Index

A

Adamson, Joni, xxiv, lxxix

agriculture, xxiii, lxxix, lxxxv; buckwheat farming, xi, xiii, xxxix, lxxxv, 13, 56; plowing, xci–xcii, 47–48, 76, 82; rice fields, xxxix, 13, 27. See also farm tools

A Ke, xlvii

A Yu bimo, xi–xii, xiifig.; holding scroll, xiiifig.

Ahuo. See “Genealogy of Ahuo” (part 21); “Migration of Ahuo” (part 22)

Aku Wuwu (Luo Qingchun): holding scroll, xiiifig.; with Mark Bender, Jjivot Yyzu, and Jjivot Zopqu, xvifig.; name of, 131n1; recitations by, 132n14; students of, xcv

Alu Nuobi, 112, 149n10

Amaini, l

ancestors, 31, 133n6, 137n22, 138n2; ancestral spirits, lxxii, lxxiii; as elder in black clothes, 47–48, 143nn26,34; New Year’s rituals for, 135n6 (part 7); Shyly, 38–39, 40, 140n1. See also genealogies

animals, xxix, lxxxiii–lxxxv, 16–17, 20; attack on Ngeti Gunzy, 52–53; folk taxonomy and evolution, lxxx–lxxxiii; loss of speech, 61; plow, xcii, 76, 91; rescued from the great flood, lxxiv, 51–52, 144n41; shape-shifting and, 91–92, 135n3, 135n7 (part 7); spirit, 38, 57, 90, 114; taboos involving, lxxxiv, 139n6, 143n38, 144nn41,51; traits of, lxxv, 138n1 (part 10); used in rituals, lxxviii, 134n5 (part 7), 136n19, 138n1 (part 10), 143n36, 146n3 (part 19), 148n1 (part 25). See also bears; birds; cows; blooded and bloodless beings; deer; frogs; horses; hunting; insects; monkeys; mountain goats; rats; snakes

Anyu Ddussy, lxviii, lxxv, lxxviii, 134n1 (part 7). See also “Genealogy of Spirit Monkey” (part 7)

Apatani people, 142–43n24

Apuyoqo bird, xl, lxii, lxxii, lxxxix, 58, 144n54

archer-hero myth, xxiv, lxix, 24–25, 137n21

armor, xxvii, xli, lxxv, lxxxvii–lxxxviii, lxxxviiifig., 24, 42–43, 83, 141n12

Ashima, xlv

Asu Lazzi, 112, 125

authorship, xliv, l

Awo Shubu, lxviii, lxxv, lxxxv. See also “Great Bimo” (part 6)

Ayi Sunie, 6, 10, 13

B

Bake Arra, lxxvi, 29–30, 73, 138n1 (part 10), 146n2 (part 20)

bamboo: bow made from, 24; joints of, liii, lxxxvi, 27; mats, 23, 45, 59, 136n17; and the secret of speech, lxxii–lxxiii, lxxxix, 58, 144n55; soul containers, xxxvii, lxxii, lxxxvii, 43, 44, 81, 142nn16–17, 147n8; used for ritual implements, xxxi, lii, liii, 134n2 (part 6); used in construction and furnishings, xl, 19, 117

Bamo Ayi, xi

Bamo Qubumo, liv, lv, lvii

Barber Elizabeth, lxxvi

Barber, Paul, lxxvi

Bashu pictographs, xlvi

Bbahxa Ayuosse, 137n20

bbopa (origin stories), xxxviii–xxxix, lv–lvi, lvii

Bbu family, 60, 145n61

bbudde (folktales), lvi

Bbuvu, 60, 134n3 (part 7)

bears, lxxxiii, lxxxv, 34, 37, 140n17; pandas, xxix, lxxxiii, lxxiv

bees, 16–17, 21, 22, 32, 34, 41, 46, 51, 135n2; as go-betweens, 52–53, 135n2; stings of, 53, 55

Bender, Mark, with Jjivot Yuzu, Aku Wuwu, and Jjivot Zopqu, xvfig.

bimo, xi, xxx–xxxiii; accoutrements of, xii, xxvfig., xxxi, 15, 134n2 (part 6); classes of, 80–81, 142n20, 147n7; enacting community protection ritual, xxvfig.; epic performances, 132n14; and funeral rituals, xxxvi, xxxvii–xxxix, lviii; lineages, 102–3, 115, 125, 149n7; mentioned in Book of Origins, xxxi, 23, 34–35, 53, 55, 80–81, 88, 136nn14,17, 139n10; oral delivery of Book of Origins, xxiii, xxv, lvi–lvii, lix, lxiii, xciv; performance of bbopa songs, lv, lvii; production of written texts, xliv, xlv, xlvi, lii; and the reseeding of life on earth, lxx, 33–35; sons and students of, li, lii. See also A Yu bimo; Awo Shubu; bisse; “Great Bimo” (part 6); rituals; sacrifices; shamans

bimo teyy (bimo books), xxv, liii

birds, xxix, lxxxiii, lxxxiv, 32, 38, 49; Apuyoqo, xl, lxii, lxxii, lxxxix, 58, 144n54; crows, lxxii, lxxxv, 39, 46, 52–53, 94, 140n24, 143n38; ducks, lxxxiii, 51, 57; eagles, xxix, lxviii–lxix, lxxxiv, lxxxv, lxxxvi, 22, 37, 135n11; magpies, lxxxiii, lxxxiv, 32, 34, 139n7; pheasants, lxxii, lxxxvii, 43, 52, 57, 94, 141n9, 144n52; raptors, lxxxiii–lxxxiv; sparrows, lxxi, 16, 38, 41, 46, 49, 140n19; vultures, lxxxii, 37, 117, 149n5 (part 29)

bisse (apprentice bimo), xxxifig., lii, 23, 33, 81, 136nn16,17, 147n7

black and white: bimo, 147n7; caste and, 88, 145n60, 148n2 (part 25), 149n8; contrasted, 94; Hxiemga, 60, 66, 70, 145n60; taboos, 139n10

Black Yi, 149nn8,10 (part 28), 149n6 (part 29). See also Nuoho

blacksmithing, xl, lxxv, 10

blooded and bloodless beings, lv, lxxi, lxxx–lxxxi, lxxxix, 35–37

Boas, Franz, xxiv

Book of Origins (Hnewo teyy): acts and genealogies of bimo in, xxxi; cultural context of, lxxiv–lxxv; eco-genealogy in, lxxx–lxxxiii; emphasis on protocol, lxxviii; as encyclopedia of local knowledge, xxiv, xxvi; eras and phases in, xxiv; expressive devices, lix–lx, lxiii, 132n15; folktale and written versions, xxv, lv–lvi; foreigners in, xc, 67, 68; intertextuality and reflexivity, xxv–xxvi, lv, lxxv, 45, 142n22; online version, xvii; oral delivery of, lvi–lviii, lviiifig.; performance of, today, xciv–xcv; performed at funerals, xxxviii, lix, lxiii, xciv; performed at weddings, lxiii–lxiv, xciv; performed by bimo, xxiii, xxv, lvi–lvii, lix, lxiii, xciv; sections and portions, liv–lv; on seeding of life on earth, xxiv, lxviii, lxx–lxxi, lxxiv, lxxvi; source of, xxv; structure and format, xiiifig., lix–lxi, 148n6; theme of connectedness, xxiii, lxxix; theme of relation between sky and earth, lxiv–lxv, lxvii, lxxiii, lxxv; title of, xi, liii; translation of, xvii; transmission of, xi, xiv, xxiii, xxv, liii; variants of, xlv, liii–liv. See also especially genealogies; migration accounts; titles of parts

Book of Teachings (Hmamu teyy), xvi, xliv

bowls and spoons, xlii–xliii, lxxiii, 61, 78, 140n23; spoons with broken handles, xci, 76

buckwheat: cakes, xvi, xxxii, xxxvi, xxxix, xlii, xliiifig., lviii; farming of, xi, xiii, xxxix, lxxxv, 13, 56; and Nuosu marriage customs, xxxiv, xxxvi; origin stories of, lv, lxxii, lxxvi, 56; as staple, xlii, lxxii; used in rituals, xxxviii, xxxix; varieties of, 144n50

butterflies, 38

Butuo County, xxvii, xl, liii

C

Cadena, Marisol de la, lxxix

calabash gourds, 57, 144n53

calendar systems, l, lxxviii, 143n32

“Calling Out Single Sun and Single Moon” (part 10), lxxvi; translation of, 29–30

cardinal directions, lxi, lxvii, lxxvii–lxxviii

caste, xxix–xxx, lv, 139n14, 145n60; hunting and, lxxxiv; marriage customs and, xxxiv. See also Black Yi; nuoho caste; nzymo; quho caste

cataracts, lxx, 139n5

catastrophic events, lxxv–lxxvi, lxxx, lxxxvi. See also great flood

cattle. See cows; livestock; water buffalos

Central Minzu University collection of Yi texts, 132n13

Chamu, xlv, 138n3 (part 11)

“Changes in Hxuo Villages” (part 26), translation of 90–94

chickens. See hens; rituals: involving chickens; roosters

Chinese storytelling, lxiv

Chronicles of the Southwestern Yi (Ch: Xinan Yizhi), xlv

clans, xxix, xxxiv, xxxv, xxxviii, xxxix, xlii, lv, lx, lxxiii, lxxiv; genealogies of, viii, xxiv, xxxii, xliv, xlvii, liv, lvii, lxv–lxvi, lxxv, 145n1 (part 13); Cuan, xlviii; Gguho and Qoni, lxxxix, 84–85, 147n12; Pu(mo), lxviii, 3; Qiesa, 99, 102, 149n6 (part 28); term for, 148n5. See also genealogies; “Genealogy of Nzy Clan” (part 23); Gguho clan; migration accounts; Qoni clan; Six Tribes

cloaks, xii, xl, xli–xlii, li, lix, lxxv, 6, 45, 142n23

coming-of- age ceremony, xxxv

copper, lxx, 6, 19, 133n1 (part 4). See also copper and iron

copper and iron, lxvii, lxx, lxxvi, 32; balls fed to Ssedi Shuofu, 48; beds made from, 50, 143n34; giant balls of, lxviii, lxxvii, lxxxv, 11–12, 133n5; and the separation of sky and earth, 5–6, 10, 11, 13. See also iron

cosmography, xxiv, lxxiii–lxxv, lxxxix

cows (bovines), 45, 46, 93, 94; black, xci, 44, 47, 76, 87; magic, 84; as plow animals, xcii, 76, 91; red, lxxvii, 114, 117; used for offerings and feasts, 10, 88, 115, 117, 148n1 (part 25), 148n3 (part 26). See also livestock; water buffalos

crafts, xl–xli, lxxv; craftsmen, 6, 10. See also weaving

cross-cousin marriage, xxxiv, xxxvi

Cuan kingdom, xlviii

Cuan script, xlviii

Cuotaji, 138n3 (part 11)

D

dating systems, l, lxxviii, 143n32

Ddabbulomo Gorge, xxxii–xxxiii

Ddebbu Ahly, 9, 15

Ddebbu Sysse, lxxvii, 9, 10

Ddeshe Sysse, 9, 11

Ddibo Vomu, Emperor, 69–70, 146n1 (part 19). See also “Emperor Vomu and Ni and Vi Genealogies” (part 20)

Ddiwo Layi, lxxi, 48–50

deer, lxxxv, 15, 21, 51, 83, 134n3 (part 6), 141n11; deer musk, xii, xxxv; muntjac, lxxxiii, 21, 23, 45, 83, 135n3, 136n17, 141n11; musk deer, xxix, lxxxiii; water deer, xii, lxviii, lxxxiii, 20, 21, 23, 45, 81, 135n7 (part 7), 136n17

dholes, 87, 92, 147n3

dinosaurs, 138n5

“Discussion of Yi Poetics,” xlviii

diseases, xxx, xxxiii, xxxiv, 139n12

Dishy Majie, lxi, 22, 135n6 (part 8)

Dishy Shuonuo, xx, lxi, 22

dragons, lxxxiv, 21, 24, 53, 135n1, 136–37n20; dinosaurs and, 138n5; tusi, 36, 139n14

Durzhy Ddiwo, sons of, 98, 148n1 (part 28). See also “Migrations of Nine Sons of Gguho Durzhy Ddiwo” (part 28)

E

Ebian County, xxvii, xxxifig., xlv, lviiifig., lix

ecocriticism, xxiii–xxiv, lxxix

eco-genealogy, lxxx–lxxxii

effigies (rybbur), xxxi

eggs, lxxxiii, 38, 50–51, 143n36

“Emperor Vomu and Ni and Vi Genealogies” (part 20), 71–73

environmental dynamics, viii, xxiv, lxv, xciii–xciv

epic verse: hero epics, 137n22, 141n6; performance of, 132n14; poetic and rhetorical devices of, lix–lx, 132n15, 133n3

Eqi Luoluo, liv

ethnic minorities, xxiv; myths and literature of, xxvi, xliv, lxv, 137n22, 141n6; scripts and romanization, xliv, xlvi; and the tusi system, 139n14. See also Yi ethnic group

exclamations, xxxii, 58–59, 145n57

F

farm tools: hoes, xl–xli, 13, 50, 133n9; plows, xciii, 47, 79, 84, 143n25, 147n4

feasts, xv–xvi, xxxv, xliii, xliiifig., lx, lxvii, lxxxv, 10

felt, xli, xlifig. See also cloaks

Feng Yuanwei, liii–liv, 133n4, 141n7

ferns, lxviii, lxxxv–lxxxvi, 19–20, 26, 135n6 (part 7), 137n1

fire, xxxiii, lxx, 31, 52, 57; fire pits, xl; Torch Festival, 147n10

fish, xxix, xciii, 135n1, 136n15; in genealogies and migration accounts, 21, 46, 84, 94

flood stories, 143n27, 144n53. See also great flood

folk drama (nuo), 43, 138n3 (part 11), 141n8

folk taxonomy, lxxx

folkloristics, 132n15

foodways, xlii–xliii. See also feasts

“Foreigners’ Lineage” (part 17), xc, 67, 146n1 (part 17)

forests, xxviii–xxix, lx, lxvii, lxxxii–lxxxiii, lxxxv, xciii; in genealogies and migration accounts, 4, 15–16, 21, 22, 34–35, 37–38, 41, 46, 49, 81, 86, 94; sacred groves, lxxxvi. See also trees

Frog God, lxxxi, 36

Frog King (Sseyy Amur), lxxii, 52, 54–55, 144n45

frogs, xxix, xlviii, 139n13; in genealogies and migration accounts, lxxii, lxxxi, lxxxix, 27, 51, 80, 94; in list of creatures with blood, lxxi, lxxx, lxxxi, 36; spirit frog, 38–39; taboos against killing, lxxxiv, 143n38, 144n41. See also Frog King

fruit, xliii, lxxxiii, 41

funerals, xxxvi–xxxix; and the black portions of Book of Origins, liv; chants, xxxvii–xxxviii, xliv; hosting of guests, xxxix, xliii, lviii; performance in dueling style at, lviii–lix; for widows, xxxix. See also soul-guiding ritual

G

Gaga (bisse apprentice), 23

Gage (bisse apprentice), 33

gaitu guiliu policy, lxvi. See also tusi system

Gamo Anyo, xlv, lix

Ge/Gefi (life force), xxxii, lxx, 23, 35, 136n19, 139n9

Gemo Ahly (spirit), 9–10, 11, 12, 13

genealogies: bimo lineages, 102–3, 115, 125, 149n7; and clan affiliation lxv–lxvi, lxxv, lxxxix–xc, 145n1 (part 13); eco-genealogies, lxxviii–lxxxviii, lxxxix; of female persons, 22, 135n9; geographical places in, lxv, lxvi; lineage of Shyly, 142n16; and migration to suitable niches, xc–xciv; multiform structures for, lxi, lxv, xci–xcii; recitation of, lxvi, 145n1 (part 13); of sky and earth, lxv–lxvii, lxx–lxxi, lxxiv. See also migration accounts; names of various part of text

“Genealogy of Earth” (part 2), lxv, 4

“Genealogy of Gguho” (part 27), 95–97

“Genealogy of Lightning” (part 4), lv, lxvii, lxxvi; title of, 133n1 (part 4); translation of, 7–8

“Genealogy of Nzy Clan” (part 23), xxxvii, xc–xciv; translation of, 76–85

“Genealogy of Qoni” (part 29), lxvi; translation of, 114–25

“Genealogy of Shyly Wote” (part 12), lxxi–lxxiii; and articles of daily life, lxxxvi–lxxxviii; as eco-genealogy, lxxx, lxxxiv, lxxxix, 134n1 (part 6); and marriage customs, xxxiv, xxix–xxx, lxiii; narration in, lxii–lxiii; nzymo in, xxix–xxx; rivalry and sabotage in, lxxiii, 60–61, 134n3 (part 7); templates for social interaction in, lxxi; translation of, 40–61. See also Shyly; Shyly Wote

“Genealogy of Sky” (part 1), lxv, lxvi; translation of, 3

“Genealogy of Spirit Monkey” (part 7), lxxv, lxxviii, lxxxv–lxxxvi; translation of, 18–20

genetics, 131n4

Gesar, epic of, 141n6

Gguho clan, 84–85, 90, 94, 147n12, 148n1 (part 26); inner and outer, 97, 148n2 (part 27), “Qoni Gguho,” 59. See also “Genealogy of Gguho” (part 27); “Highpoints of Migrations of Gguho” (part 24); “Migrations of Nine Sons of Gguho Durzhy Ddiwo” (part 28)

Ggumo Arryr (Celestial Swan Woman), lxi, 21–22

ghosts, xxxi–xxxii, xxxviii, 78; ghost boards (nyicy sypi), xxxi, xxxifig., lxxvi; pervert, 23, 136n13

gifting rituals, xlii; betrothal, 94, 141n15

Gizy lineage, xc–xci, 59, 69, 73, 74, 76. See also Nzy clan; “Genealogy of Nzy Clan” (part 23)

grasses, xxix, lxxxiii, lxxxv, lxxxix, 52, 55, 59, 77, 134n4 (part 6); arrows made from, 24; disappearance of, lxviii, 20; grasslands, lxvii, xciii, 4, 14, 28, 42, 46; paqiqu, 20, 135n6 (part 7); punuo, lxxxi, 36, 139n12, 146n2 (part 23); sacred, xxxi, xxxii, lvii; seeding of, lxviii, 13–14, 16; as snow tribe without blood, lxxi, lxxx, lxxxi, 35–36; used for effigies, xxxi

“Great Bimo” (part 6), lxviii, lxxv, lxxxv; translation of, 15–17

great flood, xliv, xlvii, lxv, lxxi–lxxii, lxxvi, 5, 48–51, 143nn27,33–34; survivors of, lxii, lxxii, lxxxix, 51–52, 143n37, 144n41; use of calabash gourds in, 144n53

H

Han people. See Hxiemga; Shuo

hares, xxix, 41, 57

Harrell, Stevan, xi, lxxx

He family, 60, 91–94, 114

hemp, xxxii, xxxiv, lii, lv, lxviii, lxxxvi, 20, 51, 143n37; bags made from, xii, 136n18; seeds, lxxii, lxxiiii, 56, 144n49; weaving of, xli–xlii, lxxxvi

hens, 23, 91, 95, 136n19

high and low, 87, 148n4 (part 24)

“Highpoints of Migrations of Gguho” (part 24), 86–87

Hlur family, 60, 145n61

Hmamu teyy (Book of teachings), xvi, xliv

hnewo, liii, liv–lvi, 45, 142n22. See also bbopa; Book of Origins

Hnewo teyy. See Book of Origins

Hnituo (daughter of Ngeti Gunzy): illness of, lxxiii, 60; marriage to Jjumu Vuvu, xxxiv, lxii, lxiii, lxxii, xc, 52–56; three mute sons of, liv, lxii, lxxxix, 57, 58–59

hoes, xl–xli, 13, 50, 133n9

home-purification rites, xxxii, lvi–lvii, lxxviii, 18–19, 134n3 (part 7)

horses: in genealogies and migration stories, 56, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 90, 92–93, 94, 95, 114; heavenly steeds, 15, 134n1 (part 6); strange steeds, 38; magic, 84, 92–93, 114, 134n1 (part 6); as non-native species, 140n20; as “wild food,” 56, 144n51

hosting of guests, xlii, xliii, lviii, lxxi, lxxv, 45, 78, 142nn18–19

Hou Yi, lxix

houses, xl, 18, 27, 117; furnishings, xl. See also home-purification rites

Hsang Sa, lxix, 137n3

humans: evolution of, lxviii–lxix, lxx–lxxi, lxxx, 138n3 (part 11), 139n10; para-humans and protohumans, lv, lxviii, lxxx, 138n3; portions of text dealing with, lv; as snow tribe with blood, lxxxiii, 37

hunting, lxxxiii–lxxxv

Hxiemga: ancestor of, xc, 59; associated with goats, 141n14, lxxiii; in genealogies and migration accounts, xcii, 64, 65–66, 70, 73, 78; language, 76; terms for, 140n3, 146n1 (part 23); white and black, 60, 66, 70, 145n60

“Hxiemga (Han) People’s Lineage” (part 15), 64

“Hxiemga (Han) People’s Migrations” (part 16), 65–66

Hxuo family, 60, 87, 134n3 (part 7); dispute with the He, 91–94; migration account of, 88–89, 114–15; sons of, 88–89, 114, 115. See also “Changes in Hxuo Villages” (part 26)

I

illegitimate children, 102, 149n5 (part 28)

immortals, lxvii, lxxiii, 9–10, 13. See also spirits

in-group and out-group distinctions, lxxviii

indifference and haughtiness, 142n23

indigenous rights, lxxix

insects, xxix, lxviii, lxxxiii, 49, 57; ants, 27, 32, 35; horseflies, lxxxiv, 27–28, 138n4; grasshoppers, lxxxiv, 16, 27–28; downsized by Zhyge Alu, 27–28, 138n5. See also bees; spiders

International Yi Studies Conference, xxvfig., 132n14

iron, lv, lxvii, 70, 92; and bronze, lxxii, 54, 55; conductivity of, lxxvi, lxxvii; and gold, 144n47; needle, lxxvii, 30; tools, 50, 147n4. See also copper and iron

J

jieshyr (type of cloak), xli. See also cloaks

Jjissyt Motie, xvi

Jjivot Yyzu, xvifig., xvii

Jjivot Zopqu: with Mark Bender, Jjivot Yuzu, and Aku Wuw, xvifig.; as ndeggu, xii; notebooks containing handwritten texts, xiii–xiv, xvfig., liii; official positions, xiii; recitation and explanation of Book of Origins, xiv–xvii, xciv, lvi, lviifig.; in traditional dress, xiiifig.; version of Book of Origins, liii, liv, lxx, 133n4, 141n7, 146n1 (part 17), 146n3 (part 20)

jjobiqi, xxxix

Jjumu brothers, lxxi–lxxii, 47, 50, 143nn33–35. See also Jjumu Vuvu

jjumu realm, lxxv

Jjumu Vuvu (third son of Qobu Jjumu): as flood survivor, lxxii, 143nn33–35; and the illness of Hnituo, lxxiii, 60; marriage to daughter of Ngeti Gunzy, xxxiv, lxii, lxiii, lxxii, xc, 52–56; rescued animals from flood, lxxiv, 51–52, 144n41; three mute sons of, liv, lxii, lxxxix, 57, 58–59

Joturmuggur, xxxvii, 25, 78, 137n22. See also Zzyzzypuvu

Jushezhe, l; “Discussion of Yi Poetics,” xlviii

K

ka mga (“comes out of the mouth”), liii

kenre riffs, xvi, xxxviii, lvii, lxiii. See also vazyrhli

L

Lake Amoshurti, lxxxv–lxxxvi, 19

Lake Yihai, xxviii

Lama Itzot, xvii

lamas, 70, 146n2 (part 19)

land reform movement, xxx

leprosy, xxx, xxxiv

Liangshan Mountains, xi, xvii, xxvii, xxviii–xxix, xlv, xc

Liangshan Standard Yi Script, lii–liii. See also Yi script

Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, xi, xxvii–xxix, 132n18, 135n8

lightning, lvi, lxv, lxvii, lxxvi–lxxvii, 133n1 (part 4). See also “Genealogy of Lightning” (part 4)

Lin Yaohua (Lin Yueh-hua), xxviii, 131n2, 132n18

literacy, xiv, xlv

livestock, 27, 41, 91; butchered for festivals and offerings, 10, 88, 115, 117, 142n19, 148n1 (part 25), 148n3 (part 26); rearing of, xxiii, lxxxv, xciii, 13, 43–44, 48, 70, 135n6 (part 7), 137n21, 141n14, 143n28. See also cows; horses

Lohxo family, 119–20, 149n6 (part 29)

Lolo, xxvi, xlviii

Lolo Mountain, 86

Long March, xxviii

Lu Ddi Ho, 24, 136n20

Luo Qingchun, 131n1. See also Aku Wuwu

M

Ma Erzi, 131n2, 145n1 (part 13)

maddu (bamboo soul vessel), xxxvii, 144n46. See also soul vessels

marriage customs, xxxiv–xxxvi, xxxviii; betrothal gifts, 94, 141n15; bridal laments, lix; foods served at weddings, xlii, xliii; in marriage of Shyly Wote, xxxiv, liv, lxiii, 140n1; permission to marry, 115, 149n1; protocols and rules of propriety, lxxv, 141–42n15; song dialogues, lxiii; treatment of guests, 44, 142n18, 142n19; use of riddles, lxxv, lxxxvii, 42–43, 141n8

material culture, lxxv. See also armor; blacksmithing; cloaks; foodways; houses; plows; weaving

matrilineal societies, xxxiv, 140n1

meat, xlii, lxx, lxxii, lxxviii, lxxxiv–lxxxv, 35, 139n10, 144n51. See also feasts; sacrifices

mediators, 92–93. See also ndeggu; rituals: to resolve disputes

Meigu County, xxviii, xl, lix, lxxxiv

mgajie caste, xxix, lxxxiv

Mianning County, xxvii, xxviii, xl, lviii

Miao, 134n1 (part 6), 137nn3,22, 143n24

migration accounts, xlvii, liv, lxv–lxvi, lxxiv, lxxx, lxxxviii–xc, 132n17; construction of hierarchies, 148n4 (part 24); of the Gguho, 85, 86–87, 94, 95–97, 112; of the Qoni, 85, 94, 112, 115–17; search for ideal niche, xc–xciv, 76–85; use of multiforms, lx, 148n1 (part 28). See also genealogies; “Hxiemga (Han) People’s Migrations” (part 16); “Migration of Ahuo” (part 22); “Migrations of Foreigners” (part 18); “Migrations of Nine Sons of Gguho Durzhy Ddiwo” (part 28); ““Migrations of Qonie” (part 25); Ozzu (Tibetan) Migrations” (part 14)

“Migration of Ahuo” (part 22), xxxvii, 75

“Migrations of Foreigners” (part 18), xc, 68

“Migrations of Nine Sons of Gguho Durzhy Ddiwo” (part 28), 98–113

“Migrations of Qonie” (part 25), 88–89

Ming emperor, flight of, lxvi

Mishi Zhen, xi

mixed communities, xcii–xciii, 77, 112, 132n18

moieties, 147n12, 148n1 (part 26). See also Gguho; Qoni

Momu Sysse, lxxvii, 9, 10, 11

Mongols: epics, 137n22; invasions, lxvi

monkeys, xxix, lxxi, lxxx, lxxxiii, lxxxiv, lxxxix, 37, 138n3 (part 11), 140n18. See also Anyu Ddussy; “Genealogy of the Spirit Monkey” (part 7)

monyi (female shamans), xxxiii, xxxiiifig., 147n1

moon. See “Calling Out Single Sun and Single Moon” (part 10); “Shooting Down Suns and Moons” (part 9); suns and moons

Morgan, Lewis Henry, xxxiv

“Mother’s Daughter” (Amo hnisse), xxxv–xxxvi

Mount Lushan, 135n8

mountain goats, lxxii, lxxiii, 54, 60, 83, 84

mountains: as dwelling place, lxxxv, 59–60, 69, 70–73, 83–84, 96–97; gods of, xliv, lxxxiv; and lightning, lxxvi, 7, 133n1 (part 4); natural world of, lxxix, lxxxi, lxxxii, lxxxiv, 15, 22, 27, 34–35, 36, 37, 45, 46, 49, 51–52; and the separation of sky and earth, lxi–lxii, lxviii, 9–10, 12–13; used to position sun and moon, 3, 18–19, lxvii. See also Liangshan Mountains; mountain goats; Nzyolurnyie Mountain; Turlur Mountain

multiforms, lix–lx, lxi, 146n1 (part 20), 148n1 (part 28); genealogical, lxv, xci–xcii

multispecies ethnography, lxxix

Museum of the Liangshan Yi Slave Society, xli

myths, lvi, lxiv–lxv, lxxiv–lxxvi; Chinese, xxvi, lxv, lxix; archer-hero, xxiv, lxix, 24–25, 137n21; about lightning, lxxvi, 133n1 (part 4)

N

naming practices, 145n1 (part 13), 149n4 (part 29)

Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms, lxvi, 137n22

narrative shifts, lix, lxii–lxiii, lxiv, 133n3

Naxi pictographs, xlvi

ndeggu (conflict arbitrators), xii, xiii, liii, liv, lvi, lvii, 84. See also Jjivot Zopqu; mediators

Ngeti Gunzy (sky god): absence from last fifteen parts, lxxiii; attacked by animals sent by Jjumu Vuvu, 52–53; attitude toward earth, lxxiii, 139n4; cursed gifts sent to human world, 56, 144n49; daughters of, xxxiv, lxiii, 52–56, 144n42, 144n49; flooding of the earth by, lxxi–lxxii, 48–51, 143nn26,27,37; and the genealogy of the sky, lxvi, 3; on human rivalries, 60; responsible for origins, lv, lxviii; and the secret of speech, lxii–lxiii, 57; and the separation of sky and earth, lxvii–lxviii, 11, 14; sky palace of, lxxii–lxxiii, lxxvii, 139n4; and spiders, lxx, lxxxiv, 33–34, 57; wife of, 33, 58, 139n5. See also Hnituo; “Separation of Sky and Earth” (part 5)

Ni (Gni), xxvi, lxxv, xcii, 76–77, 78, 140n2, 146n1 (part 23), 148n1 (part 27). See also “Emperor Vomu and Ni and Vi Genealogies” (part 20)

Nimu cobi (soul-guiding) ritual, xxx, xxxii, 86; chants, xxxvii–xxxviii, xliv

Ninglang Yi Autonomous County, xxvii

nisse, 73, 148n1 (part 27). See also names in “Genealogy of Gguho” (part 27); “Migrations of Nine Sons of Gguho Durzhy Ddiwo” (part 28)

Nisupo Yi, xxvii, 138n3 (part 11)

Northern Yi dialects, xi, xxiv, xxvi; textual traditions, xlix; tones in, lx

nuo drama, 43, 138n3 (part 11), 141n8

nuoho caste (Black Yi), xxix, xxx, 81, 99, 110, 145n60, 147n7, 149nn3,8,10 (part 28), 149nn6–7 (part 29)

Nuosu: Black, 79; differentiation from Han, xcii–xciii; food and meals of, xlii–xliii, xliiifig., lxxii, 143n29; hairdo of, 46, 142–43n24; homeland of, xxiv, xxvii, xxvii–xxviii, 60; houses of, xl; as largest Yi group, xxiv, xxvi; lineages of, 59, 69–70, 97, 145n59, 148n2 (part 27); and the Long March, xxviii; social relations, xxix–xx; term Ni used for, 140n2; settlements of xxxix–xl. See also caste; rituals; hosting of guests; marriage customs; Ni

“Nuosu Lineages” (part 19), 69–70

Nuosuhxo. See Northern Yi dialects

Nyingemo Ala, lxxxvii, 43, 44, 141n15

Nyojji, 27, 30

Nzy clan, 87. See also “Genealogy of Nzy Clan” (part 23); “Highpoints of Migrations of Gguho” (part 24)

nzymo, xxix–xxx, lxxxviiifig., lxxxvi–lxxxvii, 139n14, 140n5, 149n2 (part 29); Nzymo Sygi, 72

Nzyolurnyie Mountain, lxiii, lxxii–lxxiii, 52, 58, 69

O

oracle bone writing, xlvii

oral and written texts, xliv–xlv

“Origin of Ghosts,” 135n7 (part 7)

origin stories (bbopa), xxxviii–xxxix, lv–lvi, lvii

Orro Ndassy, 22, 135n8

Ozzu (Tibetans), xc, 58, 59, 62–63, 70, 145n56; language, lxxiii, xc, 145n56–57; Tibetan Buddhism, 146n2 (part 19)

“Ozzu (Tibetan) Lineages” (part 13), 62

“Ozzu (Tibetan) Migrations” (part 14), 63

P

pandas, xxix, lxxxiii, lxxiv

panspermia, lxviii

patrilinealism, xxix, xxxiv

pheasants, lxxii, lxxxvii, 43, 52, 57, 94, 141n9, 144n52

pigs, xiii, xxxvi, lii, lxxxv, 24, 47, 137n21, 95; and hosting of guests, xxxv, 45; sent to root away copper and iron balls, lxxxv, 12; and suitable niches, xciii, 82, 83, 84; used in rituals, xxx, xxxii, xxxix, lviii, 34, 35, 81, 135n6 (part 7), 148n1 (part 25)

pillars: and the four directions, lxi–lxii, lxxvii, 12; golden, 63, 68; joining heaven and earth, lxviii, lxxii, lxxvii, 54, 55, 133n5, 144n47

plants, lxxxv–lxxxvi, lxxxix; as bloodless beings, lv, lxxi, lxxiv, lxxxi, 35–36; loss of speech, 61. See also ferns; grasses; “Great Bimo” (part 6); trees

plow oxen, xxxviii, 91. See also cows: as plow animals

plows, xciii, 84; wood for, 47, 79, 143n25, 147n4

pluriverse, xxiii, lxxix

poetics, lix–lxiv, 132n15, 133n3. See also multiforms

poetry readings, xcv, 132n14

pointing the way. See soul-guiding ritual

precious metals, 70, 146n3 (part 19)

pregnancy, xxxii, 136nn13,19, 139n9

Puge, xxvii–xxviii, xl

Puho, sons of, xxxvii, 80, 84–85, 90

Puho Anzi, 90–91, 148n1 (part 26). See also Puho: sons of

Puji, lineage of, 69

Pumo Hniyyr, lx–lxi, lxviii–lxix, lxxxvi, 22–24

purification ceremonies, xxx, xxxii, lvi–lvii, lxxviii, lxxxiv, 18–19, 35, 45–46, 134n3 (part 7)

Q

Qiangic peoples, xlvi–xlvii, xc, 145n56

Qiesa clan, 99, 102, 149n6 (part 28)

Qobu Jjumu, sons of, lxxi–lxxii, 47, 50, 143nn33–35. See also Jjumu Vuvu

Qoni clan, 84–85, 90, 94, 112, 147n12, 148n1 (part 26); “Qoni Gguho,” 59. See also “Genealogy of Qoni” (part 29)

quho caste (white Yi), xxix, lxxxiv, 80, 99, 147n6, 149n3 (part 28)

R

rats, lxxii, lxxxiv, 34, 38, 51, 52, 144n46; soul vessel stolen by, lxxii, 53, 54, 55

rhetorical devices, lix–lxiv, 133n3. See also multiforms; narrative shifts

rhododendron. See shuoma

riddles, lxxv, lxxxvii–lxxxviii, 42–43, 140–41n6

rituals, xxx–xxxiv, xxxvi–xxxix; animals used in, lxxviii, 148n1 (part 25); birth, xxxiv; coming-of-age, xxxv; directions and, lxxviii; gifting, xlii, 94, 141n15; involving chickens, 134n5 (part 7), 136n19, 138n1 (part 10), 143n36, 146n3 (part 19); marriage, xxxiv; to resolve disputes, 93, 99, 148n3 (part 26), 149n4 (part 28); soul-calling, xxxii, 79, 147nn4,8. See also funerals; marriage customs; purification ceremonies; sacrifices

rivers, xxviii, xlvii, lxvii, lxxvii, 16, 70, 133n2 (part 5)

rocks, 16, 21, 49, 79, 133n5

roosters, xxxii, lxxv, 30, 70, 138n1 (part 10)

S

sacred groves, lxxxvi

sacrifices, xxx, xxxi, xxxii–xxxiii, 34–35, 141n14, 148n3 (part 26). See also rituals: involving chickens

Sani people, xxvii, xlv, li

scriptures, xxvfig., xxx, xxxiii–xxxiv, xxxvii–xxxviii, lii, lxx, lxxv, xciv, 23, 136nn18,20

“Separation of Sky and Earth” (part 5), lxi–lxii, lxiii, lxvii–lxviii, lxxvii, lxxxv; translation of, 9–14

settlements, xxxix–xl. See also houses; migration accounts

sex, xxxv, 139n9

shamans (sunyi/monyi), xxxiii–xxxiv, xxxiiifig.; female, 86, 147n1

shape-shifters, 91–92, 135n7 (part 7), 135n3 (part 8)

Shidi tianzi, l

“Shooting Down Suns and Moons” (part 9), lxix, lxxvii–lxxviii, lxxxvi; translation of, 26–28

Shuo, 76–77, 78, 99, 140n3, 146n1 (part 23), 149n2 (part 28). See also Hxiemga

shuoma: flowers, xxviiifig., xxix, 38–39, 140n22; wood, 47, 143n25

Shyly (early ancestor), 38–39, 40, 140n1

Shyly Wote: ancestors of, 40; background of, 142n19; as example of eco-genealogy, lxxx; indifference and haughtiness of, 142n23; instructed on care of soul vessel, xxxvii, 44; marriage of, liv, lxiii, lxxi, lxxxvi–lxxxviii, 42–47, 141n15; search for a father, 40–42. See also “Genealogy of Shyly Wote” (part 12)

Shysi (nzymo’s daughter), 41–45, 141n15, 142n19

sibling rivalry, 80, 147n6

si scripts, xlix

Sisse Abbu (fairy), lxxi, 48

Six Tribes, xlvii, lxv, lxxxix, 137n22

sky and earth: genealogy of, lxv–lxvii; separation of, lxvii–lxviii, 134n3 (part 7). See also “Separation of Sky and Earth” (part 5); “Transformation of Sky and Earth” (part 3)

sky god. See Ngeti Gunzy

slaves, xxvii, xxix, lv, 78, 82, 87, 91, 101, 148n2 (part 26); Shuo as, 140n3

snakes, xxix, xlviii, lxxxiv, 27, 94, 135n1, 143n38; aided Jjumu Vuvu against sky god, lxxii, 51, 52–53, 55, 57; on “ghost boards,” xxxi; as snow tribe with blood, lxxi, lxxx, lxxxi–lxxxii, lxxxix, 36–37; spirit, 57; taboos against killing, lxxxiv, 143n38, 144n41; and unsuitable niches, 82

snow, lxx, lxxiv, lxxx, 32. See also “sons of snow”; “Twelve Branches of Snow” (part 11)

“sons of snow,” liv, lix, lxiii, lxxv, lxxx–lxxxiii, lxxxix

soul, xxxvii. See also soul-calling rituals; soul-guiding ritual; soul vessels

soul-calling rituals (yyrhla), xxxii, 79, 147nn4,8

soul-guiding ritual (Nimu cobi), xxx, xxxii, 86; chants, xxxvii–xxxviii, xliv

soul vessels, xxxvii, 43, 44, 80, 141n10, 142nn16–17, 144n46, 147n8; stolen by rat, lxxii, 53, 54, 55. See also spirits: spirit containers

Southwest Minzu University, collection of Yi texts, 132n13

speech, 61, 140n21; and the three mute sons of Hnituo, lxxii–lxxiii, lxxxix–xc, 58–59

spiders, lxxii, 57; lack of a waist, lxx, lxxv, lxxxiv, 33–34, 139nn4,6; taboo against killing, 139n6; webs as cataracts, lxx, 33

spirits, viii, xxxvii, xl, lxvii, lxx, lxxviii, lxxix, 15, 133n1 (part 5); ancestral, lxxii, lxxiii; army of, 90, 148n1 (part 26); lightning, lvi; protector spirits, 89, 139n7; sky, lxxxv; spirit animals, 38, 57, 90, 114; spirit bamboo, 58; spirit containers, 80, 147n6; spirit fan (qike), xxvfig., xxxi; spirit fairies, lxxi, 48, 90, 99; spirit quiver (vytu), xxxi; spirit winds, xxxi; wasa, xxxiii. See also bimo; Ge/Gefi; “Genealogy of Spirit Monkey” (part 7); immortals; Ngeti Gunzy; rituals; sacrifices; soul vessels

sse (suffix), 145n61

Ssedi Shuofu, lxxi, 48–50

Sseyy Amur (Frog King), lxxii, 52, 54–55, 144n45

Ssussevoge Man, 32–33, 138n3 (part 11)

stars, lxxvii, lxxviii, 19, 134n4 (part 7)

stone markers, 25, 137n22

structural multiforms. See multiforms

suns and moons, xxiv, liv, lvi, 83; Anyu Ddussy and, lxviii, lxxviii, 18–19; in folklore, 138n1 (part 10); genealogy of, lxvii, 3, 6. See also “Calling Out Single Sun and Single Moon” (part 10); “Shooting Down Suns and Moons” (part 9)

Sunie Legge, 6, 13

sunyi, xxxiii, xxxiv. See also shamans

Syrodazhy, xx, 64, 65

sysse, meaning of, 133n1 (part 5)

Sysse Avu, 92–93

Sysse Dihni, lxxvii, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 73, 146n2 (part 20)

Sysse Ngefu, 73

Sysse Yozu (Muddie Yozu), 12–13

T

taboos: about animals, lxxxiv, 139n6, 143n38, 144nn41,51; black and white, 139n10

Tangkul Nagas, 137n22

Ten-Month Solar Calendar Park, lxxviii

teyy shybo (books of history), liii, lvii

Tibetan Buddhism, 146n2 (part 19)

Tibetan epics, 137n22, 141n6

Tibetans. See Ozzu

Tibeto-Burman language family, xxiv, xxvi, 145n56

tobacco, lv, 52, 144n40

tools, xl–xli, lxxii, lxxvi, lxxvii, xciii, 18–19, 50, 147n4. See also hoes; plows

Torch Festival, xciv, 147n10

traditional referentiality, lxxiv

“Transformation of Sky and Earth” (part 3), lxvii; translation of, 5–6

trees, 19, 26–27, 49, 69, 86, 92; cypress, 36, 77, 81, 139n11, 146n3 (part 23); fir, 15–16, 27, 36, 77, 81, 134n3 (part 6), 138n3, 139n11; fruit, 41; mulberry, 26, 79, 137n3; pine, 27, 32, 33; sacred, 139n11; and search for suitable niche, 77, 79, 81; seeding of forests, 15–16; types of wood, 47, 143n25; as wood for making tools, 19, 47; used in soul-calling rites, 79, 147n4, 147n8. See also forests

Tulur Bbo’o Mountain, 9

Tulur Hxuovo Mountain, 10, 13

Turlur Gulch, 26

Turlur Mountain, lxxiii, 18, 19, 26, 61, 72, 73, 92, 134n2 (part 7), 138n3

turnips, xxxiv, xlii, xliiifig., lv, lxxii, 56, 116, 143n29, 144n48

tusi system, xxix–xxx, lxvi, 36–37, 139n14, 144n42, 146n1 (part 19)

“Twelve Branches of Snow” (part 11), lxx–lxxi, lxxx; translation of, 31–39

“twelve sons of snow,” lxx–lxxi, 35–36. See also Shyly; Shyly Wote; “Twelve Branches of Snow” (part 11)

U

underworld, lxxv

V

Vazha family, 119, 149n6 (part 29)

vazyrhli, xxxviii, lv, lvii, lviii. See also kenre riffs

Vermander, Benoît, xxxvi–xxxvii

village structure, 136n15

voma turnips, xxxiv, xlii, xliiifig., lv, lxxii, 56, 116, 143n29, 144n48

vomosywo shrub, 26, 137n2

vondi category of animals, 144n51

Vuvu Gizy (son of Jjumu Vuvu), 59

Vuvu Layi (son of Jjumu Vuvu), 59, 64

Vuvu Syrsha, 62

Vuvu Syrsha (son of Jjumu Vuvu), 59

W

warming of the earth, lxviii–lxix

water buffalos, lvi, lxxxviii, xcii, 43, 76, 82, 86

waters of wisdom and dullness, 38–39, 61, 140n21, 145n62

weaving, xli–xlii, lxxxvi, lxxxvii, lxxxviiifig., 22, 135n10

wine and liquor, xliii, li, lxvii, lxxxiv, 10, 93; hemp seed, lxxiii, 56