpo Monastery; NYIMA School in Lundrub; Pelshung Tibetan Medicine School; Tibetan Medical College; Vocational Health School, Lhasa City; Vocational Health School, Shigatse

Scott, James

Semde 5 (Peace of Mind 5)

serfs, “liberated”

shabdrung households

shenwang ngöngyiné diseases

Shigatse Health Bureau

Shigatse Mentsikhang Hospital

Shigatse Prefecture. See Tsang region

Short History of Ngamring Dzong Tibetan Medical Hospital (Wangnam)

Sino-Tibetan Herbal (Chinese Herbal Medicines Common in Tibet)

six supreme medicines (sangbo druk or sang druk)

smallpox

Snellgrove, Davidson

Socialist Education Movement (SEM; or the Four Clean-ups)

Soktsang, Lobsang Dhonden

Sonam Drölma

Sorig Zintig (Gso rig zin tig) (Kongtrul Yonten Gyatso)

Sowa Rigpa. See Tibetan Medicine

“speaking bitterness” (C. suku)

spiritual merit

state, religion, and politics. See religion, politics, and public health of Tibetan State

state surveillance and reform narratives

Steward, Charles

Stoddard, Heather

stone diagnosis

structural violence

“struggle sessions” (thamzing)

subaltern studies

surveillance by the state, reform narratives and

Swiss Red Cross (SRC)

ta rek dri (three diagnostic methods)

Tambiah, Stanley

TAR Tibetan Pharmaceutical Factory

Tashi

Tashi Tsering

Tashilhunpo Medical Clinic

Tashilhunpo Monastery

taxes and household status

Tayhkang Jampa Tupwang. See Jampa Tupwang

Taykhang Jetsunma Jampel Chodron

Taylor, Kim

teaching lineage (lobgyü)

Tenzin Chödrak

Térap House, Gye; architecture of; Cultural Revolution and; as example of Medical House; medicine room of; reform narrative; renovation, discussion of; restoration of; social status of; as taxpayer household; visit to

texts, medical: Bonpo; destruction of; in monasteries; private libraries. See also specific texts, such as Four Treatises

Third Forum on Work in Tibet (1994)

Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR): Chinese occupation; economic liberalization in; economy of; formation of; maps; occupation by PRC; “pillar industries”. See also specific topics, programs, and institutions

Tibet Development Fund (TDF)

Tibet in Exile government

Tibet University

Tibetan language, revolutionary reforms to

Tibetan Medical College, Lhasa

Tibetan Medical Manual (Barefoot Doctor’s New Tibetan Medical Compounding Manual)

Tibetan Medical Thanka 37

Tibetan Medicine (Sowa Rigpa): Cultural Revolution and survival or transformation of; delegitimation and relegitimation of; margins and centers of; philosophical foundation of; “traditional Tibetan Medicine” (TTM); treatments in. See also amchi; medicine production, recipes, and compounding; religion, politics, and public health of Tibetan State; revival of Tibetan medicine

time, “oppositional practices of”

torma offerings

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). See Chinese medicine

“traditional Tibetan Medicine” (TTM)

transmission of medical knowledge: collaboration and knowledge exchange; gendered descent ideology and; vertical vs. horizontal. See also bone lineage; medical lineages

Treasure of the Heart (On Childcare: Treasure of the Heart Benefitting Beings; Byis pa nyer spyod ’gro phan nying nor) (Jampa Tupwang)

“treasure-house,” Chinese medicine as

trelpa households

tri (oral didactic instruction)

tripa (bile)

Troru Tsenam

Trouillot, Michel-Rolph

trustworthiness of doctors

tsadrum disease

Tsang region (Shigatse Prefecture): about; maps; pre-PRC administration of; as regional center; as understudied. See also specific topics, such as Medical Houses

Tsarong Palden Gyaltsen

tsatsas (clay icons)

tsering rilbu (long-life pills)

tsotel (purified, medically-used mercury)

Tutob Gyeltsen

union clinics

United Front

united front policy

Ü-Tsang (central Tibet)

vaccination campaigns

Van Vleet, Stacey

Vocational Health School, Lhasa City

Vocational Health School, Shigatse

Vocational Health School textbook

wang (empowerments)

Wangdu

Wangnam

Western Medical Practitioners Study Chinese Medicine campaign

Western medicine. See biomedicine

white reproductive substance (khuwa)

Woeser, Tsering

women: excluded from Gelugpa medical institutes; as heirs to medical knowledge and texts; mercury processing by; as “not scholarly”; Shigatse Vocational Health School and; as sources of knowledge. See also gender; nuns, Buddhist

World Health Organization (WHO)

“Wrath of the Serfs” exhibition

Yeh, Emily

Yeshe Lhamo

yongdrub tseginé diseases

Yonten Tsering; on Ani Pema Lhamo; compounding medicines; Cultural Revolution and; disease categories; dispersal of Térap and; on etiology of Four Treatises; on father’s death; fees and funding; on joining of politics and religion; Kikinaka Medical School and; on medical rounds; memories of; moral economy and; People’s Hospital Tibetan medical clinic and; preservation of medical texts; on reforms; role of, in fieldwork; state surveillance and; Térap House and; training; treatment and “looking at illness”

Yuthog Nyingthig (Yuthog Heart Essence)

Yuthog Yonten Gonpo

Zhang Guohua

Zhen Yan

Zhishé 11 compound

Zhou Enlai

Zhu Naizheng

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