Index

“abandoning parents to take government office,” criminal liability in, 157–58
aboriginal customs, 110
aboriginal offices, 101, 104, 110, 129, 130
abstinence, 73
“accepting property and subverting the law,” 161
“accepting property without subverting the law,” 161
Admonitions for Women (Nüjie), 62
Ahern, Emily, 72
Alford, William, 6, 7, 8, 13
“all under Heaven” (tianxia), 4, 18, 19, 55, 91, 102–12, 143, 179
“allowing troops to pillage,” 115–18
Altar of Soil and Grain, 22
analogy, 45
ancestor worship, 77, 157
ancestors, 25, 26, 73, 78, 93, 176
Ancestral Instructions of the August Ming (Huang Ming zuxun), 116, 146
Annam (Vietnam), 4, 100–102, 106, 111
Astrological Commission (Taishi yuan), 31
astronomical prophecy, 76
astronomy, 76–77
augural diagrams, 76
“autumn frost,” 153

barbarians: crudeness of, 129–30, 132; foreign or outer, 103–5, 110, 111, 123, 127, 130; inner, 103–4
Basalawarmi, 105
Ba-Shu, 105
Bayun Xingtong fu (Eight rhyming explications of the United code), 46
“beating the petitioner’s drum,” 151
Beiping Regional Military Commission, 113
“bending the law to promote sentiment” (qufa shenqing), 40
Big Dipper, 22
Biqu tiaoli (Regulations for avoidance and pursuit), 87
black magic, 10, 12, 33, 95–96, 98
Bodde, Derk, 9, 10, 12, 14, 67–69, 97
body, 49, 74, 79–80, 82–85, 97, 150, 174
body-soul (po), 24
Book of Announcing Ordinances (Shenming jieyu shu), 57
Book of Astrology (Tianwen shu), 26, 31
Book of Changes (Yijing), 58
Book of Documents (Shangshu), 35, 58, 93
Book of the River Luo (Luoshu), 94
Book of the Yellow Court (Huangting jing), 84
Book of Thoroughfares in the Realm (Huanyu tongqu shu), 193–94n24
books, proscribed, 76, 94
boundaries, 10–42
“breach of the bond of righteousness” (yijue), 138
bronze pillar, 100, 191n1
Brook, Timothy, 88–91
Buddha Maitreya, 92–93
Buddhism, 18, 70–72, 81–91

Calendar of the Great Unification (Datong li), 31, 106
Cambodia, 122
“causing obstructions at checkpoints,” 150
“celestial city” (tiancheng), 150
“celestial countenance” (tianyan), 150
celestial gates, 155
celestial instruments, 76
“celestial majesty” (tianwei), 151
celestial sections (shier ci), 108
Censorate, 23, 152–53
Central Buddhist Registry, 86
Central Daoist Registry, 86
Central Plain (zhongyuan), 121, 123, 133
Chan, Wing-tsit, 34
Ch’en Ku-yuan, 9–10
Chen Wenhui, 89
Chen Youliang, 27
Chenjie lu (Instructions for ministers), 148
China: cultural, 18, 103–12, 123–41, 176; geographical or political, 18, 103–12, 123, 140, 176
“China-centered history of China,” 7, 178, 179
Chinese-Mongolian Dictionary (Huayi yiyu), 127
Ching, Julia, 11
Ch’ü T’ung-tsu, 10, 14
civil service examinations, 111
“clan extermination” (zuzhu), 149
Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing), 156
Classic of the Way and Its Power (Dao de jing), 87
Classic of Understanding Heaven (Toutian jing), 94
Classified Encyclopedia on the Learning of Principle (Lixue leibian), 35
The Code and Commandment Directly Explicated (Lü Ling zhijie), 56, 177
Code with Commentaries and Explication of Questions (Lüjie bianyi), 20, 124, 129, 196n53
Cohen, Jerome, 6
Cohen, Paul, 13
“Collected Explications” (Huijie), 114, 117
Collected Rituals of the Great Ming (Da Ming jili), 72, 79, 146
Collected Statutes of the Great Ming (Da Ming huidian), 10, 87
Commentary on the Tang Code, 149
“committing crimes by persons outside the pale of civilization,” 123
“committing crimes involving illicit goods obtained through malfeasance,” 161–62
“community wine-drinking ceremony” (xiang yinjiu li), 56–57, 177, 179
Comprehensive Instructions to Aid the Realm (Zishi tongxun), 49, 86, 94, 146, 168
Comprehensive Supervision Registers (Zhouzhi ce), 81
Confucianism, 29, 82–85, 92, 93, 110, 156; apolitical quality of, 28; and common source, 39; communion of, 54; debate with Buddhism and Daoism, 84–85, 89, 187n2; elements of, 12; and Ming autocracy, 34–35, 188n18; Neo-, 34, 35, 80, 138, 139; promotion of, 139; revivification of, 159
constellations, 26, 108, 145
contumacy, 60, 65
cosmic being, 61, 156
cosmic bonds (tianlun), 41
“cosmic demarcation” (fenye), 107–8, 140, 176
cosmic grace, 156
cosmic order, 4, 17–18, 20, 21; official, 24–33, 46, 49, 52; in “Ten Abominations,” 58–67, 68, 79–80, 155, 164, 173, 175–78, 180
cosmic space, 106
cosmic structure, 160, 178
cosmic time, 106
cosmogony, 160
cosmological regions, 111
cosmology: official, 5, 11, 19, 20, 21, 24–33, 75–76, 143–46, 160, 175–80; as philosophical foundation of legal culture, 180
cosmos, 16, 17, 24, 59, 141, 143, 144, 175, 179
Court of Imperial Sacrifices, 73
Court of Judicial Review, 23, 41, 89
“creating obstructions in receiving or issuing government goods,” 150
crime: causes of, 48–50; cosmological definition of, 45–50; legal definition of, 43–45; nature of, 43–50
Cui Liang, 35
Cunxin lu (Records of a constant heart-and-mind), 26
customs, aboriginal, 110

Da Ming huidian (Collected statutes of the great Ming), 10, 87
Da Ming jili (Collected rituals of the great Ming), 72, 79, 146
Da Ming qinglei tianwen fenye shu (Record of the purified categories of celestial and terrestrial regions of the great Ming), 107–8
Da Ming zhi (Gazetteer of the great Ming), 104
Dagao xubian (Grand pronouncements, second compilation), 55
Dao de jing (Classic of the way and its power), 87
Daoism, 18, 70–71, 81–91
Daoyan, 189n20
Dardess, John, 24, 28, 29, 92
Datong li (Calendar of the great unification), 31, 106
Daxue (Great learning), 34
Daxue yanyi (Expanded meaning of the Great learning), 34–35
deceiving the throne, 149–54
“Decree Calling for Military Officers to Protect Themselves” (Wuchen baoshen chi), 167
deities. See spirits
Deng Yu, 29
depravity, 66
despotism, 6, 38, 160
Directorate for Documents, 107
Directorate of Astrology, 42
Directorate of Astronomy, 76–77
Directorate of Education, 110, 111
discord, 61, 65
“dismembering living persons,” 96
“divine utensil” (shenqi), 60, 94
“doing what ought not to be done,” 47–48
Douglas, Mary, 15, 18, 141
“dragon’s den,” 79
drum, petitioner’s, 151
due process, 6
Durkheim, Emile, 15, 16
Dynastic University, 56

Earth, 108, 127, 147, 149, 154, 160, 171, 183–84n14; and cosmic order, 24–25, 29, 30, 33, 36, 38, 52, 53–55, 59, 60, 63, 67, 69, 76, 79, 83, 107, 156, 164, 176; worship of, 4, 18, 22, 28, 73–75, 80, 82, 98, 188n18
education and transformation (jiaohua), 29, 50–58, 177, 179
“eight handles” (babing), 154, 198n11
Eight Rhyming Explications of the United Code (Bayun Xingtong fu), 46
Eno, Robert, 28
The Essential Meaning of the Five Classics (Wujing yaoyi), 46
exhibition pavilions (shenming ting), 57, 177
Expanded Meaning of the Great Learning (Daxue yanyi), 34–35
“extra-Code” law, 172–74
“extracting vitality by dismembering persons,” 96–97

Fairbank, John K., 5–6, 9, 14
family, 83–84
Family Rituals of Master Zhu [Xi] (Zhuzi jiali), 137
Fan Zugan, 34
Farmer, Edward, 34, 59, 69
Fengyang, 33
Feuchtwang, Stephan, 72
filial piety, 35, 40, 41, 61, 156; lack of, 59, 60–61, 65, 78, 158–59, 185–86n40
Five Chief Military Commissions, 23
Five Constant Virtues (wuchang), 29, 55
Five Phases (wuxing), 9, 59
Five Punishments (wuxing), 44, 176
“five teachings,” 53, 59, 92
“five zones,” 107, 193n18
Forbidden City, 22
foreign (people and countries), 18, 111
fornication, 78
Four Books and Five Classics, Confucian, 34, 35
“four virtues,” 62, 186n43
Fu Yiling, 173

gaoshi (model notice), 20, 80, 95, 166
Gazetteer of the Great Ming (Da Ming zhi), 104
gender relations, 62–66
General Gazetteer of the Realm (Huanyu tongzhi), 193–94n24
Geng Liang, 167
Geng Zhong, 145
geomancy (fengshui), 15, 16, 32, 48, 79
ghosts, 24, 25, 30, 73, 153, 168, 171
Giersch, C. Pat, 132
God, 9, 13, 14, 23
gods of the walls and moats, 80, 170
Gongxing lu (Records of self-reflection), 26
government goods, 150
“Grand Guardian,” 92
“Grand Instructress,” 92
Grand Pronouncements, Second Compilation (Dagao xubian), 55. See also Yuzhi Dagao
great irreverence, 59, 66, 75, 155, 186n47, 188n18
Great Learning (Daxue), 34
Great Ming Code (Code; Da Ming lü): codifying “Heavenly principle” and “human sentiment,” 41, 58–67; commentaries on, 20, 48, 77, 114, 115, 117, 124, 153, 154, 166, 168, 170; control over trade, 119–22; educational function of, 19; enforcement of, 37; as fundamental law, 173; manifesting the Mandate of Heaven, 179; memorial to present, 58; and Ming religious policies, 11; as permanent law, 174; on pillaging, 115–18; promulgation of, 3; religious nature of, 19; representing cosmic order, 177–80; significance of, 4; study on, 13, 17–21. See also law
Great Ming Commandment (Commandment; Da Ming ling), 45, 47–48, 55, 56, 72, 79, 139, 146, 173
Great Wall, 113, 134
“guancheng” (string city), 23
“guansuo xing” (a string of stars), 23
Guo Huan, 46–47, 162

Hall for the Great Sacrifices, 22
Hall of Service to Heaven, 22
Hamili, 118–19
Han (ethnicity), 18, 19, 27, 102, 109, 126, 127, 131, 137–39, 141, 176; non-Han, 100–41
Han dynasty, 74, 76, 94, 101, 103, 123, 124, 134, 144, 148
harmony, 5, 27, 33, 38, 49, 59, 62, 65–66, 126, 143, 178, 180
He Guang, 20, 124, 129–30, 149
Heaven, 23, 39, 54, 63, 83, 85, 127, 134, 149, 160, 164, 183–84n14; as common source, 39; and cosmic order, 4, 16, 22, 24, 29, 30, 33, 35–36, 47, 59, 67, 69, 76, 106, 143, 153–54, 176; judgment of, 3; and the law, 9, 12, 13, 23, 38, 52, 53, 55; and rulers, 19, 22, 28–29, 33, 66, 77, 94, 106, 144–47, 171, 172, 174; worship of, 4, 18, 24, 26, 28, 73, 75, 76, 80, 82, 98. See also Mandate of Heaven; Son of Heaven
“Heaven-appointed offices,” 154
“heavenly authority” (tianheng), 154
“heavenly bond,” 84
“heavenly constitution” (tianxian), 25
“heavenly court,” 101
“heavenly heart,” 26, 27, 37, 39, 107
“heavenly jail” (tianlao), 23
“heavenly nature” (tianxing), 29, 39, 84
“heavenly pattern” (tianju), 10, 37, 183–84n14; of Nanjing, 22
heavenly phenomena, 25, 26, 37, 53, 77
Heavenly Principle (tianli), 4, 5, 17, 22–69, 146–47, 160, 175–77; content, 36; exemplified in “Ten Abominations,” 58–67, 176; as foundation of law, 33–50; in law enforcement, 37
“heavenly punishment” (tiantao), 10, 47, 183–84n14
“heavenly sanctions” (tianqian), 25, 27, 37, 47
“heavenly throne” (tianwei), 60
“heavenly way” (tiandao), 10, 23, 26, 36, 52, 59, 156
“heavenly will,” 25, 26, 28, 31, 37, 39, 42, 59, 183–84n14
“heavenly words” (tianyu), 154
Hegel, Georg, 5
heretical religions (heresy; heterodoxy), 18, 66, 82, 83–84, 89, 91–99, 171
Hetu (Yellow river diagram), 94
Ho Yunyi, 80
holism, 15, 16, 19, 179
Hongwu shengzheng ji (Records of the imperial government during the Hongwu reign), 30
Hsu Dau-lin, 68
Hu Han, 29–30, 35
Hu Weiyong, 32–33, 38, 39, 114, 148–49, 173
Huang Chan-chien, 136
Huang Chao, 76
Huang Guangcheng, 100, 130
Huang Ming zuxun (Ancestral instructions of the august Ming), 116, 146
Huang-Lao thought, 8, 12, 178
Huangting jing (Book of the yellow court), 84
huanyu, 24
Huanyu tongqu shu (Book of thorough-fares in the realm), 194n24
Huanyu tongzhi (General gazetteer of the realm), 193–94n24
huawai ren (persons beyond the pale of civilization), 123–25, 195–96n46
Huayi yiyu (Chinese-Mongolian dictionary), 127
human beings: interaction with spirits, 25, 24, 28, 29, 33, 36, 38, 59, 75, 77, 127, 143, 144, 149, 175–78, 180; realm of, 18, 86, 100–42; transformation of, 5
human nature, 30, 127
Human Sentiment (renqing), 4, 17, 22–69, 147, 164, 175–77; content, 36; exemplified in “Ten Abominations,” 58–67; as foundation of law, 33–50

illicit goods (zang), 75, 161–62, 198n15
immortals, 85
Imperial Ancestral Temple, 22
imperial bodyguard, 52, 151
Imperial Commentary to the “Hongfan” Section of the Book of Documents (Yuzhu Shu Hongfan), 36
incest, 61, 137
“inflicting captive spirits on others,” 96–97
Instructions for Ministers (Chenjie lu), 148
“intercepting the carriage of the emperor,” 150–51
Islam, 9, 11

Japan, 4, 105, 106
Jiang Boer, 41
Jing cheng lu (Record of absolute sincerity), 35
Judeo-Christianity, 9, 13, 15, 179

Ko, Dorothy, 63, 65, 186n46
Korea, 4, 104–5, 112, 193–94n24
Kutcher, Norman, 159–60

lack of filial piety, 59, 60–61, 65, 78, 158–59, 185–86n40
Lan Yu, 38, 148–49, 173
Lancaster, Lewis, 84
Langlois, John, Jr., 30, 31, 45, 92
law: assessment of Chinese, 5–13; and black magic, 10, 12; Chinese and Greek, 7–8; as cosmological instrument, 5, 179–80; divine origin of, 8–9, 11–12, 14; as expression of morality, 9; function of, 50–58; higher, 8, 14; as “hoe” and “water and fire,” 51–53; as means of social control, 5, 177; as “medicine” and “cleanser,” 53–54; metaphors of, 51–54; as moral textbook, 13, 17, 55, 177, 180; and naturalism, 10; nature of, 34, 36–37; penal, 12; positive, 12, 13, 14, 177, 178; publicizing of, 55–58; as punitive tool, 13; purpose of, 54; and religion, 8–13, 20; repressive function of, 5–7, 11, 12–13, 177; and rituals, 11; as secular instrument, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12–13, 177; undifferentiated from religion, 179; Western, 11. See also Great Ming Code
Law in Imperial China (Bodde and Morris), 9
Le Qui-ly, 100
“leaving home,” 84
legal cosmology, 17, 20, 23; of early Ming, 22–69; and the foundation of law, 175–80; and the function of law, 50–58; and the nature of crime, 43–50; and official cosmic order, 24–43
Leng Qian, 86
levirate marriage, 126, 134, 136–37
Li Bin, 31
Li Chunfeng, 109
Li Fengji, 148
Li Qi, 142, 197n1
Li Shanchang, 31–33, 97, 148
Li Shilu, 89
Liang, Prince of, 30, 105
Liang Zhiping, 6–7
Liaodong Regional Military Commission, 113
Light-Honoring Sect, 92
Liu Ji, 27, 30–33, 35, 42, 134, 183–84n14
Liu Yongping, 11
Liuqiu/Rukyu, 106, 116, 122
Lixue leibian (Classified encyclopedia on the learning of principle), 35
Lolo, 111
loose-rein (jimi) policy, 104, 124
Lord of Resplendent Heaven, 106
Lord on High, 3, 25, 82, 93, 94
loyalty, 159–60
Lü Ling zhijie (The Code and Commandment directly explicated), 56, 177
Lüjie bianyi (Code with commentaries and explication of questions), 20, 124, 129, 196n53
Luoshu (Book of the River Luo), 94

Ma, Empress, 64
Ma Yuan, 100–101
MacCormack, Geoffrey, 68–69
Maine, Sir Henry, 10
“making spells or incantations to harm others,” 96, 97, 191n38
Mandate of Heaven: manifested in law, 13, 19, 20; 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42–43, 53, 67, 71, 106, 107, 143, 144, 160, 175, 179–80; reception of, 3–4, 11–12
Manichaeism, 92
“maritime trade supervisory bureaus” (shibo tiju si), 119
marriage: and cousins, 135–36; customs, 134–39; interracial, 125–28; levirate, 126, 134, 136–37; and officials, 167; same-surname, 134; uxorilocal, 139; wife-husband relations, 62–66
“matching half-seal tallies” (banyan kanhe), 152
material force (qi), 30–31, 183–84n14
Mencius (Mengzi), 35
Mengzi (Mencius), 35
merchants, maritime, 119–20
Miao, 110
“middle ground,” 132
Ming empire, 18, 100–142; borderlines of, 112–23
Ministry of Justice, 23
Ministry of Revenue, 152, 163
Ministry of Rites, 111, 117, 137, 169, 171
monasteries (temples), 81–82, 87
Mongols, 89, 123; colluding with, 114; and marriage, 19, 124–26, 128, 131, 134, 138–39, 195n46; pollution from, 48, 53, 126–27, 132, 137; relocation of, 107; war with the, 50, 71, 105, 109, 118, 195n39
Montesquieu, Charles, 5, 6
Morris, Clarence, 9, 10, 12, 67–69
Moses, 9
Mote, F. W., 173, 179
mourning, for relatives, 73
Mozi, 43
Munro, Donald, 36, 39, 54
Muslims, Qincha Hui, 124, 128, 131
“mutual production and mutual destruction,” 79

Nanjing, 22–23, 31
Needham, Joseph, 5
Neo-Confucians, 34, 35, 80, 138, 139
New Persian Letters (Xin Bosiren xinzha), 7
Nichen lu (Record of rebellious ministers), 149
“nine-layered celestial palace” (tianque jiuchong), 150
“nourishment houses” (yangji yuan), 164
Nüjie (Admonitions for women), 62

“obstructing others from attending court audience,” 150
Office for the Scrutiny of Memorials (Chayan si), 150
Office of the Commissioner for Undertaking the Promulgation of Imperial Orders and for Disseminating Government Policies (Chengxuan buzheng shi si), 163
Office of Transmission (Tongzheng shi si), 150
offices, aboriginal, 101, 104, 110, 129, 130
officialdom/officials, 18, 19, 129, 142–74, 176; local, 163–68
Ouyang Lun, 122
Overmyer, Daniel, 72, 81, 99
Ozaki, Masaharu, 84

pacification commissions, 104
Palace Treasury, 152
panyu (model verdict), 20, 153
parents, 156–60
passes, 112, 113, 114
Peerenboom, Randall, 8, 12, 178
penology, 50, 55
people, the, 160–68; as foundation of the country, 160
Persian Letters (Montesquieu), 6
Placard to Elucidate Buddhism. See Shenming Fojiao bangce
“plotting great sedition,” 59, 60, 77, 94, 149, 185–86n40
“plotting rebellion,” 38, 59, 60, 94, 148, 149, 190n29
“plotting treason,” 59, 60, 94
“pointing to the belly and cutting the front of the woman’s garment” (zhifu gesanjin), 139
pollution, 48, 50, 53, 57, 82, 102, 103, 137; by alien forces, 112, 126–27, 139, 140; concept of, 11, 18; female, 64; physical, 74; social/cultural, 18, 48, 132–34, 141
ports, 119
“Prestamped Documents Case” (Kongyin an), 44, 152
The Prime Ministers’ Mirror (Xiang jian), 148
principle (li), 30, 45, 48, 60, 80, 145, 175, 178, 180
“profaning the spirits,” 75–76
“prohibit violence and eliminate wickedness” (jinbao zhijianu), 50, 54, 176
“Proper Lord,” 92
proscribed books, 76, 94
provincial surveillance commissions, 152
“provoke honorable persons to revolt,” 167
Puding Tribal Office, 110
Punishment Review Office, 23
purity, 11, 18–19, 111, 112, 134, 176
Purity and Danger (Douglas), 15

Qi Haibin, 6–7
Qiang, 130
Qin dynasty, 94, 144
Qincha Hui Muslims, 124, 128, 131
Qing dynasty, 4
Qingtian, 32

Raphals, Lisa, 63
Rawski, Evelyn, 98
reciprocal retribution (fanzuo), 119
Record of Absolute Sincerity (Jing cheng lu), 35
Record of Rebellious Ministers (Nichen lu), 149
Record of the Purified Categories of Celestial and Terrestrial Regions of the Great Ming (Da Ming qinglei tianwen fenye shu), 107–8
Record of Warnings (Zhijie lu), 144
Records of a Constant Heart-and-Mind (Cunxin lu), 26
Records of the Imperial Government during the Hongwu Reign (Hongwu shengzheng ji), 30
Regulations for Avoidance and Pursuit (Biqu tiaoli), 87
religion: and Chinese law, 8–13, 180; definition of, 13–17; in Marxism, 14; rituals of, 70–99
religiosity/religiousness, 9, 12, 178
“returning officials to government service by curtailing sentiment” (duoqing qifu), 159–60
Revelations of the Treacherous Clique (Zhaoshi jiandang lu), 148
rights, 12
rites, 74, 79–80
rituals, 16, 17, 18, 27, 51, 53, 72; five, 72, 187n3; heretical (sectarian), 91–99, 127, 154–55, 176; mortuary, 78–80, 83; official, 73–80; popular, 81–91, 98
rule of law, 7–8
ruler, 146–55; loyalty to, 159; 160, 175, 177

sacrifices, 73; facilities and objects of, 74–75
“sacrificial statutes” (sidian), 24, 80, 169
sage-ruler, 28, 30, 53, 71, 177
Sangren, Steven, 16
Schipper, Kristofer, 84
Schneewind, Sara, 87
semu ren, 123, 124, 126–28, 131, 138
“seven grounds” (qichu), 137, 196n60
Shaanxi Regional Military Commission, 118
Shang dynasty, 11, 74, 93
Shangshu (Book of documents), 35, 58, 93
Shenming Fojiao bangce (Placard to elucidate Buddhism), 87, 188n19, 190n26, 190n30
Shenming jieyu shu (Book of announcing ordinances), 57
Shilu. See Veritable Records
Siam, 122
Siming Prefecture, 100–102, 130
Six Offices of Scrutiny, 151
Skinner, William, 16
“skinning ground” (pichang), 163
Smith, Richard, 16
Son of Heaven: “children of,” 102; Chinese, 9, 104, 123, 124; as cosmic force, 18, 22, 35, 38, 66, 79, 143, 172, 176; emperor’s status as, 17, 22, 25, 67, 76, 98, 149, 155, 172, 176
Song dynasty, 144
Song Lian, 30, 33, 35, 86, 105, 132, 133, 154
sorcery, 92, 95, 98
spirits (deities), 30, 55, 71, 80, 85, 96; and heresy, 33, 47, 59, 75, 82, 92, 96, 97, 191n38; interactions with humans, 5, 24, 67, 73, 97; world of, 4, 5, 17, 18, 25, 66, 175–78; worshipping, 18, 26, 28, 66, 72, 74, 143, 168–72, 185n30
Spirits of Soil and Grain, 169
spirit-soul (hun), 24
Spiro, E., 14
Standard Forms of Judgments for the Great Ming Code (Zhaopan zhengzong), 131
stars, 26, 27
Sui Yangdi, 116
Sun, 153, 164
Sun K’o-k’uan, 30, 31
“superhuman forces,” 5, 17, 22, 24, 95–97, 177, 178, 180, 182n14
Supreme Ultimate (taiji), 24

Taiping Gate, 23
Tang Code, 48, 97, 123, 138
Tang dynasty, 76, 94, 101, 144, 148
Tanyang, 32
Tao An, 35
Taylor, Romeyn, 10–11, 29, 59, 80, 81, 92, 141, 171
temples. See monasteries
“Ten Abominations” (shie), 58–67, 75, 155, 176
“ten stems and twelve branches,” 79
Thai (ethnicity), 102
“Three Bonds and Five Constants” (sangang wuchang), 36, 59, 62, 63, 85, 111, 167, 188n18
“three followings,” 62, 64–65, 186n43
“three recompenses and one sacrifice” (sanbao yisi), 50, 146–72, 185n30
“three restrictions” (sanbuqu), 137, 196n62
Three Teachings, 82, 85, 88–89
“thrice following.” See “three followings”
Tian Wen, 148
Tianwen shu (Book of astrology), 26, 31
Toutian jing (Classic of understanding heaven), 94
trade, 119, 122
Tran Court, 100
“treacherous cliques” (jiandang), 147–49, 155
tribute students, 110
Turner, Karen, 7–8, 11
Twitchett, Denis, 12
Tylor, Edward, 14

Unger, Roberto, 5–6, 7, 8
unrighteousness, 65, 66–67
Ursa Major, 23
Ursa Minor, 23
“usurping imperial authority,” 154

Veritable Records (Shilu), 27, 69, 93, 95, 167, 184n24, 192n3
Vietnam. See Annam

Waltner, Ann, 66
Wang, Edward, 127
Wang De, 134
Wang Mang, 148
Wang Yi, 29–30, 52
Wanquan Regional Military Commission, 113
Watson, James, 98
Way (dao), 8, 29, 52, 59, 82, 85, 178
Weber, Max, 5
Wechsler, Howard, 72
Wei Guan, 57, 173, 179
Weller, Robert, 91
Western Zhou dynasty, 11
White, Richard, 132
White Cloud Society, 92
White Lotus Buddhism, 18, 92–93
Wolf, Arthur, 72
Wu, Empress, 62
Wu Chen, 35
“Wuchen baoshen chi” (Decree calling for military officers to protect themselves), 167
Wujing yaoyi (The essential meaning of the five classics), 46

Xiang jian (The prime ministers’ mirror), 148
Xiao Qi, 46
Xiaojing (Classic of filial piety), 156
Xu Da, 109
Xue Xiang, 97

Yang, C. K., 15–16
Yao, 110
Yates, Robin, 11
Ye Boju, 42–43
Yellow River Diagram (Hetu), 94
Yijing (Book of changes), 58
Ying Jia, 148, 157
yin-yang, 9, 16, 18, 36, 42, 52, 53, 59, 62, 63, 107, 140, 176
Yü Chün-fang, 88
Yu Yuan, 131
Yuan dynasty, 27, 30, 104, 105, 123, 124, 127, 132–34, 138, 141, 144, 163; legal system of, 126; lessons from, 34, 162; and “polluting,” 139; regulations from, 89; seals of, 130
Yuzhi Dagao (Imperial grand pronouncements), 54, 56, 133, 136, 146, 156, 162, 173, 174
Yuzhu Shu Hongfan (Imperial commentary to the “Hongfan” section of the book of documents), 36

Zeng Bingzheng, 107
Zhan Tong, 86
Zhang Jinfan, 6, 10
Zhang Jue, 76
Zhang Meihe, 35
Zhang Shicheng, 32
Zhang Yuchu, 189n20
Zhang Zhong (Iron-Cap Master), 27, 31
Zhao Qian, 164
Zhaopan zhengzong (Standard forms of judgments for the great Ming code), 131
Zhaoshi jiandang lu (Revelations of the treacherous clique), 148
Zhee, 110
Zhen Dexiu, 35
Zheng Lian, 39–40
Zheng Shi, 39–40
Zheng Shili, 44
Zhijie lu (Record of warnings), 144
zhong (middle way; happy medium), 37–40, 52
Zhong Mountain, 23
Zhongguo (Central Kingdom), 18, 92, 103–12, 121, 123–41
Zhongguo ren (people of the Central Kingdom), 103, 114
Zhou Dian (Crazy Zhou the Immortal), 27, 89
Zhou Zhen, 55
Zhouzhi ce (Comprehensive supervision registers), 81
Zhu Biao, 26
Zhu Liangzu, 25
Zhu Shan, 135–36
Zhu Sheng, 71
Zhu Shuang, 27
Zhu Xi, 137, 138
Zhu Yong, 10, 14
Zhu Yuanzhang: and border disputes, 100–102; on the causes of crime, 48–50; and celestial warnings, 109; and Confucian teachings, 188n18; on cosmic order, 24–25; criticism of Buddhism and Daoism, 86–87; and “curtailing sentiment,” 159–60, 198n14; on deceiving the throne, 149–54; on deities, 26, 169–72; and dream of spirits, 70–71; and “extra-Code” law, 172–74; on filial piety, 156–57; on foreign relations, 116, 118–19, 122; founding the dynasty, 3; as head of ruling elite, 21; and Liu Ji, 31–33; and Mandate of Heaven, 25–26; and Manichaeism, 92; and marriage customs, 134–38; mausoleum, 22; on the Mongol Yuan, 132–33; on the nature of crime, 45–47; on the nature of law, 34, 36–37; and Neo-Confucianism, 34–35; on officials, 143–47, 162–64, 198–99n18; on the people, 160–61; perspective on officials, 19; policy toward Buddhism, 88–91, 188–90nn19–26, 191n32; on punishment, 51–55; questioning ghosts, 25; as religious leader, 90; restructuring Nanjing, 22–23; and ritual reform, 80; as ruler and teacher, 29, 175, 177; on sagehood, 28; on sorcery, 97; on taxation, 165–66; on the “Three Teachings,” 85–86; view of law, 4; on zhong (happy medium), 37–40; Zhu Zhen, 26
Zhuzi jiali (Family rituals of master Zhu [Xi]), 137
Zishi tongxun (Comprehensive instructions to aid the realm), 49, 86, 94, 146, 168
Zito, Angela, 16
Zongle, 189n20, 191n32
Zou Jun, 41

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