Index

Figures and tables indicated by page numbers in italics

Africa, 215, 227
agency, vs. structure, 15, 226, 249, 250–53
Alibaba, 156, 168, 169
Altisheher, 180, 196n2. See also Uyghurs
Anderson, Amy, 192
Ant Financial, 162
anti-corruption campaign (2012–23): about, 6–7, 26–27, 250; factional analysis, 30–35, 33, 44, 48n22; ideological rectification and, 51, 56; income inequality and, 96; and Politburo and leadership ranks, 36, 39–41, 45–46; precedents for, 27–28; Tiger Hunts, 28–30; vs. urban public service provision, 130; Xinjiang and, 182
Anti-Rightist Campaign, 56
Aquino, Benigno, 242
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations): background, 228, 235; Chinese relations, 228, 232–33, 234, 235, 243; economic comparisons to China, 230–32, 231; importance of, 242; membership, 245n8; within Pacific Asia, 227; perceptions of, 233, 236, 238, 239–40. See also Southeast Asia-China relations
ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), 228, 234
Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), 234
Asian Barometer Survey, 236–37
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS), 208, 209

Bahram Sintash, 191
Bai Enpei, 32, 33, 34, 35
Baidu, 168
“Becoming Family” (Jiedui Renqin) campaign, 188–89, 192
Beijing: Beijing Municipal Master Plan, 141; discrimination against migrants, 107; education access for migrant students, 133, 144; grid management and, 155–56; hukou system and, 132, 139; Internet Information Office, 158, 159; surveillance in, 157
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): about, 8, 14, 226; asymmetrical risks of, 241; Chinese nationalism and, 4; Southeast Asia and, 229, 232, 234, 239, 243; vs. urban public service provision, 130
Bērziņa-Čerenkova, Una Aleksandra, 62
Biden, Joseph (Biden administration), 219, 227–28, 229, 236, 240
Bo Xilai, 8, 26, 28, 29–30, 32, 33, 34, 36
Bo Yibo, 29
Bright-as-Snow (Xueliang) project, 156–57, 166
Brown, Kerry, 62
Brunei, 239, 245n8
Byler, Darren, 188, 192, 201n57
ByteDance, 162

Cai Qi, 42
Cai Xia, 59
Cambodia, 231, 233, 236, 239
Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, 51, 57
Central Institute of Socialism, 79–80
Central Military Commission, 37, 51
Central Party School, 39, 44, 59, 94
Central Secretariat, 37
Chan, Alexsia T., 10–11, 250, 251–52
change, vs. continuity, 138, 250–52
Cheek, Timothy, 3, 7, 77, 249, 250, 251
Chen, Chih-Jou Jay, 11–12, 184, 250, 252
Chen Jining, 42
Chen Liangyu, 28, 37
Chen Min’er, 42
Chen Quanguo, 36, 42, 184, 188
Chen Wenqing, 42
Chen Xi, 42, 44
Chen Xitong, 28
Chen Yun, 60
Cheng Li, 34
Chengdu, 133, 142, 144, 166
Chiang Kai-shek, 7, 53, 56
China: contemporary challenges, 3; economic comparisons to Southeast Asia, 230–32, 231; foreign policy, 13–15, 226–27, 241; nationalism, 8, 234–35; political transformations in, 5; as regional power in Pacific Asia, 227; socioeconomic policies, 9–11; state-society relations, 11–12; term limit constitutional amendments (2018), 1, 41, 43, 217. See also anti-corruption campaign (2012–23); faith (xinyang); ideological governance; income inequality; leadership politics; migrants; religion; social safety net and public goods access; Southeast Asia-China relations; surveillance state; Taiwan-China relations; Xi Jinping; Xinjiang
China Dream (Zhongguo Meng): about, 7–8, 70, 137; foreign policy and, 234–35; ideological governance and, 54; succession after Xi and, 43; Taiwan and, 221; in Xinjiang and among Uyghurs, 182–83, 187, 188–89, 193, 194–95
China Family Panel Study (CFPS), 108, 109, 126n61
China Household Finance Surveys (CHFS), 125n59
China Household Income Project (CHIP), 108, 109, 110, 126nn61–62
China Telecom, 161
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 7, 49–50, 56–58, 59, 93–94
“The Chinese People Have Faith” (Zhongguo renmin you xinyang; song), 72–73
Chongqing, 29, 34–35
Chongqing model, 10
Christianity, 73–74, 75–76, 78–80, 82, 166. See also religion
citizenship, pliable, 11, 130, 135, 139–41, 142–45, 145–46
Classic of Rites (Liji), 55, 65n14
Cleannet Bodyguard (Jingwang Weishi) app, 186
climate change, 14, 240
Clinton, Hilary, 237
Cloud Big Data Industrial Development Company, 160
“Common Prosperity” campaign, 98, 110–11, 116, 137
common sense, 70, 76, 77
Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Leadership Group, 51
continuity, vs. change, 138, 250–52
counter-reformation. See ideological governance
COVID-19 pandemic: economic effects, 120n19; health code system, 168–70; income inequality and, 95, 110, 116; mass surveillance during, 153, 167–70; Pinghu case study, 167–68, 178n66; Taiwan-China relations and, 214, 215, 217, 221; white paper protests, 156, 170–71, 218; zero COVID policy, 2, 16, 95
cross-strait relations. See Taiwan-China relations
Cultural Revolution, 5, 49, 53, 56, 58, 82, 99, 103, 185
Cybersecurity Law (2017), 154, 159, 160–61, 170
Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), 4, 9, 157, 158–60, 170

danwei (work units), 155
“de-Americanization” (qu Meiguo hua), 14
Demes, David, 11–12, 184, 250, 252
democratization, 59, 234
Deng Huilin, 35
Deng Kai, 11–12, 178n66, 184, 250, 252
Deng Xiaoping: achievements and legacy, 17n13, 210; foreign policy, 226, 235; and inequality and poverty, 10, 97; “one country, two systems” plan and, 209; reform Leninism and, 49, 58; “two-term rule” and, 41; Xi’s departure from, 3, 4–5, 7, 8, 41, 235
development, 97, 135–37, 230, 232
dibao system (minimum livelihood payments), 100, 120n24, 120n26, 121n27, 251
digital surveillance. See surveillance state
Ding Xuexiang, 42
discourse formation, 70, 73
Dongguan, 133, 134
Duterte, Rodrigo, 234, 242

East Asia Community, 243
East Asia Summit, 243
Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA), 208
Economy, Elizabeth, 5–6
education: access to, 103–5, 122n37, 123nn44–45, 129, 142–43, 144, 251; public opinion on, 113, 114; Southeast Asia-China exchanges, 233, 246n24
eldercare, 113, 114, 115
elite politics. See leadership politics
Esarey, Ashley, 41, 250
ethnic policies, 80, 81, 84, 182–83, 188–89, 195
Europe, 15, 218, 227, 240

factions (factional studies): about, 30–31, 36; anti-corruption campaign and, 31–35, 33, 44, 48n22; future of Xi’s faction, 43–44; shifting Politburo balance, 36–37, 38, 39–40, 41, 44–45
faith (xinyang): about, 8, 70–71, 251; commonsense understanding of, 76; discourses in China on, 73–76; multimedia campaign on, 72–73; Party as object of faith, 71, 81–83, 84; Xi on, 71–72, 77. See also religion
Fewsmith, Joseph, 61, 64n1
Fiskesjö, Magnus, 183
Fitzgerald, John, 56
Flew, Terry, 181
foreign policy, 13–15, 226–27, 241. See also Southeast Asia-China relations; Taiwan-China relations
Friedman, Eli, 122n36
Fu Zhenghua, 35

Gao Zhanxiang, 75
Gevers, Victor, 161
Global Development Initiative, 226
Global Security Initiative, 226
globalization, 63, 75, 81
Gong Dao’an, 35
Gow, Michael, 76
Grammaticas, Damian, 93
Great Leap Forward, 5, 64
Green, Linda, 185
grid management (wanggehua guanli), 154, 155–56, 184, 198n24
gross national product (GNP), 232, 246n16
Gu Junshan, 28
Gu Kailai, 28, 32
Gu Liping, 30
Guangdong model, 10
Guangdong Province, 133
Guangzhou, 134, 158
guanxi (personalistic ties), 31
Guo Boxiong, 26, 36
Guo Shengkun, 42
Guo Wengui, 33

Habermas, Jürgen, 70, 77, 81, 82, 87n31
“Han chauvinism” (da Hanzu zhuyi), 182
Han, Rongbin, 41, 193, 250
Han Zheng, 39, 42
Hangzhou, 133, 156
Hao Chunrong, 33, 34
hard vs. soft power, 211–12, 241
Hayes, Anna, 183
He Lifeng, 42
He Weidong, 42
health care: health code system, 168–70; medical insurance, 100–102, 101, 121n30, 251; public opinion on, 113, 114, 114, 115
Healthy China 2030, 137
Heberer, Thomas, 51
Henan Province, 166
Hennessy, Peter, 59
Hong Kong, 12, 17n13, 182
housing: migrants and, 145; property tax, 96–97, 110–11, 118nn9–10; public opinion on, 113, 114–15; Red Property (Hongse Wuye) project, 167; wealth and, 110, 118n10
Hsuan, Jason, 210
Hu Angang, 182
Hu Chunhua, 37, 42
Hu Jintao: comparison to Xi, 1, 3; education access and, 105, 251; factions and, 30, 32, 36–37, 39–40, 41; on faith (xinyang), 71; “harmonious society” programs, 94, 115, 118n7; income inequality and, 94, 110; legacy of, 210; migrants and, 132, 135, 139; at 19th Party Congress, 48n32; policy approach of, 5; public goods access and, 115; reform Leninism and, 53, 58; surveillance state and, 153, 154; Taiwan-China relations and, 208, 210, 212
Hu Lianhe, 182
Hu Yaobang, 49, 53, 58, 59, 67n29
Hua Guofeng, 41
Huang Kunming, 42
Huawei, 9
Hui Muslims, 88n47
hukou system: discrimination based on, 125n54, 131–32; education discrimination and, 104–5, 123n44; efforts to end discrimination, 106–7, 124nn49–51; labor shortages and, 133–34; localization approach, 132, 139; medical insurance and, 100–101; pension coverage and, 102–3; public opinion on, 111–12, 112, 127n70
human rights (weiquan) lawyers, 86n19
Hun Sen, 236

ideological governance: about, 7–8, 52–53; anti-corruption campaign and, 51; historical overview, 53–54; in Qing and Republican China, 53, 54–56; rectification politics, 53, 56–58, 59–61; reform Leninism, 53–54, 58–59; Xi’s counter-reformation, 3–4, 50–51, 54, 59–61, 62–64, 70, 251
Ilham Tohti, 182–83
income inequality: about, 9–10, 93–95, 116–17, 251–52; anti-corruption campaign and, 96; “Common Prosperity” campaign and, 98, 110–11, 116; COVID-19 pandemic and, 95, 110, 116; education access and, 103–5, 122n37, 123nn44–45; Gini estimates, 94, 108, 109, 110, 117n1, 125n59, 126n61; housing and, 110, 118n10; Hu’s “harmonious society” programs, 94, 115, 118n7; as inequality in capabilities, 126n68; inequality vs. inequity, 94, 117n4; medical insurance and, 100–102, 101, 121n30; minimum livelihood payments (dibao system) and, 100, 120n24, 120n26, 121n27, 251; pension coverage and, 102–3, 121nn32–33; political instability concerns, 93–94; public opinion on, 112–13, 115–16, 127n72, 128n77; rural poverty campaign and, 97–98; and social safety nets and public goods access, 99, 106; taxation and, 96–97, 110–11, 118n9; trends in, 108–10, 109, 125nn58–59, 126nn61–62; urbanization campaign and efforts to end hukou-based discrimination, 106–7, 124nn49–51
Indonesia, 231, 239, 245n8
inequality, vs. inequity, 94, 117n4. See also income inequality
Integrated Joint Operations Platform (IJOP) app, 186
International Civil Aviation Organization, 215
international relations, 226. See also foreign policy; Southeast Asia-China relations; Taiwan-China relations
Internet Information Offices, 158–59. See also Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC); surveillance state
Islam, 80, 81, 88n47, 166, 184, 187, 191. See also religion; Uyghurs

Japan, 218, 237, 238, 240
Jia Qinglin, 34
Jiang Zemin: comparison to Xi, 1, 3; death, 48n32; education access and, 105, 251; factions and, 32, 34–35, 36–37, 39–40, 41; income inequality and, 94, 110; legacy of, 210; policy approach of, 5; reform Leninism and, 53, 54, 58; Taiwan-China relations and, 210
Jiangxi Province, 166
jiaohua, 55
Jiayuguan City, 156
Jinan, 162

Kazakhs, 82, 88n47, 188
Kuhn, Philip A., 60, 62

labor: labor-intensive digital surveillance, 161–62; shortages and unrest, 133–34
Laclau, Ernesto, 73
Lai Ching-te, 214
Lampton, David M., 4, 52
Laos, 231, 233, 239
Latin America, 227, 230
leadership politics: anti-corruption campaign and, 28–30, 31–35, 33, 44, 48n22; as “black box,” 44, 51; factions and, 30–31; future of Xi’s faction, 43–44; Politburo’s shifting factional balance, 36–37, 38, 39–40, 41, 44–45; succession issues, 41, 43, 45; “two-term rule,” 41; Xi Jinping effect, 44–46, 51–52, 250
Leading Small Group for Comprehensive Deepening Reform, 57
Leibold, James, 89n54, 182
Li Chuncheng, 28
Li Ganjie, 42
Li Hongzhong, 42
Li Keqiang: age, 42; alternative China under, 250; educational background, 19n29; Politburo factions and, 39, 40; sidelined on socioeconomic policies, 9; social safety nets and, 120n23; on urbanization, 136, 137, 138, 252
Li Laizhang: Explanations of the Sacred Edict Lecture System, 55
Li Qiang, 42
Li Shulei, 42
Li Xi, 42
Li Zhanshu, 39, 42
Lin Chong-pin, 211–12
Ling Gu, 30, 32
Ling Jihua, 26, 30, 32, 33, 35
Ling Li, 51
Ling Wancheng, 30
Ling Zhengce, 30
Liu Guozhong, 42
Liu Han, 29
Liu He, 42
Liu Hu, 163
Liu Jieyi, 211
Liu Qing, 63
Liu Shangxi, 126n68
Liu Shaoqi, 53, 60; How to Be a Good Communist, 62, 251
Liu Shiyu, 26
Liu Tienan, 48n22
Liu, Tony Tai-Ting, 15, 227, 250, 252
Liu Xiaobo, 74, 75
Liu Xinyun, 35
Liu Yunshan, 39
Liu Zhijun, 28
Luo Wenjin, 35

Ma Xingrui, 42
Ma Ying-jeou, 208–9, 219
mainland travel permit (taibaozheng), 212–13
Malaysia, 231, 233, 239, 245n8
Mao Zedong (Mao era): education during, 103–4; on Han chauvinism, 182; ideological inspiration from, 3, 7, 251; inequality and, 3, 99; legacy of, 210; pensions and, 102; political transformations during, 5; rectification politics and, 53, 56–58, 59–61; succession issues and, 41; on three legs of political power, 52, 65n10
Marx, Karl, 253
mass line (qunzhong luxian), 50, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63
mass surveillance. See surveillance state
medical insurance, 100–102, 101, 121n30, 251. See also health care
Meng Jianzhu, 35
migrants: about, 10–11, 129–31, 138–39, 147nn5–6; decentralization and pliable citizenship, 11, 130, 139–41, 145–46; discrimination in public service provision, 130, 132–35, 141–42; education access and, 104, 129, 142–43, 144; gradations in second-class status, 132, 146; hukou-based discrimination, 125n54, 131–32; and labor shortages and unrest, 133–34; lived experience of pliable citizenship, 142–45; as “low-end population,” 107, 145; phantom services, 140; second- generation migrants, 134–35; urbanization challenge, 131; urbanization efforts, 106–7, 129–30, 135–38
minimum livelihood payments (dibao system), 100, 120n24, 120n26, 121n27, 251
modernization, 62, 76–77, 137
Mouffe, Chantal, 73
multiculturalism, 81–82
Musapir, 12, 250, 252
Myanmar, 229, 231, 232, 234, 239, 243

Nathan, Andrew J., 30
National Anti-Fraud Center (Guojia Fanzha Zhongxin) app, 186
National New-Type Urbanization Plan, 11, 129–30, 137. See also urbanization
National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration (NPCPA), 164–65
National Religious Work Conference, 79
National Security Commission, 4, 51
National Security Council, 57
National Security Law (2015), 170, 171n2
National Security Law (2020), 4, 12
National Supervisory Commission, 4, 27
nationalism, Chinese, 8, 234–35
New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), 101, 102
New Rural Social Pension Scheme (NRSPS), 102–3
Nietzsche, Friedrich: Götzen-Daemmerung, 74
Niewenhuis, Lucas, 185
Nye, Joseph, 241

Obama, Barack, 14, 237, 238
O’Brien, Kevin J., 15, 226
O’Brien, Robert, 26
“one country, two systems” policy, 5, 209, 217
“One Generation, One Line” policy, 212, 213
Osterhammel, Jürgen, 54

Pacific Asia, 227, 245n7. See also Southeast Asia-China relations
Pan, Jennifer, 10
Pan Yiyang, 33, 34
Paris Agreement (2015), 14
Pei, Minxin, 6
Pelosi, Nancy, 209, 220
Peng Liyuan, 25, 44
Peng Zhen, 58, 62
pensions, 102–3, 121nn32–33
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 4, 32, 217
People’s War on Terror, 182, 184, 187, 189, 195
petitioners, 164–65
phantom services, 140
Philippines, 229, 231, 233, 234, 235, 239, 240, 242, 243, 245n8
Pinghu (Zhejiang Province), 167–68, 178n66
pliable citizenship, 11, 130, 135, 139–41, 142–45, 145–46
Politburo. See leadership politics
political tutelage (xunzheng), 55–56
Pompeo, Mike, 26
post-secular society, 8, 70, 77–78
poverty and poverty reduction, 9–10, 97–98, 119n15, 119n18
power: Mao on three legs of, 52, 65n10; soft vs. hard power, 211–12, 241
property tax, 96–97, 110–11, 118nn9–10
public goods. See social safety net and public goods access
public sphere, directed, 54

Q Daily (Haoqixin ribao), 159
Qing dynasty, 53, 54–55
Qingdao, 142

Rahile Dawut, 191
Raiser, Martin, 10
real-name registration, 11, 160–61
rectification politics, 53, 56–58, 59–61, 62–63. See also ideological governance
Red Property (Hongse Wuye) project, 167
reeducation camps, 12, 55, 64, 80, 83, 182, 183, 187, 193
reform Leninism, 53–54, 58–59
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), 234, 240, 243
religion: activism and religious faith, 73–74; management and surveillance, 70–71, 78–81, 83, 166; vs. Party as object of faith, 71, 81–83, 84; Sinicization, 76, 79–80, 81, 83, 191. See also faith (xinyang)
Ringen, Stein, 82
Rozelle, Scott, 109, 128n77
Rudd, Kevin, 6
rural poverty. See poverty and poverty reduction
Russia, invasion of Ukraine, 218, 221

Safe City (Pingan Chengshi) project, 156–57
Schurmann, Franz, 60
Scott, James C., 62
secularization, 76–77. See also post-secular society
Sesame Credit, 162
Shanghai, 125n54, 129, 133, 140, 141, 158, 165, 232
Shenzhen, 158, 159, 232
Shi Taifeng, 42
Sichuan Hanlong Group, 29
Siew, Vincent, 208
Sina, 158, 159–60, 161–62
Singapore, 232, 236, 237, 239, 242, 245n8
Sinicization, of religion, 76, 79–80, 81, 83, 191
Skinner, Kiron, 234
Skynet Project (Tianwang Gongcheng), 156–57
social credit system, 162–64
social safety net and public goods access: about, 99, 106; education access, 103–5, 122n37, 123nn44–45; Li Keqiang and, 120n23; medical insurance, 100–102, 101, 121n30, 251; migrants and, 130, 132–35; minimum livelihood payments (dibao system), 100, 120n24, 120n26, 121n27, 251; pension coverage, 102–3, 121nn32–33; population aging and, 123n46; public opinion on, 113–14, 113–15, 127n69, 127n73
social surveillance. See surveillance state
soft vs. hard power, 211–12, 241
Solinger, Dorothy J., 10
Song Tao, 211
South China Sea, 4, 8, 229, 234–35, 238, 239–40, 243, 244
Southeast Asia-China relations: about, 13; background, 228–29; China’s economic importance, 230–33, 231; new normal and opportunities, 229, 240–42, 244; Pacific Asia context, 227; Southeast Asian perceptions of China vs. US, 238–40; and Trump and Biden administrations, 227–28, 229, 237–38; Xi Jinping effect, 234–37, 243–44, 252
State Internet Information Office. See Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC)
The State of Southeast Asia survey, 239
Strait Exchange Foundation (SEF), 208, 209
structure, vs. agency, 15, 226, 249, 250–53
Su Chi, 209
Su Rong, 33, 34, 35
Sun Chunlan, 42
Sun Lijun, 33, 35
Sun Tzu: The Art of War, 212, 223n17
Sun Yat-sen, 7, 53, 55–56
Sun Zhengcai, 26, 33, 34–35, 36
Sunflower occupation, 209
surveillance state: about, 9, 11–12, 153, 170–71, 252; COVID-19 pandemic and, 167–70; Cyberspace Administration of China, 4, 9, 157, 158–60, 170; grid management, 154, 155–56, 184, 198n24; health code system, 168–70; institutional evolution of, 154–55; labor-intensive digital surveillance, 161–62; petitioners and, 164–65; real-name registration, 11, 160–61; religious groups and, 166; social credit system, 162–64; synthesized infrastructure, 156–57; white paper protests and, 170–71; in Xinjiang, 184–87, 195, 198n24; Xi’s “holistic view of national security,” 171n2
synthetic operations centers (hecheng zuozhan zhongxin), 156–57

Tahir Hamut Izgil, 191
Taiwan Affairs Office (TAO), 211, 213, 214
Taiwan-China relations: about, 14–15, 207, 220–21, 252; charm offensive, 212–14; COVID-19 pandemic and, 214, 215, 217, 221; deterioration of, 207–10; hard offensive, 214–16; “Message to Compatriots in Taiwan” (1979), 209, 217, 221n3; 1992 Consensus and, 209, 220; Taiwanese developments and, 211, 220–21; war potential, 217–19; Xi’s interest in, 210–11, 250; Xi’s two-pronged approach, 211–16
Tashpolat Tiyip, 191
taxation, 96–97, 110–11, 118nn9–10
Teiwes, Frederick C., 60
Tencent, 158, 159, 168, 169
Thailand, 230, 231, 233, 239, 245n8
“Three Middles and One Young” policy, 212
Tibet, 8, 80, 166, 184, 188
Tiger Hunts. See anti-corruption campaign
tourism, 96, 212, 232–33
trade, 232
Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), 228, 234, 238, 244
travel permit, mainland (taibaozheng), 212–13
Trump, Donald (Trump administration), 13, 219, 227, 228, 229, 237–40
trust, 241
“truth, compassion, and beauty,” 86n20
Tsai Ing-wen, 207, 209, 211, 214, 219
two-term rule, 41
Tynen, Sarah, 192

Ukraine, Russia’s invasion of, 218, 221
United Front, 30, 52, 76, 81
United States of America: China and, 13–14, 227, 232, 235–36; economy compared to Latin America, 230; Southeast Asia and, 227–28, 229, 235–36, 237–40; Taiwan-China relations and, 209, 215, 219, 220
Urban Employee Basic Health Insurance (UEBHI), 101
Urban Employee Pension System (UEPS), 102
Urban Resident Basic Health Insurance (URBHI), 101, 102
Urban Social Pension Scheme (USPS), 102–3
urbanization, 106–7, 124nn49–51, 129–30, 135–38, 145, 252
Uyghur Human Rights Project, 191
Uyghurs: about, 12, 183, 250; accusations of being two-faced, 72, 185; Altisheher (Uygher homeland), 180, 196n2; assimilationist policies and, 82, 182–83, 189–92; “Becoming Family” campaign, 188–89, 192; comparison to Hui Muslims, 88n47; destroyed families, 187–88, 200n42; detentions and reeducation camps, 12, 55, 64, 80, 83, 182, 183, 185, 187, 193; mental health and trauma among diaspora, 188, 200n45; surveillance and fear among, 184–87, 192–93, 195, 198n24; Xi personality cult among, 8, 83, 180–82, 186–87, 193–95, 196, 196n1

Vermander, Benoît, 83
Vietnam, 228, 229, 231, 235, 239–40, 241–42, 243, 245n8, 245n12
violence, 82, 195
Vogel, Ezra, 4
Voluntary 50 Cent Party (Ziganwu), 158–59

Wang Chen, 42
Wang Huning, 39, 42
Wang Jiangfeng, 161
Wang Lequan, 33, 34
Wang Lijun, 28, 30, 32
Wang Like, 35
Wang Qishan, 39, 51
Wang Sanyun, 33, 34
Wang Yang, 39, 42
Wang Yi (foreign minister), 14, 42
Wang Yi (Protestant pastor), 166
wealth redistribution, 9–10. See also income inequality
WeChat, 159, 161, 165
Wedeman, Andrew, 6, 7, 51, 182, 226, 250, 252
welfare state. See social safety net and public goods access
Wen Jiabao, 9–10, 50, 59, 153, 208
white paper protests, 156, 170–71, 218
Whyte, Martin King, 7, 10, 250, 251
Wielander, Gerda, 7, 8, 61, 181, 251
Womack, Brantly, 13, 212, 220, 250, 252
work units (danwei), 155
World Health Organization (WHO), 215
World Trade Organization, 227
Wu, Guoguang, 44

Xi Jinping: about, 1–2; age, 42; agency vs. structure, 15, 226, 249, 250–53; anti-corruption campaign and ideological reformation, 6–8; career trajectory, 37, 39; on CCP, 49–50; challenges faced by, 3; changing perceptions of, 25–26; foreign policy and, 13–15, 226–27, 229, 241; opposition rumors, 26; political agenda, 2–3, 4–5, 51–52; The Power of Faith, 71; socioeconomic policies and, 9–11; state-society relations and, 11–12; succession concerns, 41, 43, 45; term limits removed, 1, 41, 43, 95, 217; Xi effect, 2, 5–6, 15–16, 249–53. See also anti-corruption campaign (2012–23); faith (xinyang); ideological governance; income inequality; leadership politics; migrants; religion; social safety net and public goods access; Southeast Asia-China relations; surveillance state; Taiwan-China relations; Xinjiang
Xiao Jianhua, 33
Xiao Zihua, 142
Xinjiang: about, 12, 183, 250; assimilationist policies in, 82, 182–83, 189–92; “Becoming Family” campaign, 188–89, 192; destroyed families, 187–88, 200n42; detentions and reeducation camps, 12, 55, 64, 80, 83, 182, 183, 185, 187, 193; scholarship on, 89n54; surveillance and fear in, 184–87, 192–93, 195, 198n24; Xi personality cult in, 8, 83, 180–82, 186–87, 193–95, 196, 196n1
Xinjiang Victims Database, 183, 188, 197n18
xinyang. See faith (xinyang)
Xinyang (documentary film), 73
Xu Caihou, 26, 33, 36
Xu Qiliang, 42
Xu Zhiyong, 74, 75, 82, 86n19

Yan Xuetong, 13
Yan’an Rectification Movement, 52, 53, 56, 59–60, 64
Yang Jiechi, 37, 42, 236
Yang, Lixiong, 120n24
Yang Weize, 33, 34
Yang Xiaodu, 42
Ye Xiaowen, 79
Yen, Kenneth, 210
Yin Li, 42
Yin, Liangen, 181
youth: Taiwanese, 212; unemployment, 116, 127n76. See also education
Yu Keping, 59
Yu Zhengsheng, 39, 213
Yuan Jiajun, 42
Yuan Youjun: Seeking a Faith for Our Times (Xunzhao shidai de xinyang), 75, 78
Yue Yuen shoe factory (Dongguan), 134

Zeng Qinghong, 32, 34, 35
Zenz, Adrian, 89n54, 183, 191
Zhang Dejiang, 39
Zhang Gaoli, 39
Zhang Guoqing, 42
Zhang Youxia, 42
Zhao Leji, 39, 42
Zhao Xiao, 79
Zhao Zhengyong, 33, 34, 35
Zhao Ziyang, 49, 53, 58
Zhejiang Province, 166, 167–68, 169
Zhou Benshun, 33, 34
Zhou Bin, 29
Zhou Guoping: What Are the Chinese People Missing? (Zhongguoren queshao shenme?), 74–75
Zhou Yongkang, 26, 28–29, 32, 33, 35, 36
Zhu Mingguo, 33, 34
Zhu Shengwu, 161
Zhuo Xinping, 75–76

The Xi Jinping Effect

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